Course Number: GE 6
Course Title: The Contemporary World w/ Peace Control
Module Number: 8
Overview:
This module introduces students to understand,
analyze, and evaluate the contemporary world by examining the
multifaceted phenomenon of globalization, among which are the
economic, social, political, technological, and other phenomena
that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of peoples and places in the global community.
Among the major topics to be discussed and analyzed are the
structures of globalization, a world of regions and ideas, global
population and mobility and global sustainable development.
Module Outcome
At the end of the module, the students must have:
identified the effects of aging and overpopulation,
discussed the relationship between population and
economic welfare, and;
differentiated contrasting positions over reproductive health.
GLOB INTRODUCTI
AL ON
Demography is a complex discipline that requires the integration
of various social scientific data. As you have seen, demographic
POPU changes and policies have impact on the environment, politics,
resources, and others. Yet, at its core, demography accounts for the
growth and decline of the human species. It may be about large
numbers and massive effects, but it is ultimately about people. Thus, no interdisciplinary account of
globalization is complete without an accounting of people. The next lesson will continue on this theme
of examining people, and will focus particularly on their global movement.
WHAT IS
DEMOGRAPHY?
Demography is the “scientific study of human population in which includes study of
changes in population size, composition and its distribution”.
“Demo” means “the people” and “graphy” means “measurement”.
IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Health status of a community depends upon the dynamic relationship between number
of people, their composition & distribution.
Planning of health services can be guided by demographic variable, for example: How
many health units do we need? How to distribute them in the community in order to be
accessible to the target population? What type of manpower is needed?
THE ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY
Size: increase or decrease
Composition: sex and age group
Distribution: territory
SOURCE OF BIGGEST SOURCE OF DATA
DEMOGRAPHY ON
Population Demography
National sample Economic Activity
Surveys registration Literacy & Education
Vital events Housing & Household
DEMOGRAPHIC Urbanization
PROCESS Fertility and Mortality
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
It deals with the five demographic Tribes
processes Language, Religion & Migration
Fertility
Mortality
Marriage
Migration
Social mobility
POPULATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (2020 AND HISTORICAL)
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The current population of the Philippines is 110,360,379 as of Wednesday, January 13, 2021,
based on World meter elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
The Philippines 2020 population is estimated at 109,581,078 people at mid year according to
UN data.
The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.41% of the total world population.
The Philippines ranks number 13 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
The population density in the Philippines is 368 per Km2 (952 people per mi2).
The total land area is 298,170 Km2 (115,124 sq. miles)
47.5 % of the population is urban (52,008,603 people in 2020)
The median age in the Philippines is 25.7 years.
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
A. YEAR: As of July 1 of the year indicated.
B. POPULATION:
Overall total population (both sexes and all ages) in the country as of July 1 of the year indicated, as
estimated by the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World
Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. For forecasted years, the U.N. medium-fertility variant is used.
C. YEARLY % CHANGE:
For 2019: percentage change in total population over the last year (from July 1, 2018 to June 30
2019). For all other years: latest year annual percentage change equivalent assuming homogeneous
change in the preceding five year period, calculated through reverse compounding.
D. YEARLY CHANGE:
For 2019: absolute change in total population (increase or decrease in number of people) over
the last year (from July 1, 2018 to June 30 2019). For all other years: average annual numerical change
over the preceding five year period.
E. MIGRANTS (NET):
The average annual number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants over the preceding
five year period (running from July 1 to June 30 of the initial and final years), or subsequent five year
period (for 2016 data). A negative number means that there are more emigrants than immigrants.
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F. MEDIAN AGE:
Age that divides the population into two numerically equal groups: half of the people are older
than the median age indicated and half are younger. This parameter provides an indication of age
distribution.
G. FERTILITY RATE:
(Total Fertility Rate or TFR), it is expressed as children per woman. It is calculated as the
average number of children an average woman will have during her reproductive period (15 to 49 years
old) based on the current fertility rates of every age group in the country, and assuming she is not
subject to mortality.
H. DENSITY (P/KM²):
(Population Density) Population per square Kilometer (Km²)
I. URBAN POP %:
Urban population as a percentage of total population
J. URBAN POPULATION:
Population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each country.
K. COUNTRY'S SHARE OF WORLD POP:
Total population in the country as a percentage of total World Population as of July 1 of the year
indicated.
L. WORLD POPULATION:
Total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated.
M. GLOBAL RANK:
Position held by the Philippines in the list of all countries worldwide ranked by population (from
the highest population to the lowest population) as of July 1 of the year indicated.
PHILIPPINES POPULATION FORECAST
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
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When couples are asked why they have children, their answers are almost always about their feeling.
For most, having a child is the symbol of a successful union. It also ensures that the family will have a
successor generation that will continue its name. The kinship is preserved, and family’s story continues. A few,
however, worry how much strain a child can bring to the household as he/she “competes” for the parents’
attention, and, in reverse, how much energy the family needs to shower its love to an additional member.
Viewed from above, however, having or not having children is mainly driven by economics. Behind the laughter
or the tears lies the question: will the child be an economic asset or a burden to the family?
Rural communities often welcome an extra hand to help in crop cultivation, particularly during the
planting and harvesting seasons. The poorer districts or urban centers also tend to have families with more
children because the success of their “small family business” depends on how many of their members can be
hawking their wares on the streets. Hence, the more children, the better it will be for the farm or the small by-
the-street corner enterprises.
Urbanized, educated, and professional families with two incomes, however, desire just one or two
progenies. With each partner tied down, or committed to his/her respective professions, neither has the time to
devote to having a kid, much more to parenting. These families also have their sights on long-term savings
plans. They set aside significant part of their incomes for their retirement, health care, and the future education
of their child/children.
Rural families view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investment. Children, for
example, can take over the agriculture work. Their houses can also become the “retirement homes” of their
parents, who will then proceed to take care of their grandchildren. Urban families, however, may not have the
same kinship network anymore because couples live on their own, or because they move out of the farmlands.
Thus, it is usually the basic family unit that is left to deal with life’s challenges on its own.
These differing versions of family life determine the economic and social policies that countries craft
regarding their respective populations. Countries in the “less developed regions of the world” that rely on
agriculture tend to maintain high levels of population growth. The 1980 United Nations report on urban and
rural population growth states that “these areas contained 85 percent of the world rural population in 1975 and
are projected to contain 90 percent by the end of the 20th century.
Since then, global agricultural population has declined. In 2011, it accounted for over 37 percent of the
total world population, compared to the statistics in 1980 in which rural and urban population percentages were
more or less the same. The blog site “Nourishing the Planet,” however, noted that even as “the agricultural
population shrunk as a share of total population between 1980 and 2011, it grew numerically from 2.2 billion to
2.6 billion people during this period.”
Urban populations have grown, but not necessarily because families are having more children. It is
rather the combination of the natural outcome of significant migration to the cities by people seeking outcome
of significant migration to the cities by people seeking work in the “more modern” sectors of society. This
movement of people is especially manifest in the developing countries where industries and business in the
cities are attracting people from the rural areas. This trend has been noticeable since the 1950s, with the pace
accelerating in the next half-a-century. By the start of the 21 st century, the world had become 44 percent urban,
while the corresponding figures for developed countries are 52 percent to 75 percent.
International migration also plays a part. Today, 191 million people live in countries other than their
own, and the United Nations projects that over 2.2million will move from to developing world to the First World
countries. Countries welcome immigrants as they offset the debilitating effects of an aging population, but they
are also perceived as threats to the job market because they compete against citizens for jobs and often have
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the edge because they are open to receiving lower wages. Voter’s pressure has often constrained their
governments to institute stricter immigration policies.
The
industrialization as
“Perils” of Development planners see urbanization and
indicators of a developing society, but disagree on the role
of population
discussion brings
Overpopul growth or decline in modernization. This lengthy
back ideas of British scholar Thomas Malthus who warned
in his 1798 “An
growth will ation Essay on the Principle of Population” that population
inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of the
19th century. Malthus’ prediction was off base, but it was revived in the
late 1860s when American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne, wrote The Population Bomb, which
argued the overpopulation in the 1970s and the 1980s will bring about global environment disasters that would,
in turn, lead to food shortage and mass starvation. They proposed that countries like the United States take the
lead in the promotion of global population control in order to reduce the growth rate to zero. Their
recommendation ranged from the bizarre (chemical castration) to the policy-oriented (taxing an additional child
and luxury taxes on child-related products0 to monetary incentives (paying off men who would agree to be
sterilized after two children) to institution-building (a powerful Department of Population and Environment).
There was some reason for this fear to persist. The rate of global population increase was at its highest
between 1955 and 1975 when nations were finally able to return to normalcy after the devastations wrought by
World War II. The growth rate rose from 1.8 percent per year from 1955 to 1975, peaking at 2.06 percent
annual growth rate between 1965 and 1970.
By limiting the population vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be “diverted”
and “wasted” to feeding more moths. This argument became the basis for government “population control”
programs worldwide. In the mid-20th century, the Philippines, China, and India sought to lower birth rates on
the beliefs that unless controlled, the free expansion of family members would lead to a crisis in resources,
which in turn may result in widespread poverty, mass hunger, and political instability. As early as 1958, the
American policy journal, Foreign Affairs, had already advocated “contraception and sterilization” as the
practical solutions to global economic, social, and political problems. While there have been criticism that
challenged this argument, it persist even to this very day. In May 2009, a group of American billionaires warned
of how a “nightmarish” explosion of people was “a potentially disastrous environment, social, and industrial
threat “to the world”.
This worry is likewise at the core of the economist argument for the promotion of reproduction health.
Advocates of population control contend for universal access to reproductive technologies (such as condom,
the pill, abortion, and vasectomy) and, more importantly, giving women the righty to choose whether to have
children or not. They see these tools as crucial to their nation’s development. Thus, in Puerto Rico,
reproductive health supporters regard their work as the task of transforming their “poor country” into a “modern
nation”.
Finally, politics determine these “birth control” programs. Developed countries justify their support for
population control in developing countries by depicting the latter as conservative societies. For instance,
population expects blamed the “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians for that nation’s run-on population growth,
and the Iranian peasant’s “natural” libidinal tendencies for the same rise in population. From 1920 onwards, the
Indian government “marked lower castes, working poor, and Muslims as hypersexual and hyper-fecund and
hence a drain on national resources. These policy formulations lead to extreme policies like the forced
sterilization of twenty million “violators” of the Chinese government’s one-child policy. Vietnam and Mexico also
conducted coercive mass sterilization.
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It’s the
The use of Economy, population control to prevent economic crisis has its critics.
For example, Betsy Hartman disagrees with the advocates of neo-
Malthusian theory
“substitute for
Not the and accused governments of using population control as a
social justice and much-needed reforms—such land
distribution,
health care, and
Babies! employment creation, provision of mass education and
emancipation. Others pointed out that the population did
grow fast in many countries in the 1960s, and this growth “aided economic
development by spurring technological and institutional innovation and increasing the supply of human
ingenuity. They acknowledged the shift in population from the rural to the urban areas (52 percent to 75
percent in the developing world since the 1950s). they likwised noted that while these “megacities” are now
clusters in which income disparities along with “transportation, housing, air pollution and, waste management”
are major problems, they also have become, and continue to be, “centers of economic growth and activity,”
The median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for males in the cities means a young working
population. With this median age, states are assured that they have a robust military force. According to two
population experts:
“As a country’s baby-boom generation gets older, for a time it constitutes a large cohort group of
working-age individuals and, later a large cohort of elderly people… in all circumstances, there are reasons to
think that this very dynamic age structure will the economic consequences. A historically high proportion of
working-age individuals in a population mean that, potentially, there are more workers per dependent than
previously. Production can therefore increase relative to consumption, and GDP capita can receive a boost.
The productive capacities of this generation are especially high in regions like East Asia as “Asia’s
remarkable growth in the past half century coincided closely with demographic change in the region. As infant
mortality fell from 181to 34 per 1,000 births between 1950 and 2000, fertility fell from six to two children per
woman. The lag between falls in morality and fertility created a baby-boom generation: between 1965 and
1990, the region’s working-age population grew nearly four times faster than the dependent population.
Several studies have estimated that this demographic shift was responsible for one-third of East Asia’s
economic growth during the period (a welcome demographic dividend).
Population growth has, in fact, spurred “technological and institutional innovation” and increased “the
supply of human ingenuity.” Advances in agricultural production have shown that the Malthusian nightmare can
be prevented. The “Green Revolution” created the development of new methods of cultivation, increased yields
globally, but more particularly in the developing world. The global famine that neo-Malthusians predicted did
not happen. Instead, between 1950 and 1984, global grain production increased by over 250 percent, allowing
agriculture to keep pace with population growth, thereby keeping global famine under control.
Lately, a middle ground emerged between these two extremes. Scholars and policymakers agree with
the ne-Malthusians but suggest that if governments pursue population control programs, they must include
“more inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth.
WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
The character in the middle of these debates—women—are often the subject of these population
measures. Reproduction rights supporters argue that if population control and economic development were to
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reach their goals, women must have control over whether they will have children or not and when they will
have their progenies, if any. By giving women this power, they will be able to pursue their vocations—be they
economic, social, or political—and contribute to economic growth.
This serial correlation between fertility, family, and fortune as motivated countries with growing
economies to introduce or strengthen their reproduction health laws, including abortion. High-income First
World nations and fast-developing countries were able to sustain growth in part because women were given
the power of choice and easy access to reproductive technologies. In North America and Europe, 73 percent of
governments allow abortion upon a mother’s request. Moreover, the more educated a woman is, the better are
her prospects of improving her economic position. Women can spend most of the time pursuing either their
higher education or their careers, instead of forcibly reducing this time to take care of their children.
Most countries implement reproductive health laws because they worry about the health of the mother.
In 1960, Bolivia’s average total fertility rate (TFR) was 6.7 children. In 1978, the Bolivian government put into
effect a family planning program that included the legalization of abortion (after noticing a spike in unsafe
abortion and maternal deaths). By 1985, the TFR rate went down to 5.13 and further declined to 3.46 in 2008.
A similar pattern occurred in Ghana after the government expanded reproductive health laws out of the same
concern as that of the Bolivian government. As a result, “fertility declined steeply… and continued to decline
after 1994. Such examples seemed to draw the attention of other countries. Thus, In 2014, the United Nations
report noted that the proportion of countries allowing abortion to preserve the physical health of a woman
increased from 63 percent to 67 percent, and those to preserve the mental health of a woman increased from
52 percent to 64 percent.
Opponents regard reproductive rights as noting but a false front for abortion. They contend that this
method of preventing conception endangers the life of the mother and must be banned. The religious wing of
the anti-reproductive rights flank goes further and describes abortion as a debauchery that sullies the name of
God; it will send the mother to hell and prevents a new soul, the baby, to become human. This position was a
politically powerful one party because various parts of the developing world remain very conservative. Unfailing
pressure by Christian groups compelled the governments of Poland, Croatia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even
Russia to impose restrictive reproductive health programs, including making access to condoms and other
technologies difficult. Muslim countries do not condone abortion and limit wives to domestic chores and
delivering babies. Senegal only allows abortion when the mother’s life is threatened. The Philippines, with a
Catholic majority, now has a reproductive health law in place, but conservative politicians have enfeebled it
through budget cuts and stalled its implementation by filing a case against the law in the Supreme Court.
A country being industrialized and developed, however, does not automatically assure pro-women
reproductive regulations. In the United States, the women’s movement of the 1960’s was responsible for the
passage and judicial endorsement of a pro-choice law, but conservatives controlling state legislatures have
also slowly undermined this law by imposing a restriction on women’s access to abortion. While pro-choice
advocates argue that abortion is necessary to protect the health of the mother, their conservative rivals shift
the focus on the death of the fetus in the mother’s womb as the reason for reversing the law. This battle
continues to be played out in all political arenas in the United States.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
Global population has reached 7.4 billion (2018), and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion in 2050,
then 11.2 billion by 2100. The median age of this population is 30.1, with the male median age at 29.4 years
and female, 30.9 years. Ninety-five percent of this population growth will happen in the developing countries,
with demographers predicting that by the middle of this century several countries will have tripled their
population. The opposite is happening in the developed world where populations remain steady in general, but
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declining in some of the most advanced countries (Japan and Singapore). However, this scenario Is not a run-
off that could get out of control, Demographers predict that the world population will stabilize by 2050 to 9
billion, although they warn that feeding this population will be immense challenge.
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be enough
to offset this concern over food security. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns that in order for
countries to mitigate the impact of annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1
billion; and yearly meat production must go up to 200 million tons to reach 470 million. The problem here is that
the global rate of growth of cereals had declined considerably—from 3.2 percent in 1960 to just 1.5 percent in
2000.
The FAO recommends that countries increase their investment in agriculture, craft long-term policies
aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and development. The UN body also suggests that countries
develop a comprehensive social service program that includes food assistance, consistent delivery of health
services, and education especially for the poor. If domestic production is not enough, it becomes essential for
nations to import. The FAO, therefore, enjoins government to keep their markets open, and to eventually
“move towards a global trading system that is fair and competitive, and that contributes to a dependable
market for food.
The aforementioned are worthy recommendations but nation-states shall need the political will to push
through these sweeping changes in population growth and food security. This will take some time to happen
given that good governance is also a goal that many nations, especially in the developing world, have yet to
attain.
SUMMAR
Y Demography
data.
is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social scientific
Health status of a community depends upon the dynamic relationship between number of
people, their composition & distribution.
Planning of health services can be guided by demographic variable, for example: How many
health units do we need? How to distribute them in the community in order to be accessible to
the target population? What type of manpower is needed?
A country being industrialized and developed, however, does not automatically assure pro-
women reproductive regulations
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not
be enough to offset this concern over food security.
ACTIVITY
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Directions:
Create two family trees based on interviews with each of your parent.
Try to trace your family connections as far back as you can.
Expand lateral connections as well. The “higher” you go vertically, the better.
If you are a family of migrants, determine if your family moved from the provinces to the big cities Metro
Manila or Metro Cebu) or vice versa. If they migrated to the cities, ask them when the family moved,
and why they left the provinces for the cities.
Write your explanation at the back of your paper.
ASSESSM
ENT
I. TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Read the statements carefully. Write TRUE if the statements are correct and FALSE if
otherwise.
1. Demography is the “scientific study of human population in which includes study of changes in
population size, composition and its distribution”.
2. The poorer districts or urban centers also tend to have families with more children because the success
of their “small family business” depends on how many of their members can be hawking their wares on
the streets.
3. A country being industrialized and developed, however, does not automatically assure pro-women
reproductive regulations.
4. High-income First World nations and fast-developing countries were able to sustain growth in part
because women were given the power of choice and easy access to reproductive technologies.
5. Population growth has spurred “technological and institutional innovation” and increased “the supply of
human ingenuity.
II. ESSAY
Direction: Read carefully the instructions below. Discuss the following questions comprehensively.
1. Discuss the population control programs in the Philippines. Give one example and explain.
2. What if the government in the Philippines would enforce the legalization of abortion to control the
growth of population? Would you agree or disagree? Explain your answer.
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2
The essay is focused, The essay is The essay is The essay poorly
purposeful, and focused on the focused on the addresses the topic
FOCUS(Main reflects clear insights topic with relevant topic with loosely with irrelevant ideas.
Point) and ideas. ideas. related ideas.
Effectively organize Organize ideas to Some organization Little or no
ideas in a logical and build an argument. of ideas to build an organization of ideas
ORGANIZATION coherent argument argument. to build an argument.
OR FORMAT
Distinctive Sufficient Very little No experimentation or
experimentation of experimentation of experimentation to enhancement of
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ORIGINALITY language and usage language and enhance the concepts.
to enhance concepts. usage to enhance concepts.
concepts.
REFERENCES
Chapter IV: Peace Education: A Transformative Response To Major Societal Challenges
The Contemporary World by; Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales
The Contemporary World by; Dr. M. Ariola, LLB. , Ed.D. , L.P.T.
Claudio, L., Abinales, P. (2018) The Contemporary World
Online References:
https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/01/75121/religion-and-globalisation-benefits-and-
challenges/
https://www2.slideshare.net/jomarienel/lesson-3-positive-and-negative-effects-of-religion
https://www2.slideshare.net/jomarienel/lesson-1-understanding-the-nature-of-religion
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