DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY
PROJECTION OF POINT ON FOUR QUADRANTS
1st quadrant
. p’
. .
p’
. 3
. P(3,5) 5
P
VP
.p 5
HP
3
HP
. .p
2nd quadrant
3
P .
P(3,5) . . . p’
. p’ 5
5 .p
p . 3
. VP HP
3rd quadrant
HP .
p
p .
p . -5
-3
HP
. . p’ P(-3,-5)
. -3
. p’ VP
P(-3,-5)
-5
p’ .
4th quadrant .
HP
. p
-5
VP HP
3
. .P(3,-5) . 3
. P(3,-5) .p
p’ -5
. p’
QUESTIONS:
Draw the projections of the following points:
(a) Point A, 20 mm above the HP and 15 mm in front of VP
(b) Point B, 25 mm above the HP and 10 mm behind the VP
(c) Point C, 10 mm below the HP and 25 mm behind the VP
(d) Point D, 10 mm below the HP and 15 mm in front of VP
(e) Point E in the HP and 15 mm in front of VP
(f) Point F, 20 mm above the HP and in the VP
(g) Point G in the HP and 25 mm behind the VP
(h) Point H, 10mm below the HP and in the VP
(i) Point I in the HP and in the VP
PROJECTION OF LINE
Line parallel to VP and HP
a' b'
b'
B
a'
A VP
b HP
HP
a
a b
Line perpendicular to HP
a'
a' A
b'
VP
b' B
HP HP
.
ab
.
a b
Line perpendicular to VP
a'
. b'
.
a' b' A
B
VP
HP a HP
a
b
b
Line parallel to HP and inclined to VP
a' b'
b'
a' B VP
A
HP HP
b a
a
b
Line parallel to VP and inclined to HP
b'
a'
a'
A
VP
b'
HP HP
B a
a b
b
Line inclined to both HP and VP
b'
a'
A a'
VP
b'
HP HP
B a
a b
b
EXAMPLE:
Front view of a straight line AB 60mm long measures 40mm. The line is parallel to the HP with its end
A 10 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections and determine its true
inclination with the VP.
a' b'
10 VP
20 HP
a
b
A straight line AB 60mm long has its end A 10mm above the HP and 12mm in front of VP. Draw its
projection when it is inclined to the HP and VP 45o and 30o respectively.
b' b’1
a'
10 VP
12 HP
a
b1
b1
PROJECTION OF PLANE
Plane perpendicular to HP and VP both
a' c'
c'
a' C
A b' d'
VP
b' d'
D B HP a b HP
cd
ab
c d
Plane parallel to HP
c' d' D
C c' d'
a'b'
b' d
a' A
B c HP VP
a HP
b a d
b c
Plane parallel to VP
a' d'
d'
D
b' c'
a'
A c' VP
C
b' c d HP HP
B ab c d
a b
Plane inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP
c' d'
d' a' b'
D VP
a'
A c'
HP
C HP a
b'
B
b
c d c
a b
d
Plane inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP
c' d' D
c' d'
C
b' a' b'
a'
d
A HP VP
B c
a HP
a d
b
b c
Plane inclined to HP and VP both
d' a'
D d'
a'
c' b' c'
d
C VP
A
b' HP
B
c HP
a
a
b
b
c
d
True Length of an Oblique Line
Revolution Method
Auxiliary ViewMethod
REVOLUTION METHOD AUXILIARY VIEW METHOD
b' b’1
a' b'
10 VP
12 HP a'
a
VP
b1
HP
b1
a b
POINT VIEW OF A LINE
.
Solution step:
1. Draw auxiliary plane for the true
length.
2. Draw true length using auxiliary
method.
b' 3. Make another auxiliary plane
perpendicular to true length.
4. locate the distance s from the first
a' auxiliary plane and mark on the second
VP auxiliary plane.
HP
a
To draw the point view of a given line an auxiliary plane should be placed such that it is perpendicular to the given line.
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT AND A LINE
a'
.
b'
VP
HP
. b
.
.
Edge view and inclination
To draw an edge view of an oblique plane an auxiliary plane should be placed such that it is perpendicular to the given plane.
• With VP
• With HP
TRUE SHAPE OF AN OBLIQUE PLANE
To draw the true shape of any plane, an auxiliary plane should be placed such that it is parallel
to the given plane.
Intersection between a Line and a Plane
Auxiliary View Method
The point of intersection of a given line and a given plane can be
located on an auxiliary plane in which the given plane appears as an
edge.
39
Cutting Plane Method
Visible Portion of the Line
TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE
True angle between a line and a plane can be measured in an auxiliary plane in which the
given plane appears as an edge view and the given line appears in true length.
TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES
True angle between two given planes or dihedral angle can be
measured in an auxiliary plane in which both planes appear as edge
views. Two intersecting planes will appear as edge views when
common line of intersection appears as a point view.
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SKEW-LINES
Any lines which are non-intersecting and non-parallel are called
skew lines.
Shortest distance between skew-lines can be measured in an auxiliary view in which any
one of the lines appears as the point view.
TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN SKEW-LINES
Apparent true angle between two skew lines can be measured in a
view in which both lines appear in true length.
Orthographic projection of a triangular plane ABC and the top view of a point D lying on
the plane ABC are given in Figure E4.1. Draw front view of the point D.
