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Syllabus Topic: Relations and Functions
Title: Relations, Types of Relations, The Basics of Functions, Inverse Functions, Composite
Functions Relations
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To establish/define a relation we need the following:
1. Two sets of data
2. Rule between them
3. Direction of “relation”/rule
An arrow diagram is drawn below:
Rule: �� = 6��
�� ��
12345 ��. The rule the relation is
going from the
NOTE:
VVVVV The two sets of
between them is domain to the
co-domain.
6 �� = 6��.
data are �� and
12 18 24 30
The direction of
input output
also called domain co-domain / range
also called
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Worked Examples
1. Determine the rule for the relationship below:
��
��
V
7
1
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234
VVV 14 21 28 Each �� value value. Therefore,
when multiplied by the rule is �� =
NOTE: 7, gives the 7��.
corresponding ��
input output Rule: �� = ����
2. Determine the rule for the relationship below:
��
��
4 �� value. Therefore,
12 18 30 NOTE: the rule is �� =��3.
6 Each �� value when
VVV divided by 3, gives
10 the corresponding
input
output
Rule: ��
=����
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3. Determine the rule for the following relationship:
�� ��
VV multiplied by itself
16 (or squared), gives
3 4 9 the
NOTE:
Each �� value when
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V
25 corresponding �� rule is �� = ��2.
value. Therefore, the
input output
Rule: �� = ����
4. Determine the rule for the following relationship:
�� ��
VVVV then subtract 2, gives
1 2 10 the corresponding
1 �� value.
3 NOTE: Therefore, the rule is
4 Each �� value when �� = 3�� − 2.
4 multiplied by 3 and
7
input output
Rule: �� = ���� −
��
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5. Determine the rule for the following relationship:
�� ��
VV Each �� value when
10 multiplied by 3 and
1 2 7 then add 4, gives the
NOTE:
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3
V
13 value.
Therefore, the rule is
�� = 3�� + 4.
corresponding ��
input output
Rule: �� = ���� + ��
6. Determine the rule for the following relationship:
�� ��
the corresponding
4 5 7 NOTE: �� value.
VVVV Each �� value when Therefore, the rule is
6 multiplied by 4 and �� = 4�� − 6.
10 14 18 22 then subtract 6, gives
input output
Rule: �� = ���� − ��
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7. Determine the values for ��, �� and ��.
Rule: �� = 3�� − 1
�� ��
VV
��
3 4 8
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56 �� ��
VV
input output
When �� = 4,
�� = 3(4) − 1
= 12 − 1
= 11
When �� = 5,
�� = 3(5) − 1
= 15 − 1
= 14
When �� = 6,
�� = 3(6) − 1
= 18 − 1
= 17
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8. Determine the values of ��, �� and ��.
�� ��
Rule: �� =��−1
2
VV �� ��
1 2
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input output
When �� = 1,
�� =(1)−1
2
=02
=0
When �� = 2,
�� =2−1
2
=12
When �� = 3,
�� =3−1
2
=22
=1
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9. Determine the values of ��, ��, �� and ��.
�� ��
Rule: �� = ��2
VV
��
−4 −1
��
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05 �� ��
VV
input output
=1
When �� = −4,
�� = (−4)2
When �� = 0,
= −4 × −4
�� = (0)2 = 0 × 0 = 0
= 16
When �� = −1, When �� = 5,
�� = (−1)2 �� = (5)2 = 5 × 5 = 25
= −1 × −1
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Types of Relations
There are FOUR types:
One to One
�� ��
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∎
∎ NOTE: In other words, one output
∎ came from
∎ One to One:- one input.
One input is mapped unto 1 ∎
input output
One to Many
�� ��
V V
∎
One input is mapped unto 2
∎ or
∎
NOTE: more output.
One to Many:- ∎
∎
input output
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Many to One
�� ��
V NOTE:
∎ Many to One:-
∎
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∎∎ ∎ mapped
unto 1 output.
Two or more input is
V
input output
Many to Many
�� ��
Many to Many:-
∎ Two or more input is
mapped
∎ ∎
One input is mapped unto 2
∎
or
VVV more output.
unto 1 output
NOTE:
∎ AND
∎
input output
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Worked Examples
1. What type of relationship is shown below?
�� ��
V
∎ ∎
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V ∎
input output Answer: This is a
many-to-many relation.
2. What type of relationship is shown below?
�� ��
∎∎ VV ∎∎
input output Answer: This is a
one-to-one relation.
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3. What type of relationship is shown below?
�� ��
∎ ∎
∎
∎
V
output
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∎
input
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Answer: This is a many-to-one relation.
4. What type of relationship is shown below?
�� ��
∎ ∎ ∎
∎
∎
input ∎
VV V ∎ output
Answer: This is a one-to-many relation.
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The Basics of Functions
• Functions are based upon the concept of substitution. •
Relations that are functions:
1. One to One
NOTE:
2. Many to One
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every relation is
• Relations that are NOT functions: 1. 2. One to Many
a function BUT every function is a
Many to Many relation.
Functions are based on the concept of inputting values into a function and getting an output.
NOTE:
��(��) is read as
��(��) = �� + ��
�� �� “�� ���� ��".
It is a function where �� is the input.
input output function
In the Figure above, if �� is inputted into the function, the output will be ��.
In other words,
When �� = 3,
��(3) = 3 + 5
��(3) = 8
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��(��) = �� + ��
−�� ��
input output function
Similarly, if −�� is inputted into the function ��(��) = �� + ��, the output will be ��.
In other words, When �� = −3,
(b)��(−3)
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Solution:
(a) ��(2) = 3(2) + 2 = 6 + 2
=8
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��(−3) = −3 + 5 = 2
Worked Example 1 ��(��) = 3�� NOTE:
To find ��(2), use ��(��) =
+2 ���� + �� but replace all �� with
2 [Substitution].
What is the value of
Apply the same concept for ��(−3).
(a) ��(2)
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(b)��(−3) = 3(−3) + 2
= −9 + 2
= −7
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The arrow diagram to represent this function is as follows:
��
��
8 This is a one to one
2 −3 relation (therefore, it
VV −7 is also a function).
NOTE:
input output
Worked Example 2
��(��) =��+3
2
��−1��(��) = �� − 2
Find: (a) ��(5)
(b) 2��(3) + ��(−2)
Solution:
(a) ��(5) =(5)+3
(5)−1
=84
=2
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(b)2��(3) + ��(−2) = 2 [(3)+3
2
(3)−1] + (−2) − 2
= 2 (62) + 4 − 2
=6+4−2
=8
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Worked Example 3
Given ��(��) = 2�� and ��(��) = �� + 1,
find the value of:
��(10) + 2��(4)
Solution:
= ��(10) + 2��(4)
= 2(10) + 2(4 + 1)
= 20 + 2(5)
= 20 + 10
= 30
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Inverse Functions
��(��) is read as f of ��
��−��(��) is read as f inverse of ��
R JAMUNAR �� ��
��(��) = �� + ��
input output
function
inverse
��−��(��)
• ��−1(��) can be found by reversing the operation or operations.
In the diagram above,
If ��(��) = �� + 5
Then ��−1(��) = �� − 5
Did you know there is a whole 3 step process for finding the inverse of a function,
��−��(��)? These STEPS are:
1. Let ��(��) = ��.
2. Interchange the variables.
3. Make �� the subject of the formula.
R JAMUNAR Interchange the variables.
STEP 3:
Make �� the subject of the
formula.
STEP 2:
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STEP 1:
Let ��(��) = ��.
Worked Example 1
��(��) = 4�� + 2
Find ��−1(��).
Solution:
�� = 4�� + 2
Let ��(��) = ��.
�� − 2 = 4��
�� = 4�� + 2
��−2
4= ��
Interchange the variables. �� = 4�� +
2 ∴ ��−1(��) =��−2
4
Note: Ensure to include these
statements in each step of your solution.
Make �� the subject of the formula.
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Find
��−1(��).
Worked
Example 2
��(��) =��−2
Solution:
Let ��(��) = ��.
�� =��−2
5
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Interchange the variables.
�� =��−2
5
Make �� the subject of the formula.
�� =��−2
5
5�� = �� − 2
5�� + 2 = ��
∴ ��−1(��) = 5�� + 2
Worked Example 3
��(��) =2��−3
��+7
Find ��−1(��).
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Solution:
Let ��(��) = ��.
�� =2��−3
��+7
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Interchange the variables.
�� =2��−3
��+7
Make �� the subject of the formula.
�� =2��−3
��+7
��(�� + 7) = 2�� − 3
���� + 7�� = 2�� − 3
���� − 2�� = −3 − 7��
��(�� − 2) = −3 − 7��
�� =−3−7��
��−2
∴ ��−1(��) =−3−7��
��−2
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2��+1
Find
��−1(��).
Worked
Example 4
��(��) =��−4
Solution:
Let ��(��) = ��.
�� =��−4
2��+1 NAR
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Interchange the variables.
�� =��−4
2��+1
Make �� the subject of the formula.
�� =��−4
2��+1
��(2�� + 1) = �� − 4
2���� + �� = �� − 4
2���� − �� = −�� − 4
��(2�� − 1) = −�� − 4
�� =−��−4
2��−1
∴ ��−1(��) =−��−4
2��−1
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Notice that:
��−1(��) =−��−4
2��−1
= −1(��+4)
−1(1−2��) [factorising −1 from both the numerator and denominator]
= ��+4
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JAMUNAR 1−2�� [cancelling out −1 from both the numerator and denominator]
∴ ��−1(��) =��+4
1−2��
Composite Functions
A composite function is created when one function is substituted into another function.
Example 1:
��(��) = �� + 2
��(��) = 3��
Find ����(2).
Solution:
To find ����(2), first substitute the value 2 into the function ��.
��(2) = 3(2)
=6
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Then substitute the new value obtained into the function
��. ����(2) = ��[��(2)]
=��(6)
=6+2 =8
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The flow chart below summaries the steps taken to determine the value of ����(2).
V
V
V
V
2 ��(��) = 3�� 6 ��(��) = �� + 2 8 8
∴ ����(2) = 8
Worked Example 2
��(��) = 3�� + 1
��(��) = ��2
Determine:
(a) ����(��)
(b)����(��)
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Solution:
(a) ����(��) = 3��2 + 1 [Replace �� with ��2]
(b)����(��) = (3�� + 1)2[Replace �� with (3�� + 1)]
R JAMUNAR ����(��) = 9��2 + 6�� + 1
Worked Example 3
��(��) = �� + 3
��(��) = 2�� + 1
(a) Determine ����(��). [2] (b)Determine ����(−2). [1]
Solution:
(a) ����(��) = ��[��(��)]
����(��) = ��(�� + 3)
����(��) = 2(�� + 3) + 1
����(��) = 2�� + 6 + 1
����(��) = 2�� + 7
(b)����(−2) = 2(−2) + 7
����(−2) = −4 + 7
����(−2) = 3