SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ● People felt this was common sense, and the
● It has been established that most, if not all, geocentric theory was supported by the
of the discoveries and inventions in science Church.
and technology during each time period ● It was not until some startling discoveries
were due to human needs and wants. caused Europeans to change the way they
● Brilliant minds responded to the call of the viewed the physical world.
times and created things that could make ● Industrial revolution - refers to complex
life easier for the people. technological innovations from 1750 to 1895
● There have also been instances when characterized by the substitutions of
advancements in science and technology machines for human skill and machine
changed people’s perceptions and beliefs. power for that of human and animal bringing
● Much of these events happened in a period a shift from handicraft to manufacture and
now known as the Intellectual Revolution. marking the birth of modern economy.
● Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the CAUSES OR GENESIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
great intellectual achievements of science REVOLUTION
from the sixteenth to seventeenth century ● The remarkable achievements of specific
marking a radical change in the individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus,
assumptions, attitudes and methods in Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Andreas
scientific inquiry. Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo
● Scientific revolution was the golden age Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton.
for people committed to scholarly life in ● The philosophy of new science, a new way
science but it was also a deeply trying of doing science using what is known as the
moments to some scientific individuals that scientific method advocated by Francis
led to their painful death or condemnation Bacon and Rene Descartes among others.
from the religious institutions who tried to ● The desire to break away from the ideas of
preserve their faith, religion and theological the feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian
views. view.
● The Scientific Revolution develops as an ● The establishments of the universities
offshoot of the Renaissance. The same from the 12th century which were later
questioning spirit that fueled the engaged in the critical analysis of the
Renaissance led scientists to question Aristotelian views.
traditional beliefs and the Church about the ● The Renaissance hopeful period is
workings of the universe. It was a new way concerned with the present life as well as
of thinking about the natural world. the empirical and mundane interest in the
● Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were natural world and humanity.
the only authorities accepted as truth ● Important inventions such as mechanical
● A geocentric model of the universe, in which clock, lenses, telescope, microscope etc.
the Earth is at the center was supported ● The combinations and cooperation’s of the
during the Middle Ages skills of the craftsmen and the intellectual,
● Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars computational and logical method of the
accepted and believed the teachings of scholars.
Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer. ● Printing press spread new ideas
● Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the ● Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of
center of the universe. scientific research because of technology
needed for navigation
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
● Translation of the works of Muslim scholars wrong, then the whole system of human
opened the minds of European thinkers to knowledge could be wrong.
new scientific knowledge TYCHO BRAHE
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ● In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer
● Copernicus was a Polish mathematician Tycho Brahe provided evidence that
and astronomer who studied in Italy. supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
● In 1543 Copernicus published De ● Brahe set up an astronomical observatory.
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On ● Every night for years he carefully observed
the Revolutions of the Heavenly the sky, accumulating data about the
Spheres). movement of the stars and planets.
● In his book, Copernicus made two JOHANNES KEPLER
conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, ● After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the
or sun-centered. German astronomer and mathematician
● The Earth is merely one of several planets Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to
revolving around the sun. calculate the orbits of the planets revolving
COPERNICUS’ MODEL OF THE SOLAR around the sun.
SYSTEM: ● Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’
1. Sun heliocentric theory.
2. Moon ● His calculations also showed that the
3. Mercury planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and
4. Venus not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and
5. Earth Copernicus believed.
6. Mars ● Kepler’s finding helps explain the paths
7. Jupiter followed by man-made satellites today.
8. Saturn GALILEO GALILEI
● Copernicus came to these conclusions ● Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer
using mathematical formulas. who built upon the scientific foundations laid
● The Copernican conception of the universe by Copernicus and Kepler.
marked the start of modern science and ● Galileo assembled the first telescope
astronomy. which allowed him to see mountains on the
● Up to the time of Copernicus, people moon and fiery spots on the sun.
thought that there was a sort of crystal ● He also observed four moons rotating
sphere that kept the planets, moon, and around Jupiter – exactly the way
stars in orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus said the Earth rotated around
Copernicus that proposed the idea that the the sun.
Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice ● Galileo also discovered that objects fall at
versa… The sun was the center of the the same speed regardless of weight.
Universe, not the Earth. ● The Church punished him for his belief in
● Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory. this idea. He was questioned by the
● Most scholars rejected his theory because it Inquisition and forced to confess that his
went against Ptolemy, the Church, and ideas were wrong.
because it called for the Earth to rotate on ● The Church came against Galileo because
its axis. it claimed that the Earth was fixed and
● Many scientists of the time also felt that if unmoving.
Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
● When threatened with death before the Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell
Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his corresponds to different habitats.
beliefs, even though he knew the Earth ● Darwin thought about the patterns he’d
moved. seen on his voyage
● Galileo was put under house arrest, and ● He realized that there were many
was not allowed to publish his ideas. similarities between the animals he’d seen.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON ● There was evidence that suggested that
● Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar species were not fixed and that they could
who built upon the work of Copernicus and change by some natural process.
Galileo. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
● Newton was the most influential scientist of ● To find an explanation for change in nature,
the Scientific Revolution. Darwin studied the changes produced by
● He used math to prove the existence of plant and animal breeders
gravity - a force that kept planets in their ● Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits
orbits around the sun, and also caused than others
objects to fall towards the earth. ● Some cows give more or less milk than
● Newton published his scientific ideas in his others in their herd
book Mathematical Principles of Natural ● This told Darwin that variation could be
Philosophy. passed from parents to offspring and used
He discovered laws of light and color, and to improve crops and livestock
formulated the laws of motion: ● In artificial selection, nature provides the
1. A body at rest stays at rest variations, and humans select the ones they
2. Acceleration is caused by force find useful
3. For every action there is an equal ● Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild
opposite reaction species as well as domesticated species
● He invented calculus: a method of ● He realized that that natural variation
mathematical analysis. provided the raw material for evolution
CHARLES DARWIN ● Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence
● Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at as he could to support his ideas before he
Cambridge made them public
● Interest in natural history ● In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred
● Taught by a freed black slave who told him Wallace whose thoughts about evolution
exciting tales of the South American were almost identical to his!
Rainforest ● In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin
● Darwin developed the biological theory of decided to present his work at a scientific
evolution that explains how modern meeting in 1858 along with some of
organisms evolved over long periods of Wallace’s essay
time through descent from common ● The next year, Darwin published his
ancestors complete work on evolution: On the Origin
● In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the of Species
HMS Beagle that would change his life. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
● Darwin observed that the characteristics of ● From Malthus’ theory of supply and
many animals and plants varied noticeably demand, Darwin reasoned that if more
among the different Galapagos Islands. individuals are produced than can survive,
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
they will have to compete for food, living ● Favorable characteristics are inherited over
space and other necessities of life several generations.
● Darwin described this as the struggle for ● Natural Selection is the process by which
existence organisms with variations most suited to
VARIATION AND ADAPTATION their local environment survive and leave
● Individuals have natural variations among more offspring
their inheritable traits ● Natural Selection occurs in any situation in
● Some variations are better suited to life in which more individuals are born than can
their environment than others survive
● Fast predators capture prey more efficiently ● Over time, natural selection results in
● Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or changes in the inherited characteristics of a
better protected avoid being caught. population.
VARIATION AND ADAPTATION ● These changes increase a species’ fitness
in its environment.
● Any heritable characteristic that increases
● A single “tree of life” links all living things
an organism's ability to survive and
● This is known as the principle of common
reproduce in its environment is called an
descent.
adaptation
● Darwin argued that living things have been
Examples of Adaptations:
evolving on Earth for millions of years.
● Tiger’s claws
● Today, fields like genetics and molecular
● Camouflage colors
biology support Darwin’s basic ideas about
● Plant structures
evolution
● Avoidance behaviors
DARWIN'S FOUR POSTULATES
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
● individuals within species vary
● Darwin felt that there must be a connection
● some of these variations are passed on to
between an animal’s environment and how
offspring
it survives
● individuals vary in their ability to survive and
● Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific
reproduce
environment is called FITNESS
● Individuals with the most favorable
● Fitness depends upon how well an
adaptations are more likely to survive and
organism is suited for its environment
reproduce.
● Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION
● Natural selection produces organisms with
● Good adaptations allow organisms to
different structures than their ancestor,
survive and are passed on to their offspring.
different niches, and new habitats.
● Good fitness: Reproduce
● Each living species has descended, with
● Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction
changes, over time.
● Darwin thought that this seemed very
similar to artificial selection LAMARCK'S EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESES
● He referred to “survival of the fittest” as ● Proposed that the use or disuse of organs
Natural Selection caused organisms to gain or lose traits over
● Survival means more than just staying alive. time.
It means reproducing and passing ● These new characteristics could be passed
adaptations on to the next generation on to the next generation.
● Natural Selection: Nature chooses ● Suggest that species are not fixed
● Artificial selection: Man chooses ● Explain that evolution uses natural
processes
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
● Recognize that there is a link between an awareness. Moves back & forth easily
organism’s environment and its body between conscious & unconscious.
structures 3. Unconscious mind – is completely outside
● Lamarck’s work paved the way for later of our awareness (could produce anxiety if
biologists, including Darwin. made conscious).
THOMAS MALTUS STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY
● In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that 1. ID - “pleasure principle” unconscious
people were being born faster than people impulses that want to be gratified, without
were dying regard to potential punishment.
● He reasoned that if the human population ● Original Core of an Individual personality
grew unchecked, there would not be ● Biological Driven
enough living space and food for everyone ● Primarily Unconscious
● The forces that work against human 2. EGO “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id
population growth are war, famine and impulses while minimizing punishment &
disease guilt.
● He reasoned that what Malthus proposed ● Self- Identity which arises out of ID
for human populations also applied to all ● It controls voluntary motion and self-
living things. reservation behavior
● He observed that most organisms produce 3. SUPEREGO – the “moral principle” of our
many more offspring than survive. personality which tells us right from wrong
● He wondered which individuals would our conscience.
survive . . . and why ● Developing out of the Ego
● If all the offspring that were produced did ● Serves as conscience
survive, they would overrun the world. CONSCIOUS MIND
ORGANIC EVOLUTION ● Consists of thoughts that focus on the
● the slow and gradual process by which present state of the mind
living organisms have changed from the PRECONSCIOUS MIND
simplest unicellular form to the most ● consists of what can be retrieved from the
complex multicellular forms that are existing memory
today. SUBCONSCIOUS MIND
SIGMUND FREUD ● consists of primitive desires, wishes or
● An Austrian Neurologist who became impulse which is mediates by the
fascinated with studying hysteria. preconscious mind
● Father of psychoanalysis.
● Psychology was considered more of an art Pre-Colonial Period
rather than a science.
Before the Spaniards came to the
● Psychoanalysis - is the study that explains
Philippines, the natives of the archipelago already
human behavior.
had practices linked to science and technology.
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: ICEBERG
Filipinos were engaged in different kinds of
THEORY
activities like farming, weaving, shipbuilding and
1. Conscious mind – like the top of the
mining. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is
cultured products of engineering that were built with
accessible to us.
minimal equipment, largely by hand. These are fed
2. Preconscious mind – material that is
by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests
unconscious, but can be easily brought into
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
above [Link] already had an alphabet Post-Colonial Period
called alibata and the emergence of a writing Marcos Era and Martial Law
system called baybayin, primarily used by certain
President Ferdinand Marcos strengthened
inhabitants of Luzon and Visayas. The Laguna
the development of science and technology in the
Copperplate Inscription which is a legal document
Philippines. Many agencies, institutions and
inscribed on a copper plate, is said to be the
projects were established including National
earliest known calendar-dated document found in
Grains Authority for the development of rice and
the Philippines. Just like other civilizations,
corn industry, Philippine Council for Agricultural
astronomy is shown by fixing precise day within the
Research for the development of agriculture,
month in relation to the phases of the moon. They
fisheries and forestry. Philippine Atmospheric
had also a standard system of weights and
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
measures for shipbuilding. The Philippine shamans
Administration (PAGASA) to ensure the safety of
or babaylans were the first healers within the tribal
the people. Philippine National Oil Company to
communities and the use of medicinal or herbal
promote industrial and economic development,
plants was the common way of treating ailments.
National Academy of Science and Technology
which is composed of scientists with innovative
Colonial Period achievement in the basic and applied sciences,
When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and
introduced formal education and founded scientific resources, Plant breeding Institute, International
institution. The Spaniards provided the Rice Research Institute, Bureau of Plant Industry
Philippines with parish schools in which and Bureau of Forest Products. Furthermore,
religion, arithmetic, writing, reading and music President Marcos established the Philippine
were taught. In fact, University of Santo Tomas Science High School in Mindanao and Visayas to
was started by the Spanish Archbishop of encourage careers in science and technology.
Manila as a seminary. The Spanish also
contributed to the field of engineering by Corazon Aquino Presidency
constructing roads, churches, bridges, walls, forts
Department of Science and Technology
and other infrastructures. In Medicine, both the
formerly known as National Science and
Spanish government and Religious Franciscan
technology Authority was given a representation in
and Dominican missionaries established a
the cabinet. President Aquino encouraged
number of hospitals in the Philippines and also
scientists to bring the Philippines to its former
acted as hospital founders and the surveyors of
position as second to only Japan in the field of
herbal medicines.
science and technology.
The American period provided the
The Science and Technology Master Plan was
Philippines with an extensive public education
formulated which aimed at the modernization of the
system. The Philippine Commission established the
production sector, upgrading research activities and
Bureau of Government Laboratories allocated for
development of infrastructure for science and
the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
technological purposes.
projects. Then, it was replaced by the Bureau of
Science, the primary research center of the
Fidel Ramos Presidency
Philippines.
During his term, there was a significant
increase in personnel specializing in the
science and technology field. Health care
services were promoted through local programs
such as “Doctors to the Barrio Program”. Magna
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Carta for Science and Technology Personnel a Filipino biologist who promote biodiversity
was established. He believes that science and in the aquatic ecosystems of the
technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines.
Philippines could attain the status of new 5. Fe Del Mundo
industrialized country. Filipina pediatrician, the founder of the first
pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
Joseph Estrada Presidency 6. Eduardo Quisumbing
President Estrada signed the Phippine Clean Air a Filipino biologist, a leading authority of
Act of 1999, designed to protect and preserve the plants in the Philippines. He is the author of
environment and Electronic Commerce Act of taxonomic and morphological papers, many
2000 which outlaws computer hacking. of which deal with orchids including
Medicinal Plants in the Philippines.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Presidency 7. Emil Q Javier
Filipino plant geneticist and agronomist who
Several laws and projects that concerns
contributed in Agriculture.
both the environment and science to push
8. Germiniano T. de Ocampo
technology as a tool to increase the country’s
Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as
economic level. The term “Filipinnovation”was the
the Father of Modern Philippine
term used in helping the Philippines to be an
ophthalmology. He was the founder of the
innovation hub in Asia. Philippine Science High
Philippine Eye Bank.
School focuses in science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum. President Arroyo
passed the Biofuels act” that promotes the
development and usage of biofuels throughout the
country Arroyo’s administration improves the
Agriculture and Fisheries sector through
Mechanization.
National Scientist
1. Ramon C. Barba
A Filipino inventor and horticulturist, best
known for inventing a way to induce more
flowers in mango trees using ethrel and
potassium nitrate.
2. Edgardo Gomez
a Filipino biologist who led the world’s first
national-scale assessment of damge to
coral reefs. He also pioneered giant clam
breeding and other protective areas for
coastal communities of the Philippines.
3. Gavino C. Trono
“The father of Kappaphycus farming”, a
Filipino biologist who focuses on marine
phycology particularly seaweed
biodiversity.
4. Angel Alcala
KICC | BSN 1 - 6B | 1st Sem | S.Y. 24 - 25
