Fall 2020 PAP the big kahuna study guide
Atomic Theory and History
John Dalton & Atomic Theory
a. Explain the evidence does the Modern Model of the atom offer that disproves Dalton’s
Theory.
Atoms are not identical because there are isotopes of each atom which have a different
number of neutrons. Atoms can be subdivided into subatomic particles of electrons,
nuclei, and protons and neutrons. Atoms are destructible and can be divided.
JJ Thompson & Electromagnetic forces
a. Explain how JJ Thompson proved the existence of electrons. In the JJ Thompson's
experiment with the cathode ray he proved the existence of electrons using a
magnet. The negative charge of the electron was attracted to the positive end of
the magnet and repealed by the negative end. So he knew there must be a smaller
particle with a negative charge in the atom.
b. Explain why the electrons in atom do not fall into the positively charged nucleus. (Bohr
Model)
Electrons are only allowed to be in certain energy levels. The first energy level is the
lowest possible energy so the electrons, though attracted to the nucleus do not fall in, as
the nucleus is not an allowed energy state.
Ernest Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment & Repulsion
a. Explain what Ernest Rutherford interpreted from his gold foil experiment. Explain why the
alpha particles were deflected.
In Rutherford’s experiment on gold foil he concluded that there must be a small dense
mass with a positive charge because the alpha particles which also had a positive charge
were deflected. Some particle went straight through, he concluded that there was empty
space
These particles are deflected because both have a positive charge which cause them to
repeal
Atoms and Isotopes
Define the following terms:
a. Atom -The smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. It consists of a
nucleus of a positive charge (Z is the proton number) carrying almost all its mass (more
than 99.9%) and Z electrons determining its size.
b. Chemical Compound -A pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different
chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
c. Chemical element-A pure substance composed of atoms with the same number of
protons in the atomic nucleus
d. Atomic number -the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the
chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.
e. Ion-An atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge.
f. Molecule-a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit
of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical [Link] electrically neutral
entity consisting of more than one atom (n > 1), all of which are nonmetals.
g. Isotope-each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of
protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative
atomic mass.
Explain what determines the elemental identity of an atom
The number protons determines the identity of the atom because they are inside the
nucleus and cannot be lost shared or gained by other bonding atoms.
Justify which subatomic particle changes when an atom becomes an ion but stays the same
chemical element.
Electrons have the ability to be lost shared or gained. When electrons are lost the charge
of the atom is positive, when the electrons are gained the charge is negative since ion by
definition has a overall net electric charge that would make these atoms that have lost or
gained electrons ions. The subatomic particle must be electrons since protons are the
only other particle having a charge and protons cannot not be lost or gained since
protons identify the atom.
If you made a list of pure substance which of the following substance would you exclude from
your list. Highlight the substances you would exclude.
Carbon dioxide paper trees NaNO3
Hydrogen Milk Radon Liver
-
F2 CI Wood Water
Highlight the elements listed below that are metals and circle the ones that are non-metals.
Potassium (K) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Strontium(Sr)
Calcium (Ca) Lithium(Li) Silicon (Si) Chlorine (Cl)
Fill out the table below
Cadmium and Germanium
Element Cd Cd Ge Ge
Atomic number 48 48 32 32
Mass number 116 110 73 70
Protons 48 48 32 32
Neutrons 68 62 41 38
Electrons 48 48 32 32
Chromium exist as four isotopes use the following data to calculate the average atomic mass
4.345% (49.946amu Cr-50); 83.789% (51.940amu Cr-52); 2.365% (53.938amu Cr-54); and
9.501% (52.940amu Cr-53).
(0.04345)(49.946) + (0.83789)(51.490) + (0.02365)(53.938) + (0.09501)(52.940) = 51.996amu
Use the figure above to
answer the following
questions.
a. Calculate the
percent abundance of
each isotope.
100/138.6(100) = 72.15%
38.6/138.6(100)= 27.85%
b. Determine the
average atomic mass of
this element
85(.7215) + 87(0.2785)= 85.557
c. Identify the element
Rubidium, Rb
Silicon has four stable isotopes, 28Si, 29Si, 30Si, and 32Si. The average atomic mass is 28.09 amu.
a. Which isotope is more abundant? Explain. Write the number of neutrons for each isotope
of silicon. 28Si is closer to the actual average atomic mass of 28.09 so this would
likely be the most abundant isotope.
b. 28Si = 14 neutrons, 29Si= 15 neutrons, 30Si= 16 neutrons, 32Si= 18 neutrons
Science + Math Unit
1. Which term describes the amount of matter in an object?
A. Length B. mass C. volume D. density
2. The accepted value for the height of the door is 20.00 dm. You measured the door and
collected data:
Trial Number: Door Height:
1 12.84 dm
2 12.82 dm
3 12.83 dm
Which correctly describes your experimental data?
A. precise but not accurate - the data are precise (all close to each other),
but not accurate (close to the true value of 20.00 dm)
B. both accurate and precise
C. accurate but not precise D. neither accurate nor precise
3. Calculate the answer in the correct number of significant figures:
a. 85 * 74008.46 / 3.2 = 1965849.719= 2.0 x 106
b. b. 8 - 2.0 = 6
c. c. 95.628345 * 3= 286.885035= 300
4. The density of nickel is 8.9 g/mL. You have a piece of nickel with a volume of 2.56 mL. What
is the mass of your piece of nickel?
D=m/V
D= (m/V)V volume cancels out
V(D)=m then multiply volume by the opposite side.
m=D(V)
m= 8.9 g/ml(2.56 ml) = 22.784g= 23g
Matter, the Periodic Table, + the Mole
1. Elements known for their limited chemical reactivity (they are all unreactive gases) are within
what family
Noble gases
2. Which statement about the nucleus of an atom is INCORRECT?
a. It is very dense.
b. It is positively charged.
c. It constitutes (aka, makes up) most of the volume of the atom.
d. It contains all of the protons and neutrons.
4. Which of the following is an extensive (not an intensive) property of matter?
e. Weight f. melting point g. Density h. color
5. Circle the physical changes, not the chemical changes:
I. evaporation of water II. fermentation of sugar
III. dissolving sugar in water IV. melting of gold V. changing of color of leaves
6. Crude oil can be separated into gasoline, diesel, heating oil, etc. by distillation. Therefore, crude oil
is:
a. homogeneous mixture
b. heterogeneous mixture
c. Compound
d. Mineral
e. element
7. Selenium-80, bromine-81, and krypton-82 have:
a. the same atomic mass.
b. the same number of protons.
c. the same number of neutrons.
d. the same mass number.
e. the same number of electrons.
8. Silver has two isotopes with masses 106.905 amu and 108.904 amu, and an average atomic mass
of 107.87 amu. Which of these best estimates the percent abundance of each silver isotope?
a. 10% 107Ag, 90% 109Ag b. 25% 107Ag, 75% 109Ag
c. 50% 107Ag, 50% 109Ag d. 75% 107Ag, 25% 109Ag
9. Referring to your periodic table, fluorine (F) likely has most similar properties to:
f. Chlorine (Cl) g. Sodium (Na) h. Manganese (Mn) i. Hydrogen (H)
*Why do F and Cl have similar properties?
Same number of valence electrons! Therefore, they are in the same family.
1. If you have 126.4 g of iron, how many moles iron of do you have?
126.4 g Fe x 1 mol Fe = 2.263 mol Fe
55.845g Fe
2. How many atoms are in 12.5 g of magnesium?
12.5 g Mg x 1 mol Mg x 6.02 x1023atoms = 3.10 x 1023 atoms Mg
24.305g Mg 1 mol Mg
10. Label the type of matter shown in each picture.
a. Compound
b. b. Monoatomic element
c. c. heterogeneous mixture
d. d) homogeneous mix(solution)
The Electron
1. Why is the cesium atom larger than the rubidium atom?
Cesium has more full energy levels, therefore, the atom is larger.
2. Why does fluorine have the greatest electronegativity on the periodic table?
Fluorine has seven valence electrons in the 2nd energy level. In its period, It has a high nuclear charge
because it has more protons moving across the group. Therefore, it exhibits a high coulombic attraction for
electrons based on its outer electrons being close to the nucleus and having a high nuclear charge.
6. Which atom on the periodic table has the largest ionization energy? He
7. All of the following have the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6, EXCEPT:
a. Cl1- b. Ar c. Ca2+ d. Li+
8. Write the electron configurations (both full configuration and noble gas configuration) + the
orbital-filling diagrams for the following elements:
b. Si -1s22s22p63s23p2
c. Al3+ -1s22s22p6
9. If the energy of electromagnetic radiation is 2.11 x 10-16 joules, what is the wavelength of the wave?
ƛ= hc = (6.63 x10-34Js)(3.0x108m/s) = 9.427 x 10-10 m
E 2.11 x 10-16 J
Electron Configuration and More
1. Which subatomic particle determines chemical reactivity?
electron
2. What are the different sublevels? How many orbitals does each sublevel hold?
S - 1 orbital; p - 3 orbitals; d - 5 orbitals; f - 7 orbitals
3. How many electrons can a single orbital hold? 2
4. How did the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle disprove the Bohr planetary model of the
atom? According the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, you can’t know the exact
position and momentum of an electron at the same time. Therefore, Bohr’s model
showing exact paths of electrons was disproven.
5. Write the electron configuration for copper. Explain how you applied Aufbau principle to
write your configuration. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9 The Aufbau Principle was used by filling
the orbitals from lowest to highest energy.
6. Write the electron configurations (both full configuration and noble gas configuration for the
following elements:
a. Pb 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p2
[Xe] 6s24f145d106p2
b. Se 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p4
[Ar] 4s23d104p4
9. Draw the orbital-filling diagrams for elements a. and b. above. .
[Link]
This is a web site that will show the correct orbital diagram for lead or any other element on the
periodic table simply click on the element you desire to know the orbital diagram for.
10. Describe how you used Hund’s Rule to create the orbital-filling diagrams above.
Fill orbitals of equal energy singly first before pairing up. For example, fill a p sublevel with one electron in
each orbital before pairing electrons.
11. Circle the valence electrons for a thru b in the question above. Highlighted in yellow above
12. Write the noble gas configuration for K and Br. What does the noble gas configuration
show? K - [Ar]4s1 Br - [Ar]4s13d104p5 The noble gas configuration shows the outmost
electrons
13. Draw a picture of the P atom (neutral charge, choose your isotope). Include the correct number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons. Draw the electrons in rings around the nucleus; each ring should
represent a different energy level.
14. Ga reacts with another element to form an ion. Is Ga3+ a cation or an anion?
How many electrons did Ga3+ gain or lose? Lost 3
Write the orbital diagrams for the Ga ion:
Write out the full electron configuration of the Ga : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p1
Ga+3 ion 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Nature of Light and Particles:
1. Explain the relationship of wavelength, frequency and energy.
Energy is proportional to frequency. (high freq = High E)
Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. (long wavelength = low Energy)
Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength (long wavelength = low frequency)
2. Do all photons travel at the same speed? Yes, at the speed of light in a vacuum
3. What color of light shows the longest wavelength? Red
4. What color of light shows the shortest wavelength? Violet
5. Write the formulas to solve wavelength, Energy, speed of light, and frequency
C = vλ E = hv E=hc/λ
6. An unknown photon has a frequency of 5.45 x 1019 Hz, determine the wavelength.
V = 5.45 x 1019 Hz λ = ? Use c = vλ λ = c/v λ = (3.0 x 108 m/s) / (5.45 x 1019 Hz)
λ = 5.5 x 10-12 m
7. How much energy is released by the photon?
E=hc E = 6.63x10-34 Js (5.45 x 1019 Hz) E = 3.61 x 10-14 J
8. An electron falls from the 3rd energy level to the 2nd energy level, is energy absorbed or
released? released
9. An electron falls from the 6th energy level to the 2nd energy level, is energy absorbed or
released? released
10. Calculate the energy of blue light, which has a wavelength of 440 nanometers.
E=hc/λ E = (6.63x10-34 Js)(3.0 x 108 m/s)/ (440 x 10-9m) = 4.5 x 10-19J
11. Calculate for the energy of yellow light, which has a wavelength of about 522 nanometers.
E=hc/λ E = (6.63x10-34 Js)(3.0 x 108 m/s)/ (522 x 10-9m) = 3.8 x 10-19J
12. If the energy of electromagnetic radiation is 4.11 x 10-15 joules, what is the frequency of the
wave? What type of electromagnetic radiation is it?
E = hv 4.11 x 10-15J = (6.63x10-34 Js)v v = 6.20 x 1018 Hz
Coulombic Attractions:
1. When comparing elements in the same column of the periodic table, which factor
distance to the nucleus or number of protons in the nucleus seems to be the dominant
factor for determining the attractive force between the outermost electrons and the
nucleus? Explain. The distance to the nucleus is dominant because the attractive force
decreases as you move down the column. Distance to the nucleus increases while
number of protons increases. Further distance is causing less force on the outer
electrons.
2. Predict the changes to attractive force on the outermost electron in an atom as you move
down or across the periodic table. Down - Attractive force decreases due to increased
distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron.
Across - Attractive force increases due to more protons in the nucleus.
3. Rank the following sets of particles in order of
INCREASING force of attraction on the electron.
C<B<A
4. Which of the sets of elements are NOT in order
of INCREASING force of attraction of the outermost electron in atoms of that element?
a. Ba<Sr<Ca b. Al<P<Cl c. F<Cl<Br d. Mo<Pd<Sn
Periodic Trends
Define and know the trend across the periodic table and down the periodic table . Be able to
explain in detail why each trend occurs.
Atomic Radius (size of atom)
- Down chart - radius increases due to more full energy levels and less force on the outermost electrons
- Across chart -radius decreases due to more protons in the nucleus exerting more attractive force on
the outermost electrons
Electronegativity - the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons in
a compound
- Down chart - electronegativity decreases due to less attractive force exerted on bonding electrons
because they are a greater distance from the nucleus
- Across chart - electronegativity increases due to more attractive force being exerted on the bonding
electrons from more protons in the nucleus
Ionization Energy - the energy required to remove the outermost electron from a neutral atom
- Down chart - IE decreases due to less attractive force on the outermost electron because it is
further from the nucleus
- Across chart - IE increases due to more attractive force on the outermost electron because of more
protons in the nucleus
1. Which element has the greatest electronegativity? F
2. Which group of elements has the least amount of electronegativity? Explain why?
Group 1 elements have the least electronegativity because they have less protons in the nucleus in the period
which exerts less attractive force on bonding electrons.
3. Which element has the high ionization energy?He
4. Which element has the largest atomic radius? Cs (Fr is too unstable and its atomic radius has not
been measured)
5. Which statement of metallic properties is correct?
a. Small atomic radius, high ionization energy, high electronegativity
b. Large atomic radius, high ionization energy, high electronegativity
c. Large atomic radius, low ionization energy, high electronegativity
d. Large atomic radius, low ionization energy, low electronegativity
6. Explain why rubidium would have a larger atomic radius than lithium or iodine. Make sure your
answer comments about both iodine and lithium.
Rb is larger than Li because it has more full energy levels (in the same group). Rb is larger than
I because it is in the same period but has less protons in the nucleus. Less protons exert less
force on the outermost electrons so the atom is bigger.
Bonding
1. Element X forms the following two compounds: XO2 and XCl4. Element X has high melting
and boiling points: 3470°C and 4347°C, respectively. To what family does element X likely
belong? Justify your answer. Group 4. Based on the formulas when bonding with oxygen and
chlorine. Chlorine makes a -1 ion and X would have to make a +4 ion to make a neutral compound.
Oxygen makes a -2 ion and X again would have to make a +4 ion to make a neutral compound
with that formula. Group 4 metals would also have a high melting and boiling point.
2. Explain why each bond type forms ionic bonds form?covalent bonds form? metallic bonds
form?
Ionic bonds form because atoms want to become more stable by reaching a full octet of 8
valence electrons. In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred from a metal (becoming a cation;
the metal does this because it is easier for it to lose electrons to reach 8) to a non-metal
(becoming an anion; the non-metal does this to reach 8 valence electrons as well).
Covalent bonds form because atoms want to become more stable by reaching a full octet of 8
valence electrons. Unlike ionic bonds, in covalent bonds, valence electrons are shared between
multiple non-metals. Through sharing, each non-metal comes to feel as though it has 8 valence
electrons.
Metallic bonds form because atoms want to become more stable by reaching a full octet of 8
valence electrons. Metals want to lose valence electrons to reach 8 valence electrons; when
just metals bond in metallic bonds, the metal atoms give away their valence electrons (thus
making the metals become cations). As there is no non-metal to accept the valence electrons,
the valence electrons just float around the cations. The valence electrons form what we call a
“sea of electrons”. The negatively charged electrons and the positively charged cations are
then attracted through electrostatic attraction, holding the metal together.
3. Describe substitutional and interstitial alloys (including the sizes of atoms the result in each
type of alloy).
An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of metals. A substitutional alloy occurs when the original
metal is substituted with other metal atoms of similar size. An interstitial (“between spaces”)
alloy occurs when the original metal atoms all remain, but additional smaller atoms are added in
the spaces between the original metal atoms in the metallic lattice. Finally, you can combine
both types of alloys (see diagram).
4. Write the chemical formula and/or chemical name for each of the following:
a. Mg and OH-1 magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
a. NH4+ and SO42- ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
b. Ni+3 and CO3-2 nickel (III) carbonate Ni2(CO3)3
c. Sr and O strontium oxide SrO
5, WRite the formula from the name of these ionic compounds.
a. Potassium nitrate - KNO3
b. Iron (III) oxide - Fe2O3
c. Aluminum permanganate Al(MnO4)3
d. Magnesium phosphite Mg3(PO3)2
6. Write the chemical formula for the following covalent compounds
a. selenium dioxide SeO2
b. tetrasulfur tetranitride S4N4
c. disulfur decafluoride S2F10
d. sulfur dibromide SBr2
7. Write the name for the covalent compounds
a. S2O3 disulfur trioxide
b. Cl2O7 dichlorine heptoxide
c. ClF5 chlorine pentafluoride
d. XeF4 xenon tetrafluoride
8. Write the chemical formula for the following acids
a. Carbonic acid H2CO3
b. Acetic acid HC2H3O2
c. Hydrobromic acid HBr
d. Hydrosulfuric acid H2S
9. Write the name of the following acid compounds
a. HCl hydrochloric acid
b. H2SO4 sulfuric acid
c. HF hydrofluoric acid
d. HClO4 perchloric acid
