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4 - Dynamics of Measurements

The document discusses the dynamics of measurement systems, including various types of systems such as first and second order systems, and their responses to different inputs. It highlights the importance of analogies in understanding these systems and introduces concepts like Laplace transforms and Fourier series. Additionally, it touches on practical applications and the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem in signal processing.

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sourav ganguly
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50 views36 pages

4 - Dynamics of Measurements

The document discusses the dynamics of measurement systems, including various types of systems such as first and second order systems, and their responses to different inputs. It highlights the importance of analogies in understanding these systems and introduces concepts like Laplace transforms and Fourier series. Additionally, it touches on practical applications and the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem in signal processing.

Uploaded by

sourav ganguly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Dynamics of measurement

systems
OR

The beauty of analogies


What is measured around you at this instant?
Typical measurement system
Same input, different responses

The Great Dictator (1940)

[Link]
Linear systems

Simple pendulum Spring Crystal oscillators


Uniform circular motion
Bourdon Guage
Generalized linear system
Zeroth Order system

1
− static sensitivity
𝑎0
First Order system
Solution to linear ODE

Step input:

Initial condition

Time constant:
First Order system – Step response
Designating the steady-state value as x∞ and non-dimensionalising:

At t = τ, the value of x(t) will have responded to 63.2 percent of the step input

Rise time - Time required to achieve a response of 90 percent of the step input; t = 2.303τ
Analogies
Thermal Electrical

Lumped parameter system


First Order system – Harmonic response
Initial condition:

Phase-shift angle:

Time delay:

Amplitude reduction:
Second Order system
Second Order system - Frequency
response
Resonance

[Link] [Link]
Second Order system - Step input

[Link]
Capillary rise problem

[Link]
LCR circuit analogy
Laplace transform
Laplace transform

Differential equations

Integral equations
Unit step function
Solving initial value problems

Applying Laplace transform:

Transfer function:
Kreyszig's Advanced Engineering Mathematics , 10th Edition. Page: 222
First term:

Second term:
Fourier series

Periodic function of period p


Kreyszig's Advanced Engineering Mathematics
, 10th Edition. Page: 477
Fourier transform

Total energy in the system

[Link]
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

Fast Fourier transform (FFT) – Reduction in the complexity


Let’s play some music!
The fundamental and the first 5 overtones in the harmonic series
Das Boot (1981)
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
A periodic signal must be sampled at more than twice the highest frequency component of the signal

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