Ma. Cristina V.
David
• Hydraulic Cement – is any cement
that turns into solid product in the
presence of water (as well as air),
resulting in a material that does not
disintegrate in water.
• Nonhydraulic Cement – requires no
water to transform into a solid
product.
• Natural Cement – obtained by
burning argillaceous (clayey) or
magnesium limestone (called
cement rock).
• Blended Cement – consists of
interground blends of porland
cement clinkers and fly ash, natural
or calcined pozzolan, or slag.
•Pozzolan Cement – is a natural or
artificial product composed chiefy of
lime, silica, or alumina.
• Portland-pozzolan Cement – is
produced by intimately blending
Portland cement with a pozzolan. It
has lower heat of hydration and
lower thermal shrinkage than
ordinary cement.
• Portland Blast-furnace Slag Cement
– consists of an intimate and uniform
blend of porland cement and fine
granulated blast-furnace slag.
• Slag Cement – consisting mostly of
an intimate and uniform blend of
granulated blast-furnance slag (at
least 70%) with porland cement or
hydraulic lime or both.
• White Cement – suitable for exposed
aggregate finishes and for making
colored cements with pigment
addition.
• Masonry Cement – contains a finely
divided material such as lime or
ground limestone & an air-entraining
agent, mixed with Portland cement.
• Plastic Cement – is a mixture of
approx. 96% Portland cement and
plasticizing and air-entraining agents.
• High-alumina Cement – a.k.a.
calcium aluminate cement), produced
by burning limestone and bauxite, and
contains sintered calcium aluminate.
• Plastic Cement – is a mixture of
approx. 96% Portland cement and
plasticizing and air-entraining agents.
• High-alumina Cement – a.k.a.
calcium aluminate cement), produced
by burning limestone and bauxite, and
contains sintered calcium aluminate.
I. Physical Properties
• Mechanical Strength – includes
compressive, tensile, flexural,
bonding strengths.
• Workability – the ability of a fresh
(plastic) concrete mix to fill the
form/mold properly with the desired
work (vibration) & without reducing
the concrete’s quality.
• Curing – the process of keeping
concrete under a specific
environmental condition until
hydration is relatively complete.
• Elasticity – is a function of the
modulus of elasticity of the
aggregates & the cement matrix &
their relative proportions. Ranging
30 to 50 GPa.
• Expansion & shrinkage
Concrete has a very low coefficient of
thermal expansion. However if no
provision is made for expansion very
large forces can be created, causing
cracks in parts of the structure not
capable of withstanding the force or the
repeated cycles of expansion and
contraction. As it matures concrete
continues to shrink, due to ongoing
reaction in the materials.
• Cracking – is due to tensile stress
induced by shrinkage or by applied
loading which entails the incorporation
of reinforcing. The following are types
of cracks:
1. shrinkage cracks
2. tension cracks
3. creeps
• Fire
Up to about 300oC, the concrete
undergoes normal thermal expansion.
Above that temperature, shrinkage
occurs due to water loss; however, the
aggregate continues expanding, which
causes internal stresses. Up to about
500oC, the major structural changes are
carbonation & coarsening of pores. At
573oC quartz undergoes rapid
expansion due to phase transition.
• Aggregate expansion
Various types of aggregate undergo
chemical reactions in concrete, leading
to damaging expansive phenomena. The
most common are those containing
reactive silica, that can react (in the
presence of water) with the alkalis in
concrete (K2O & Na2O, coming
principally from cement).
• Sea water effects
Concrete exposed to sea water is
susceptible to its corrosive effects. The
effects are more pronounced above the
tidal zone than where the concrete is
permanently submerged. Above the
water surface, mechanical damage may
occur by erosion through waves
themselves or sand & gravel they carry,
& by crystallization of salts from water
soaking into pores & then drying up.
• Bacterial corrosion
Bacterial themselves do not have
noticeable effect on concrete. However,
anaerobic bacteria in untreated sewage
tend to produce hydrogen sulfide, which
is then oxidized by aerobic acid present
in biofilm on the concrete surface above
the water level to sulfuric acid which
dissolves the carbonates in the cured
cement and causes strength loss.
• Chemical attacks
1. Carbonation
2. Chlorides, particularly calcium chloride
& sodium chloride have been shown to
leach calcium hydroxide & cause chemical
changes in Portland cement, leading to
loss of strength, as well as attacking the
steel reinforcement.
3. Sulphates, cause microstructural effects
leading to the weakening of the cement
binder.
4. Leaching
