0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views29 pages

Relations and Functions

The document covers the topic of Relations and Functions, detailing how to define a relation using two sets of data, a rule, and the direction of the relation. It explains various types of relations (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many) and provides worked examples for determining rules and values in these relations. Additionally, it discusses the basics of functions, inverse functions, and composite functions with examples to illustrate these concepts.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views29 pages

Relations and Functions

The document covers the topic of Relations and Functions, detailing how to define a relation using two sets of data, a rule, and the direction of the relation. It explains various types of relations (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many) and provides worked examples for determining rules and values in these relations. Additionally, it discusses the basics of functions, inverse functions, and composite functions with examples to illustrate these concepts.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

R JAMUNAR

Syllabus Topic: Relations and Functions

Title: Relations, Types of Relations, The Basics of Functions, Inverse Functions, Composite
Functions Relations

NAR
R
JAMU
To establish/define a relation we need the following:

1. Two sets of data

2. Rule between them

3. Direction of “relation”/rule

An arrow diagram is drawn below:


Rule: �� = 6��
�� ��
12345 ��. The rule the relation is
going from the
NOTE:
VVVVV The two sets of
between them is domain to the
co-domain.
6 �� = 6��.
data are �� and
12 18 24 30
The direction of

input output
also called domain co-domain / range
also called
R JAMUNAR

Worked Examples

1. Determine the rule for the relationship below:

��
��
V
7
1

R JAMUNAR
234
VVV 14 21 28 Each �� value value. Therefore,
when multiplied by the rule is �� =
NOTE: 7, gives the 7��.
corresponding ��
input output Rule: �� = ����

2. Determine the rule for the relationship below:

��
��

4 �� value. Therefore,
12 18 30 NOTE: the rule is �� =��3.
6 Each �� value when
VVV divided by 3, gives
10 the corresponding

input
output

Rule: ��
=����
R JAMUNAR

3. Determine the rule for the following relationship:

�� ��
VV multiplied by itself
16 (or squared), gives
3 4 9 the
NOTE:
Each �� value when
R JAMUNAR5
V
25 corresponding �� rule is �� = ��2.
value. Therefore, the

input output

Rule: �� = ����

4. Determine the rule for the following relationship:

�� ��

VVVV then subtract 2, gives


1 2 10 the corresponding
1 �� value.
3 NOTE: Therefore, the rule is
4 Each �� value when �� = 3�� − 2.
4 multiplied by 3 and
7

input output

Rule: �� = ���� −

��

R JAMUNAR
5. Determine the rule for the following relationship:

�� ��
VV Each �� value when
10 multiplied by 3 and
1 2 7 then add 4, gives the
NOTE:

R JAMUNAR
3
V
13 value.
Therefore, the rule is
�� = 3�� + 4.
corresponding ��

input output

Rule: �� = ���� + ��

6. Determine the rule for the following relationship:

�� ��

the corresponding
4 5 7 NOTE: �� value.
VVVV Each �� value when Therefore, the rule is
6 multiplied by 4 and �� = 4�� − 6.
10 14 18 22 then subtract 6, gives

input output
Rule: �� = ���� − ��
R JAMUNAR

7. Determine the values for ��, �� and ��.

Rule: �� = 3�� − 1
�� ��
VV
��
3 4 8

R JAMUNAR
56 �� ��

VV

input output

When �� = 4,

�� = 3(4) − 1

= 12 − 1

= 11

When �� = 5,

�� = 3(5) − 1

= 15 − 1
= 14

When �� = 6,

�� = 3(6) − 1

= 18 − 1

= 17
R JAMUNAR

8. Determine the values of ��, �� and ��.

�� ��
Rule: �� =��−1
2
VV �� ��
1 2

R JAMUNAR 3 V ��

input output

When �� = 1,

�� =(1)−1
2

=02
=0

When �� = 2,

�� =2−1
2

=12

When �� = 3,

�� =3−1
2

=22

=1
R JAMUNAR

9. Determine the values of ��, ��, �� and ��.

�� ��
Rule: �� = ��2
VV
��
−4 −1
��

R JAMUNAR
05 �� ��

VV

input output
=1

When �� = −4,

�� = (−4)2
When �� = 0,
= −4 × −4
�� = (0)2 = 0 × 0 = 0
= 16

When �� = −1, When �� = 5,

�� = (−1)2 �� = (5)2 = 5 × 5 = 25

= −1 × −1
R JAMUNAR

Types of Relations

There are FOUR types:

One to One

�� ��

R JAMUNAR ∎ VVV output.



∎ NOTE: In other words, one output
∎ came from
∎ One to One:- one input.
One input is mapped unto 1 ∎
input output

One to Many

�� ��

V V

One input is mapped unto 2
∎ or

NOTE: more output.
One to Many:- ∎

input output
R JAMUNAR

Many to One

�� ��
V NOTE:
∎ Many to One:-

R JAMUNAR
∎∎ ∎ mapped
unto 1 output.
Two or more input is
V
input output

Many to Many

�� ��

Many to Many:-
∎ Two or more input is
mapped
∎ ∎
One input is mapped unto 2

or
VVV more output.
unto 1 output
NOTE:
∎ AND

input output
R JAMUNAR

Worked Examples

1. What type of relationship is shown below?

�� ��
V
∎ ∎
R JAMUNAR ∎

V ∎

input output Answer: This is a

many-to-many relation.

2. What type of relationship is shown below?

�� ��

∎∎ VV ∎∎

input output Answer: This is a

one-to-one relation.

R JAMUNAR

3. What type of relationship is shown below?

�� ��
∎ ∎


V

output

R R

input

JAM
UNA
Answer: This is a many-to-one relation.

4. What type of relationship is shown below?

�� ��

∎ ∎ ∎


input ∎

VV V ∎ output

Answer: This is a one-to-many relation.


R JAMUNAR

The Basics of Functions

• Functions are based upon the concept of substitution. •

Relations that are functions:

1. One to One
NOTE:
2. Many to One

R JAMUNAR Not

every relation is
• Relations that are NOT functions: 1. 2. One to Many
a function BUT every function is a
Many to Many relation.
Functions are based on the concept of inputting values into a function and getting an output.

NOTE:
��(��) is read as
��(��) = �� + ��
�� �� “�� ���� ��".
It is a function where �� is the input.
input output function

In the Figure above, if �� is inputted into the function, the output will be ��.

In other words,

When �� = 3,

��(3) = 3 + 5

��(3) = 8
R JAMUNAR

��(��) = �� + ��
−�� ��

input output function

Similarly, if −�� is inputted into the function ��(��) = �� + ��, the output will be ��.

In other words, When �� = −3,


(b)��(−3)

R
Solution:

(a) ��(2) = 3(2) + 2 = 6 + 2

=8

JAMU

NAR
��(−3) = −3 + 5 = 2

Worked Example 1 ��(��) = 3�� NOTE:


To find ��(2), use ��(��) =
+2 ���� + �� but replace all �� with
2 [Substitution].
What is the value of
Apply the same concept for ��(−3).

(a) ��(2)
R JAMUNAR

(b)��(−3) = 3(−3) + 2

= −9 + 2
= −7

R JAMUNAR
The arrow diagram to represent this function is as follows:
��
��
8 This is a one to one
2 −3 relation (therefore, it
VV −7 is also a function).
NOTE:

input output

Worked Example 2

��(��) =��+3
2
��−1��(��) = �� − 2

Find: (a) ��(5)

(b) 2��(3) + ��(−2)

Solution:

(a) ��(5) =(5)+3


(5)−1

=84

=2
R JAMUNAR
(b)2��(3) + ��(−2) = 2 [(3)+3
2
(3)−1] + (−2) − 2

= 2 (62) + 4 − 2

=6+4−2

=8

R JAMUNAR
Worked Example 3

Given ��(��) = 2�� and ��(��) = �� + 1,

find the value of:

��(10) + 2��(4)

Solution:

= ��(10) + 2��(4)

= 2(10) + 2(4 + 1)

= 20 + 2(5)

= 20 + 10

= 30
R JAMUNAR
Inverse Functions

��(��) is read as f of ��

��−��(��) is read as f inverse of ��

R JAMUNAR �� ��
��(��) = �� + ��

input output

function

inverse
��−��(��)

• ��−1(��) can be found by reversing the operation or operations.

In the diagram above,

If ��(��) = �� + 5

Then ��−1(��) = �� − 5
Did you know there is a whole 3 step process for finding the inverse of a function,

��−��(��)? These STEPS are:

1. Let ��(��) = ��.

2. Interchange the variables.

3. Make �� the subject of the formula.


R JAMUNAR Interchange the variables.

STEP 3:
Make �� the subject of the
formula.
STEP 2:

R JAMUNAR
STEP 1:
Let ��(��) = ��.

Worked Example 1

��(��) = 4�� + 2
Find ��−1(��).

Solution:
�� = 4�� + 2
Let ��(��) = ��.
�� − 2 = 4��
�� = 4�� + 2
��−2

4= ��
Interchange the variables. �� = 4�� +
2 ∴ ��−1(��) =��−2
4
Note: Ensure to include these
statements in each step of your solution.
Make �� the subject of the formula.
R JAMUNAR 5

Find
��−1(��).

Worked
Example 2

��(��) =��−2

Solution:

Let ��(��) = ��.

�� =��−2
5
R
JAMUNAR
Interchange the variables.

�� =��−2
5

Make �� the subject of the formula.

�� =��−2
5

5�� = �� − 2

5�� + 2 = ��

∴ ��−1(��) = 5�� + 2

Worked Example 3

��(��) =2��−3
��+7

Find ��−1(��).
R JAMUNAR

Solution:

Let ��(��) = ��.

�� =2��−3
��+7

R JAMUNAR
Interchange the variables.

�� =2��−3
��+7

Make �� the subject of the formula.

�� =2��−3
��+7

��(�� + 7) = 2�� − 3

���� + 7�� = 2�� − 3

���� − 2�� = −3 − 7��

��(�� − 2) = −3 − 7��

�� =−3−7��
��−2

∴ ��−1(��) =−3−7��
��−2

R JAMUNAR
2��+1

Find
��−1(��).
Worked
Example 4

��(��) =��−4

Solution:

Let ��(��) = ��.

�� =��−4
2��+1 NAR
R
JAMU
Interchange the variables.

�� =��−4
2��+1
Make �� the subject of the formula.

�� =��−4
2��+1

��(2�� + 1) = �� − 4

2���� + �� = �� − 4

2���� − �� = −�� − 4

��(2�� − 1) = −�� − 4

�� =−��−4
2��−1

∴ ��−1(��) =−��−4
2��−1
R JAMUNAR

Notice that:

��−1(��) =−��−4
2��−1

= −1(��+4)
−1(1−2��) [factorising −1 from both the numerator and denominator]

= ��+4

R
JAMUNAR 1−2�� [cancelling out −1 from both the numerator and denominator]

∴ ��−1(��) =��+4
1−2��

Composite Functions

A composite function is created when one function is substituted into another function.

Example 1:

��(��) = �� + 2

��(��) = 3��

Find ����(2).

Solution:

To find ����(2), first substitute the value 2 into the function ��.

��(2) = 3(2)

=6
R JAMUNAR
Then substitute the new value obtained into the function

��. ����(2) = ��[��(2)]

=��(6)

=6+2 =8

NAR
R
JAMU
The flow chart below summaries the steps taken to determine the value of ����(2).
V
V
V
V
2 ��(��) = 3�� 6 ��(��) = �� + 2 8 8

∴ ����(2) = 8

Worked Example 2
��(��) = 3�� + 1

��(��) = ��2

Determine:

(a) ����(��)

(b)����(��)
R JAMUNAR

Solution:

(a) ����(��) = 3��2 + 1 [Replace �� with ��2]

(b)����(��) = (3�� + 1)2[Replace �� with (3�� + 1)]

R JAMUNAR ����(��) = 9��2 + 6�� + 1

Worked Example 3
��(��) = �� + 3

��(��) = 2�� + 1

(a) Determine ����(��). [2] (b)Determine ����(−2). [1]


Solution:

(a) ����(��) = ��[��(��)]

����(��) = ��(�� + 3)

����(��) = 2(�� + 3) + 1

����(��) = 2�� + 6 + 1

����(��) = 2�� + 7

(b)����(−2) = 2(−2) + 7

����(−2) = −4 + 7

����(−2) = 3

You might also like