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The people of Assam referred to the Burmese people
as "Maan' and the King of Burma as "Maan Raja’.

• The Burmese invasion of Assam constitutes an

important phase in the history of Assam.

• The political condition that prevailed on the

eve of the Burmese invasion is to be
understood to know the circumstances which
led to this invasion.
 Gaurinath Singha (1780-
Kamaleswar Singha 1795)
The Ahom Prime Minister, Purnananda
Buragohain was aware that too much foreign
interference in internal matters would have
adverse effects on the country's interest.

• Thus, the Buragohain, who had in the

meantime, become very powerful allowed the
Moamoria Morans to rule independently the
land between the Brahmaputra and Dihing.

On proclaiming their leader as the

"Bar Senapati", they thereafter
became loyal towards the Ahom
power.
 As the Singphos and Khamtis along with the
Moamoria rebels had attacked the Ahom Kingdom,
the Buragohain very diplomatically gave

an Ahom girl named Singpho chief,

Rangili Bichanong

Burmese king Rangili

Bodawpaya

Ironically,it was Rangili who later on helped

Badanchandra against Purnananda.
 In Kamrup, Haradutta and Biradutta Choudhury with
the help of a Burkandaze force of Bengal revolted
against the Ahom king.

The Barphukan
of Gauhati,
Badanchandra, Hence, he
who was in was replaced
charge of by
Lower Assam Kaliabhomora
was held as the new
responsible for Barphukan of
this by Gauhati.
Purnananda
Buragohain

All these sowed dissatisfaction in the mind of

Badanchandra against Purnananda
• Meanwhile, Kaliabhomora was successful in
suppressing the revolt of Haradatta-Biradatta,
popularly known as the 'Danduadroah".

• In appreciation of his work, the Ahom king

conferred the title of "Pratapballabh' on
Kaliabhomora.

• It is said that Kaliabhomora made preparations

for constructing a bridge on the Brahmaputra
at Silghat.

• His death, however did not allow his plans to

materialize.
Question 1:

Assertion (A): The Burmese king Bodawpaya initially refused to help the Moamorias
during their rebellion in Assam.

Reason (R): The Moamorias were independent from Ahom rule and had no diplomatic
appeal to the Burmese court.

•(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

•(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
•(c) A is true, but R is false.
•(d) A is false, but R is true.
Question 3:

Assertion (A): The Moamoria Morans were given autonomy over the land
between the Brahmaputra and Dihing.

Reason (R): This decision was made to strengthen the Moamorias' loyalty
to the Ahom kingdom.

•(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

•(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

•(c) A is true, but R is false.

•(d) A is false, but R is true.

Question 4:

Statement 1: Badanchandra was replaced as the Barphukan of Gauhati by

Kaliabhomora.

Statement 2: Badanchandra was accused by Purnananda Buragohain of being

responsible for the rebellion in Kamrup.

•(a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

•(b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false.

•(c) Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false.

•(d) Statement 1 is false, but Statement 2 is true.

Question 5

Statement 1: The bridge planned by Kaliabhomora on the Brahmaputra was

successfully built before his death.

Statement 2: The Ahom king conferred the title of "Pratapballabh" on

Kaliabhomora for suppressing the revolt of Haradatta-Biradatta.

•(a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

•(b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false.

•(c) Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false.

•(d) Statement 1 is false, but Statement 2 is true.

1 Answer: (b)
3 Answer a
4 Answer a
5 Answer d
 4.2 CAUSES OF THE BURMESE INVASION

4.2.1 Importance of Purnananda Buragohain:

• During the Moamoria rebellion, when Ahom king Gaurinath

Singha fled to Gauhati, Purnananda Buragohain took full
responsibility for the Ahom empire.

• Edward Gait believed it was due to Buragohain's efforts that

peace and order were restored after the rebellion.

• It remained a subject of debate and discussion as to how his

policies had strengthened the Ahom monarchy. The economic
condition of the people had deteriorated.

• Purnananda's policies and stern measures made him unpopular

among some officials, but his authority remained unchallenged.
 Swargadeo Gaurinath Singha died within a year of assuming office.

• Purnananda kept secret the news of the Swargadeo's death and very cleverly appointed a
minor, Kamaleswar Singha on the Ahom throne.

• The new young king became a puppet in the hands of the powerful Buragohain.

• After the death of Kamaleswar Singha in 1810 A.D., Purnananda again installed a minor named
Chandrakanta Singha on the Ahom throne.

• A large section of the people disliked the autocratic functioning of the Buragohain.

• Conspiracies were hatched to remove him from power.

• Infact, during the reign of Kamaleswar Singha, a good number of individuals as well as
officials organised a rebellion against the Buragohain.

• It was led by one Panimua, and hence the revolt was also known as Panimua rebellion. The
revolt was however suppressed with a strong hand..
• As Chandrakanta Singha grew older, he began to dislike
Purnananda Buragohain's control.

• He formed a close friendship with a young man named Satram.

•Satram was appointed Charingia Phukan and given a position

close to the king.

• Satram became arrogant, refusing to follow anyone's orders.

• He plotted to remove Purnananda Buragohain and take control

of power.

• The conspiracy was discovered, and all conspirators except

Satram were executed.

• Satram escaped execution by seeking the king's protection.

Satram was banished to Namrup, where he was killed by

Naga miscreants.
 4.2.2 Conflict between Badanchandra Barphukan and Purnananda

• Suspicion arose that Badanchandra Barphukan was involved in the Danduadroah, worsening his relations
with Purnananda Buragohain.

• Badan was replaced by Kaliabhomora as the new Barphukan.

• Purnananda later discovered Badan’s involvement in the plot with Satram to assassinate him.

• Relations improved slightly when Purnananda's son Oreshanath married Badan’s daughter Pijou Gabharu.

• After Kaliabhomora’s death, Badan was reappointed as Barphukan of Gauhati.

• Badan became oppressive, misappropriating gold and silver from temples like Kamakhya and Hajo.

• His atrocities on the people of Gauhati worsened their lives.

• Purnananda's prohibitory orders on opium were ignored by Badan, causing tension to resurface between
the two.
• Badanchandra’s atrocities became unbearable, leading
Purnananda Buragohain to decide on his removal.

• Warned by his daughter Pijou Gabharu, Badan fled to

Bengal.

• He met David Scott at Rangpur, before reaching

Calcutta.Badan sought British military help for himself and
King Chandrakanta Singha against Purnananda Buragohain.

• He presented two letters from Chandrakanta to the British

Governor General, requesting assistance.

• The Governor General rejected the appeals, refusing to

interfere in the state's internal matters.

• The British also recognized Purnananda’s loyalty and

declined to support Badan against him.
 4.2.3 Burmese interference:

• After being refused British help, Badanchandra

consulted with the Burmese representative in
Calcutta.

• Accompanied by the Burmese agent, he traveled to

Amarapura, the capital of Burma, and sought help
from the Burmese king to end Purnananda
Buragohain's tyranny.

• The Burmese king had many reasons to help

Badanchandra, including imperialistic ambitions and
the desire to expand his frontier since the time of
King Alaungpaya.

• The Burmese had expanded their territories into

Manipur and Cachar as part of a westward expansion
policy.
• The Burmese king sought to use Assam as a key
military base against the English.

• In 1784 A.D., during the reign of Burmese King

Bodawpaya, Arakan was captured, extending
Burmese political control over the Bay of Bengal
region, from Margui Island to Chattagram port.

• Around 40,000 Arakanese refugees fled to

British Bengal due to Burmese atrocities.

• The Burmese king Bodawpaya pressured the

British government to return the refugees, but
the British refused, leading to rising tensions
between the Burmese and the English.
• Badanchandra asked the Burmese king for help to
support Chandrakanta Singha and defeat
Purnananda Buragohain.

• The Burmese king found this request useful but did

not plan to take over Assam right away.

• He agreed to give military help to Badanchandra,

possibly waiting for the right time to invade later.

• Rangili Aidew, the Assamese queen of the

Burmese king and Badanchandra’s aunt, also asked
the king to help Badanchandra.

• This made it easier for Badanchandra to get the

support he needed from the Burmese.
1 Assertion (A): Purnananda Buragohain appointed minors like Kamaleswar Singha and
Chandrakanta Singha as Ahom kings.

Reason (R): Appointing minor kings allowed Purnananda Buragohain to maintain

control over the Ahom kingdom.

•(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

•(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
•(c) A is true, but R is false.
•(d) A is false, but R is true.
2 Assertion (A): The Panimua rebellion was a result of discontent among officials and
individuals during Purnananda Buragohain's rule.

Reason (R): Purnananda Buragohain's despotic and autocratic policies led to

dissatisfaction among a section of officials.

•(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

•(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
•(c) A is true, but R is false.
•(d) A is false, but R is true.
3 Assertion (A): Purnananda Buragohain’s tenure was marked by the restoration of
peace and stability in the Ahom kingdom after the Moamoria rebellion.

Reason (R): Purnananda Buragohain was disliked by many because of his autocratic
style of functioning.

•(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

•(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
•(c) A is true, but R is false.
•(d) A is false, but R is true.
4 Assertion (A): Satram conspired to remove Purnananda Buragohain from power.

Reason (R): Satram was made the Charingia Phukan and given a high status by King
Chandrakanta Singha.

•(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

•(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
•(c) A is true, but R is false.
•(d) A is false, but R is true.
5 Assertion (A): The British Governor General provided military assistance to
Badanchandra Barphukan.

Reason (R): The British government valued Purnananda Buragohain's loyalty to the
Ahom kingdom.

•(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
•(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
•(c) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
•(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
•Badan Barphukan's Appeal: Tired of Purnananda
Buragohain's oppressive rule, Badan Barphukan sought help
from Burmese King Bodawpaya after the British refused
aid.

•Burmese Assistance: Bodawpaya sent an army of 8,000

men along with 8,000 more from tributary kings to support
Badan.

•Ahom Resistance: Purnananda Buragohain sent his own

forces under Daman Gogoi and Hau Bora to stop the
Burmese.

•Battle of Ghiladhari: Burmese and Badan’s forces

defeated the Ahom army. Purnananda, deeply saddened by
the loss, died soon after. His son Ruchinath took over.
•Second Battle at Kathalbari: Ahoms tried to
resist again but faced defeat. Ruchinath fled to
Gauhati.

•Burmese Occupy Jorhat: Badan declared himself

Barphukan and became powerful. Chandrakanta
Singha remained as the nominal king.

•Mantri Barphukan: Badan was made Prime Minister,

known as Mantri Barphukan, by Numali Rajmao, the
king’s mother.

•Burmese Military Records: Two Burmese scribes,

Baishali Hukong and Baishali Mung-dun-sun-kham,
documented the military campaign.
 Outcome and Aftermath

•Brief Burmese Stay: The Burmese stayed in

Assam for only a month, ensuring Chandrakanta
Singha retained his throne.

•Presents to the Burmese: Badan offered gold,

silver, and Hemo Aidew to the Burmese king.

•Not a Full Invasion: The Burmese invasion

aimed to protect Badan and Chandrakanta from
Purnananda’s rule. It was not an attempt to
annex Assam.
 Burmese invasion of Assam, 1819

•Badanchandra’s Power: After the Burmese

returned, Badanchandra became powerful, torturing
the supporters of the late Purnananda Buragohain.

•Conflict and Conspiracy: Tensions arose between

Badanchandra (Barphukan) and the Barbarua. Numali
Rajmao (Chandrakanta’s mother) and officials
plotted to assassinate Badanchandra due to his
oppressive actions.

•Assassination (1818): Subedar Rup Singh

assassinated Badanchandra as part of the
conspiracy, marking a turning point in Assam’s
political instability.
•Ruchinath Summoned:

 Following Badanchandra’s death, Ruchinath Buragohain

was called back from Gauhati but distrusted
Chandrakanta, blaming him for the Burmese invasion
and his father’s death.

•Ruchinath’s Campaign:

 Ruchinath, with Brajanath Singha and Purandhar

Singha, marched towards Jorhat with Hindustani
soldiers to seize power.

•Chandrakanta’s Forces Defeated:

 Chandrakanta sent Luku Dekaphukan to resist, but his

army was defeated, and Luku was killed in battle.
Chandrakanta fled to Rangpur.
•Brajanath Proclaimed King:

 After the victory, Ruchinath proclaimed

Brajanath Singha as king, but Brajanath’s
mutilation made him ineligible.

•Purandhar Singha Crowned:

 Purandhar Singha, Brajanath’s son, was

crowned king in his place.

•Chandrakanta’s Capture:

 Chandrakanta was captured, his right ear was

slit to disqualify him from the throne, and he
was banished to Taratali near Jorhat.
 Burmese Revenge (1819):

 Burmese King Bodawpaya sent Ala Mingi to avenge Badanchandra’s murder and reinstate
Chandrakanta Singha.
Ahoms Defeated at Phulapanichiga:

 Despite initial success, Ahom forces under Jagannath Dhekial Phukan (Ruchinath’s brother)
were defeated by the Burmese. Chandrakanta was restored as king.

Ruchinath and Purandhar Flee

 Purandhar and Ruchinath fled to Bengal as Chandrakanta sent troops to capture them in Gauhati.

Ahom Decline:

 Continuous conspiracies weakened the Ahom kingdom, paving the way for Burmese influence and
later British colonization.
•Chandrakanta’s Revenge:

 After taking the throne, Chandrakanta Singha

punished the supporters of Purandhar Singha
and Ruchinath Buragohain.

•Lack of English Support:

 repeated appeals, the English refused to help

Purandhar and Ruchinath.

•Burmese Domination:

 The Burmese became the real rulers of Assam,

committing atrocities while Chandrakanta
Singha remained powerless.
•Fort at Jaypur:

 To prevent further Burmese invasions, Chandrakanta

ordered the construction of a fort at Jaypur on the
Burmese route. Patal Barbarua was responsible for
the work.

•Bagyidaw’s Anger:

 When the new Burmese king Bagyidaw learned about

the fort, he sent an army under Mingimaha Tilwa,
leading to the third Burmese invasion in 1821.

•Patal Barbarua’s Death:

 Mingimaha Tilwa saw the construction work and

killed Patal Barbarua. The Ahom soldiers fled due to
the brutal treatment by the Burmese.
•Burmese Atrocities:

The Burmese army tortured the Ahoms, forcing King

Chandrakanta to flee to Gauhati.

•Burmese Occupation of Jorhat:

The Burmese took control of Jorhat once again.

•Chandrakanta Seeks English Help:

Despite pressure from the Burmese commander to

return, Chandrakanta refused and sought refuge with
the English, marking the continued downfall of Ahom
power.
 JOGESWAR SINGHA

 Chandrakanta Singha refused to return to Assam.

 Burmese installed Jogeswar Singha as king in

1821.

 Jogeswar Singha ruled as a puppet while Burmese

held power.

 Jogeswar Singha was known as "Maane Pata Raja.“

 Burmese occupied Gauhati and demanded English

return deposed rulers.

 English refused the Burmese demands, worsening

relations.
 Chandrakanta and Purandhar Singha appealed to the
English but were refused.

 They hired mercenaries from Bengal to fight the

Burmese.

 Chandrakanta Singha was defeated in the Battle of

Mahagarh.

 The Battle of Mahagarh was the last attempt to

revive Assam's independence.

 Chandrakanta lost another battle at Hadirachowki.

 The arrival of Mingimaha Bandula strengthened

Burmese control over Assam.
 Maanar Din (1821 A.D. to 1825 A.D.)

 The period from 1821 to 1825 is known as Maanar Din in Assam

history.

 During this time, the Burmese unleashed a reign of terror in Assam.

 They plundered, burnt villages, and committed terrible atrocities.

 Many people became fugitives (bhagania), wandering from place to

place.

 This period is also called Maan Bhaganar Din because people fled to
escape suffering.

 Some even fled to neighboring countries to seek safety.

 Agriculture, trade, and commerce suffered greatly during this time.

 Some people, pretending to be Burmese, committed even worse

atrocities on the Assamese
 Maanar Din (1821 A.D. to 1825 A.D.)

 Badanchandra Barphukan is often blamed for the Burmese

invasion of Assam. It is important to observe how
some people in the guise of the
 He invited the Burmese to help resolve internal conflicts in Burmese played the role of
Assam. oppurtunists in harassing their
own people. In present times also,
 Some scholars argue that Purnananda Buragohain was also during calamities and other
responsible due to his oppressive rule. misfortunes, there are some
greedy and wicked people who
 Badanchandra sought Burmese help to end Buragohain's engages in loot, plunder and other
tyranny. immoral activities. We should take
note of such persons and try to
 Inviting an external power to interfere in internal matters instill good moral values in them.
is heavily criticized.
 RESULTS OF THE BURMESE INVASION OF ASSAM:

1 The Burmese invasion of Assam paved the way for the downfall of the six
hundred years old Ahom rule.

2 Though temporarily, the Ahom kings or Swargadeos came under the

tutelage of the Burmese king.

3 The Ahom kings had become nominal rulers.

 The military strength had weakened, causing political instability.

 Internal conflicts over choosing a new ruler further weakened the Ahom monarchy.
 Chandrakanta Singha fled to British territories in Bengal for safety.
 Purandhar Singha also took refuge in British territories.
 The nobles and officials failed to protect the country.
 The Burmese invasion hastened the collapse of Ahom rule in Assam
 RESULTS OF THE BURMESE INVASION OF ASSAM:

4 The Burmese invasion ruined the economy of Assam; production of goods declined, and
traders shut down their businesses.

 Many people fled their homes in fear, causing villages to be abandoned and cultivation to
suffer.

 Some people took refuge in neighboring hills, valleys, or countries.

 Social life in Assam was badly affected, and many places turned into jungles.

 The Burmese occupation led to the intervention of the English East India Company.

 The Burmese had already taken Arakan, Manipur, and Cachar and aimed to control Assam.

 The presence of the Burmese became a threat to English power, leading to the first Anglo-
Burmese War (1824-1826).
 RESULTS OF THE BURMESE INVASION OF ASSAM:

5 The first Anglo-Burmese War

came to an end with the signing of
the treaty of Yandaboo. Due to
this treaty, the Burmese had to
withdraw from Assam. Assam came
within the ambit of the British
Government.
 THE FIRST ANGLO-BURMESE WAR:

 After occupying Assam, the Burmese began raiding British

territories.

 The Burmese entered British lands through Goalpara, Sylhet,

and Chittagong, committing acts of plunder and aggression.

 The Burmese sought more territories, expanding through

Nowgong, Manipur, and into Cachar.

 The Cachar king, Govind Chandra, took refuge with the British
after being attacked by the Manipuri king, Gambhir Singh.

 The British feared that if Cachar fell to the Burmese, it

would threaten Sylhet, which was under British control.

 The British took measures to prevent Burmese aggression

and protect their territories.
 THE FIRST ANGLO-BURMESE WAR:

 The British could not stay silent about the Burmese

attacks in Assam and Cachar.

 A clash between the British and the Burmese became

unavoidable when the Burmese entered Cachar.

 On 5th March 1824, Governor General Lord Amherst

declared war on the Burmese king.

 The British forces attacked the Burmese from three

sides:

 Lord MacMoraine advanced from Goalpara to Gauhati.

 David Scott advanced through Chittagong and the

Srihatta frontier toward Manipur and Jayantia.

 Sir Archibald Campbell advanced by way of the

Irrawaddy River to Rangoon.
 THE FIRST ANGLO-BURMESE WAR:

 On 28th March 1824, the English forces easily

captured Gauhati.

 The Burmese army retreated to Nowgong, Raha, and

Kaliabor after being unable to withstand the English
attack.

 The Burmese were severely defeated at Hatbor,

Kaliabor, and Rangaligarh.

 David Scott reached Nowgong after marching through

Cachar and the Jaintia hills.

 The British quickly brought the region between Gauhati

and Goalpara in Lower Assam under their control.

 Colonel Richardson was appointed as the military

governor of the newly occupied territory.
 THE ENGLISH MARCH TOWARDS UPPER ASSAM:

 The Burmese continued ruling Upper Assam, while the British took control of the area around
Gauhati.

 The British soon occupied Nowgong, Raha, Kaliabor, and nearby regions.

 The Burmese army, fully prepared, fought the British at Moramukh but failed.

 The English pursued the Burmese to Jorhat and captured it on 17th December 1825 under Lieutenant
Neufville.

 The Burmese soldiers retreated from Jorhat and took position at Gaurisagar.

 The British advanced to Gaurisagar and defeated the Burmese army.

 The Burmese had no choice but to retreat back to their homeland after the defeat.
A few sections of the Burmese army in
The Sadiya Khowa Gohain and Motibor
collaboration with the Singphos, committed loot
Senapati sought English help.
and plunder in the eastern parts of Assam.

On the other hand, the Burmese continued with

their acts of oppression and plunder even while
retreating. Consequently, an English force under
Neufville defeated the Singphos in June,
Hence, English Commander Pemberton took 1825
practical measures to drive out the Burmese
especially from Manipur.

The Burmese king failed to stop the English force

under Sir Archibald Campbell which advanced up
the Irrawaddy to Rangoon.
The Burmese king failed to stop the English force under Sir
Archibald Campbell which advanced up the Irrawaddy to
Rangoon.

 When the English army occupied the Burmese

town of Yandaboo, the king of Burma had no
other option but to conclude a peace treaty.

It resulted in the signing of the famous Yandaboo treaty between the English East India Company and the
Burmese king on 24th February. 1826. The treaty marked the end of the first Anglo-Burmese War.
 Article 2 of the Yandaboo Treaty stated that the Burmese king
renounced all claims to Assam and promised not to interfere with
Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia

However, Assam was neither handed over to the English by the

Burmese, nor did anyone from Assam sign the treaty, as there was
no unified authority representing Assam at the time.

 Assam was never under English control earlier. However, using Article
2 of the Yandaboo Treaty, the English claimed Assam.

 The prevailing conditions made it easier for the English to enter

Assam.

The common people accepted this change, hoping the English would protect them from the brutal
atrocities of the Burmese.
 After the Burmese left, the East India
Company became the sole rulers of
Assam.

 The Ahom kings, Chandrakanta Singha

and Purandhar Singha, were not allowed
to stay in Rangpur and Jorhat.

 Chandrakanta Singha lived in Gauhati

until his death.

 By the end of 1826, Jogeswar Singha,

a puppet king of the Burmese, also
passed away at Jagighopa.
 TREATY OF YANDABOO

Four battles were fought during the First Anglo-Burmese

War of1824-1826 A.D. in –

 The Brahmaputra Valley or the Ahom Kingdom

 Cachar
 Manipur and
 Burma.
 In the war, the Burmese were defeated. The Burmese withdrew from Upper Assam in 1825 after
their defeat in the hands of the English.

 After having lost all the four battles, the Burmese king on 24" February, 1826, concluded a treaty
with the Company's government at a place called Yandaboo.

 This was the famous Yandaboo treaty (1826) which brought the first Anglo-Burmese war to an end
 Main provisions of the treaty of Yandaboo

 The Burmese king had to pay an amount of Rupees One Crore as war indemnity to the English Company.

 The British would take over Arakan and Tenasserim.

 The Burmese would not be able to interfere in Assam, Cachar and Jayantia country.
:
 The Burmese recognized Gambhir Singh as the king of Manipur.

 There would be a British Resident at Ava. The British too allowed the king of Ava to station an officer at
Calcutta.The treaty of Yandaboo thereby favoured the English.

The treaty put an end to the 'Maanar Din' in Assam. After this treaty, the East India Company assumed
control over Assam, which in turn marked the beginning of the expansion of the British empire in the region.