Programming for Problem Solving (PPS)

GTU # 3110003
USING

Functions {C}
Programming

Prof. Nilesh Gambhava

Computer Engineering Department,
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
What is Function?
A function is a group of statements that perform a specific task.
It divides a large program into smaller parts.
A function is something like hiring a person to do a specific job for you.
Every C program can be thought of as a collection of these functions.
Program execution in C language starts from the main function.
Syntax
void main()
{
// body part
}

Why function ?
Avoids rewriting the same code over and over.
Using functions it becomes easier to write programs and keep track of what they doing.

Prof. Nilesh Gambhava #3110003 (PPS) – Functions 2

Types of Function
Function

Library Function User Defined Function (UDF)

Predefined or inbuilt Created by User

Declarations inside header files Programmer need to declare it
Eg. printf() – stdio.h Eg. findSimpleInterest()
pow() – math.h areaOfCircle()
strcmp() – string.h

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Program Structure for Function
When we use a user-defined function program structure is divided into three parts.
Function Structure
void func1(); Function Prototype

void main()
{
....
func1(); Function call
}

void func1()
{
.... Function definition
//function body
....
}

Prof. Nilesh Gambhava #3110003 (PPS) – Functions 4

Function Prototype and Function Definition
Syntax Example

Declaration
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …); void addition(int, int);

Definition
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …) void addition(int x, int y)
{ {
//... Function body printf("Addition is=%d“,(x+y));
} }

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Function Prototype
A function Prototype also know as function declaration.
A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the
function.
It defines the function before it is being used or called.
A function prototype needs to be written at the beginning of the program.

Syntax Example
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …); void addition(int, int);

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Function Definition
A function definition defines the functions header and body.
A function header part should be identical to the function prototype.
Function return type
Function name
List of parameters
A function body part defines function logic.
Function statements

Syntax Example
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …) void addition(int x, int y)
{ {
//... Function body printf("Addition is=%d“,(x+y));
} }

Prof. Nilesh Gambhava #3110003 (PPS) – Functions 7

WAP to add two number using add(int, int) Function
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Addition is = 11
2 void add(int, int); // function declaration
3
4 void main()
5 {
6 int a = 5, b = 6;
7 add(a, b); // function call
8 }
9
10 void add(int x, int y) // function definition
11 {
12 printf("Addition is = %d", x + y);
13 }

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Actual parameters and Formal parameters
Values that are passed to the called function from the main function are known
as Actual parameters.
The variables declared in the function prototype or definition are known as Formal
parameters.
When a method is called, the formal parameter is temporarily "bound" to the actual
parameter.

Actual parameters Formal parameters

void main() void add(int x, int y) // x and y are
{ formal parameters.
int a = 5, b = 6; {
add(a, b); // a and b are the printf("Addition is = %d", x + y);
actual parameters in this call.
} }

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Return Statement
If function is returning a value to calling function, it needs to use the keyword return.
The called function can only return one value per call.

Syntax
return;
Or

return (expression);

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WAP to find maximum number from two number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Max value is : 200
2 int max(int a, int b);
3 void main()
4 {
5 int a = 100;
6 int b = 200;
7 int maxvalue;
8 maxvalue = max(a, b);
9 printf("Max value is : %d\n",
10 maxvalue);
11 }
12 int max(int a, int b)
13 {
14 if (a > b)
15 return a; // return a
16 else
17 return b; // return b
18 }

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WAP to calculate the Power of a Number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter any number : 5
2 int power(int, int); Enter power of number : 3
3 void main() 5's power 3 = 125
4 {
5 int num, pow, res;
6 printf("Enter any number : ");
7 scanf("%d", &num);
8 printf("Enter power of number : ");
9 scanf("%d", &pow);
10 res = power(num, pow);
11 printf("%d's power %d = %d", num, pow, res);
12 }
13 int power(int n, int p)
14 { int r = 1;
15 while (p >= 1)
16 {
17 r = r * n;
18 p--;
19 }
20 return r;}

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WAP to find Factorial of a Number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter the number :
2 int fact(int); 5
3 int main() factorial = 120
4 {
5 int n, f;
6 printf("Enter the number :\n");
7 scanf("%d", &n);
8 f = fact(n);
9 printf("factorial = %d", f);
10 }
11 int fact(int n)
12 {
13 int i, fact = 1;
14 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
15 fact = fact * i;
16 return fact;
17 }

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WAP to check Number is Prime or not
Program Program contd.
1 #include <stdio.h> 14 int checkPrime(int n1)
2 int checkPrime(int); 15 {
3 void main() 16 int i = 2;
4 { while (i <= n1 / 2)
17
5 int n1, prime; {
6 printf("Enter the number :");
18 if (n1 % i == 0)
7 scanf("%d", &n1); 19 return 0;
8 prime = checkPrime(n1); 20 else
9 if (prime == 1) 21 i++;
10 printf("The number %d is a prime 22 }
number.\n", n1); 23 return 1;
11 else 24 }
12 printf("The number %d is not a
prime number.\n", n1);
13 }

Output
Enter the number :7
The number 7 is a prime number.

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Category of Function
(1) Function with no argument and but no return value
No
void main() Input void fun1()
{ {
..... .....
No return .....
fun1();
value .....
.....
} }

(2) Function with no argument and returns value

No
void main() Input int fun1(void)
{ {
..... .....
a = fun1() Function .....
..... result return b;
} }

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Category of Function cont.
(3) Function with argument and but no return value
Value of
void main() Argument void fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
fun1(a); No Return .....
..... value .....
} }

(4) Function with argument and returns value

Value of
void main() Argument int fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
b = fun1(a); Function .....
..... Result return e;
} }

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Storage Classes
Storage class decides the scope, lifetime and memory allocation of variable.
Scope of a variable is the boundary within which a variable can be used.

Storage Initial
Storage Scope Life Example
Specifier Value

Automatic int a;
Stack Garbage Within block End of block
{auto} auto int a;

Register CPU Garbage Within block End of block

register int var;
{register} register

External Data Global

Zero Till end of program extern int var;
{extern} segment Multiple file

Static Data Zero Within block Till end of program static extern int var;
{static} segment static int var;

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Static Example
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Counter = 1
2 int incrementCounter(); Counter = 2
3
4 void main()
5 {
6 printf("Counter = %d \n", incrementCounter());
7 printf("Counter = %d \n", incrementCounter());
8 }
9
10 int incrementCounter()
11 {
12 static int count = 0; // static variable
13 count++;
14 return count;
15 }

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Advantages of Function
Using function we can avoid rewriting the same logic or code again and again in a
program.
We can track or understand large program easily when it is divide into functions.
It provides reusability.
It help in testing and debugging because it can be tested for errors individually in the
easiest way.
Reduction in size of program due to code of a function can be used again and again,
by calling it.

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Practice Programs
1) WAP to count simple interest using function.
2) WAP that defines a function to add first n numbers.
3) WAP using global variable, static variable.
4) WAP that will scan a character string passed as an argument and convert all
lowercase character into their uppercase equivalents.
5) Build a function to check number is prime or not. If number is prime then function
return value 1 otherwise return 0.
6) Write a program to calculate nCr using user defined function. nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!)
7) Create a function to swap the values of two variables.
8) Write a function which takes 2 numbers as parameters and returns the gcd of the 2
numbers. Call the function in main().

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✓

Thank you