1.

The Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) is a standardized

assessment tool used to evaluate fine and gross motor skills of the hand. It is
widely used in rehabilitation and research to measure functional hand use in
individuals with upper extremity impairments.

Purpose:

 To assess functional hand skills required for everyday activities.

 To track changes in hand function over time.
 To evaluate the impact of therapies or interventions on hand performance.

Test Components:

The JTHFT consists of 7 timed subtests, which involve simulated daily activities:

1. Writing: Copying a short sentence.

2. Card Turning: Turning over cards one by one.
3. Small Object Manipulation: Picking up small items (e.g., paper clips) and
placing them in a container.
4. Simulated Feeding: Scooping small objects and placing them in another
container.
5. Stacking Checkers: Stacking checkers or similar objects.
6. Light Object Moving: Lifting and moving lightweight objects (e.g., empty
cans).
7. Heavy Object Moving: Lifting and moving heavier objects (e.g., weighted
cans).

Scoring:

 Each subtest is timed in seconds, with faster completion indicating better

performance.
 The total time for all subtests is calculated, and results can be compared to
normative data based on age and gender.

2. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is a standardized tool used to

assess the level of a person's functional independence in performing daily
activities. It evaluates physical, psychological, and social function through 18
items, divided into two domains: motor and cognitive. Each item is scored on
a 7-point scale based on the level of assistance required.

FIM Scoring Scale:

1. Total Assistance (1): The person requires more than 75% assistance to
perform the activity.
2. Maximal Assistance (2): The person performs 25%–49% of the task
independently.
3. Moderate Assistance (3): The person performs 50%–74% of the task
independently.
 4. Minimal Assistance (4): The person performs 75% or more of the task
independently but still needs help.
5. Supervision or Setup (5): The person requires supervision, setup, or cueing to
perform the task.
6. Modified Independence (6): The person is independent but uses an assistive
device or takes extra time.
7. Complete Independence (7): The person performs the task independently,
safely, and without modifications.

FIM Categories:

Motor Domain (13 items):

1. Eating
2. Grooming
3. Bathing
4. Dressing (upper body)
5. Dressing (lower body)
6. Toileting
7. Bladder management
8. Bowel management
9. Transfers: Bed, chair, wheelchair
10. Transfers: Toilet
11. Transfers: Bath/shower
12. Locomotion: Walking or wheelchair
13. Locomotion: Stairs

Cognitive Domain (5 items):

1. Comprehension
2. Expression
3. Social interaction
4. Problem-solving
5. Memory

Scoring Instructions:

 Each item is scored based on the observed level of independence.

 Total FIM score ranges from 18 (complete dependence) to 126 (complete
independence).
 Scores guide treatment planning, track progress, and inform discharge
recommendations.
 3. The Neurological Spinal Cord Independence Measure (nSCIM) is a
standardized assessment tool specifically designed to evaluate the level of
independence in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI). It measures
functional performance in key activities of daily living (ADLs) relevant to this
population.

Structure of nSCIM:

The nSCIM consists of 19 items divided into three main domains:

1. Self-Care (6 items):

 Feeding
 Bathing
 Dressing (upper and lower body)
 Grooming
 Bladder management
 Bowel management

2. Respiration and Sphincter Management (4 items):

 Respiration
 Use of assistive devices for respiration
 Bladder management
 Bowel management

3. Mobility (9 items):

 Bed mobility
 Transfers (bed to wheelchair, toilet, etc.)
 Indoor mobility (walking or wheelchair use)
 Outdoor mobility
 Stair management

Scoring System:

 Each item is scored on a scale of 0 to a specific maximum value (varies by

item), with higher scores indicating greater independence.
 The total score ranges from 0 (complete dependence) to 100 (complete
independence).

4. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale is a

classification system used to evaluate the severity and completeness of spinal cord
injuries (SCI). It assesses motor and sensory function to determine the level and
extent of the injury.
Components of ASIA Assessment:

1. Motor Function Assessment:

 Evaluates 10 key muscle groups (5 per side) on a scale of 0 to 5:

o 0: Total paralysis
o 1: Palpable or visible contraction
o 2: Active movement, gravity eliminated
o 3: Active movement against gravity
o 4: Active movement against some resistance
o 5: Normal strength

Key muscle groups tested:

 Upper Extremity: Elbow flexors, wrist extensors, elbow extensors, finger

flexors, and small finger abductors.
 Lower Extremity: Hip flexors, knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, long toe
extensors, and ankle plantar flexors.

2. Sensory Function Assessment:

 Evaluates 28 dermatomes (on both sides) for:

o Light touch and pinprick sensation (scored 0–2):
 0: Absent
 1: Impaired
 2: Normal

3. Neurological Level of Injury (NLI):

 The lowest level of the spinal cord where both motor and sensory functions
are intact on both sides.

ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) Grades:

 A (Complete): No sensory or motor function is preserved below the level of

injury, including the sacral segments (S4-S5).
 B (Sensory Incomplete): Sensory but no motor function is preserved below
the neurological level, including sacral segments S4-S5.
 C (Motor Incomplete): Motor function is preserved below the neurological
level, and more than half of the key muscles below this level have a muscle
grade less than 3.
 D (Motor Incomplete): Motor function is preserved below the neurological
level, and at least half of the key muscles below this level have a muscle
grade of 3 or higher.
 E (Normal): Sensory and motor functions are normal.

5, The Function in Sitting Test (FIST) is a clinical tool used to evaluate sitting
balance, particularly in individuals recovering from neurological or
 musculoskeletal impairments. It assesses a person's ability to maintain balance and
perform functional tasks while seated.

Purpose:

 To identify impairments in sitting balance.

 To guide intervention strategies aimed at improving postural control and
functional independence.
 To track progress over time in rehabilitation settings.

Structure of FIST:

The FIST consists of 14 test items that evaluate static and dynamic sitting balance
and reactions to perturbations. Examples include:

1. Static sitting balance.

2. Reaching forward, to the sides, or behind.
3. Picking an object off the floor.
4. Lateral nudges (perturbations).
5. Anterior and posterior nudges.
6. Lifting a foot off the ground.

Scoring:

Each item is scored on a 5-point ordinal scale, with higher scores indicating better
performance:

 4: Independent
 3: Verbal cues or increased time needed
 2: Upper extremity support required
 1: Needs assistance to maintain balance
 0: Dependent, unable to complete the task

The total score is the sum of all item scores, with a maximum score of 56.

6. The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a widely used clinical tool for assessing
spasticity in individuals with neurological conditions. It measures resistance to
passive movement in a specific muscle group, helping to quantify the severity of
spasticity.

Scoring:

The scale rates spasticity on a 6-point ordinal scale:

 0: No increase in muscle tone.

 1: Slight increase in muscle tone, with a catch and release or minimal
resistance at the end of the range of motion.
 1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, with a catch followed by minimal
resistance throughout less than half of the range of motion.
  2: More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the range of motion,
but the affected part(s) moves easily.
 3: Considerable increase in muscle tone; passive movement is difficult.
 4: Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension.

7. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) - Scoring Explained Item by Item

The GCS is divided into three categories: Eye Opening Response, Verbal Response,
and Motor Response, with scores assigned based on the patient's level of
responsiveness.

1. Eye Opening Response (4 points)

 4 points: Opens eyes spontaneously (blinking at baseline).

 3 points: Opens eyes to verbal stimuli (commands or speech).
 2 points: Opens eyes only to painful stimuli (not applied to the face).
 1 point: No eye-opening response.

2. Verbal Response (5 points)

 5 points: Oriented (can state time, place, person, or situation correctly).

 4 points: Confused conversation but able to answer questions.
 3 points: Uses inappropriate words (not connected to the situation).
 2 points: Produces incomprehensible sounds (moaning, groaning).
 1 point: No verbal response.

3. Motor Response (6 points)

 6 points: Obeys commands for movement.

 5 points: Purposeful movement in response to a painful stimulus.
 4 points: Withdraws from pain (pulls away from painful stimuli).
 3 points: Flexion to pain (abnormal posturing – decorticate posture).
 2 points: Extension to pain (abnormal posturing – decerebrate posture).
 1 point: No motor response.

Classification of Scores

 Severe Head Injury: GCS score of 8 or less.

 Moderate Head Injury: GCS score of 9 to 12.
 Mild Head Injury: GCS score of 13 to 15.

8, The Box and Blocks Test (BBT) is a standardized assessment used to measure
gross manual dexterity. It evaluates how effectively a person can use their hands to
perform tasks involving object manipulation, such as grasping, lifting, and releasing.

Purpose:

 To assess unilateral manual dexterity.

  Commonly used in individuals with neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, brain
injury), musculoskeletal impairments, or developmental disorders.
 To track progress in rehabilitation or evaluate the effectiveness of
interventions.

Test Setup:

1. Equipment: A wooden box divided into two compartments, with 150 small
blocks (2.5 cm³ each).
2. Positioning: The participant sits at a table with the box placed in front of
them, aligned with their midline.

Procedure:

1. The participant uses one hand to pick up blocks from one compartment and
transfers them to the other compartment, one at a time, over a partition.
2. The test is timed for 60 seconds.
3. Each hand is tested separately, starting with the dominant hand.

Scoring:

 The score is the number of blocks successfully transferred from one

compartment to the other in 60 seconds.
 Blocks dropped outside the compartments are not counted.
 Separate scores are recorded for the dominant and non-dominant hands.

9, The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a widely used clinical tool designed to assess
balance and risk of falls in individuals with various health conditions affecting
mobility and stability.

Purpose:

 To measure static and dynamic balance.

 To identify individuals at risk for falls.
 Commonly used in patients with stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple
sclerosis, vestibular disorders, or after orthopedic injuries.

Structure:

The BBS consists of 14 functional tasks that evaluate balance in everyday activities.
Tasks include:

1. Sitting to standing.
2. Standing unsupported.
3. Sitting unsupported.
4. Standing to sitting.
 5. Transfers.
6. Standing unsupported with eyes closed.
7. Standing unsupported with feet together.
8. Reaching forward while standing.
9. Picking up an object from the floor.
10. Turning to look behind.
11. Turning 360 degrees.
12. Placing one foot on a stool.
13. Standing unsupported with one foot in front (tandem stance).
14. Standing on one foot.

Scoring:

 Each task is scored on a 5-point scale (0–4):

o 4: Performs the task independently and safely.
o 0: Unable to perform the task or requires assistance.
 Maximum possible score: 56 points.

Interpretation of Scores:

 41–56: Low risk of falls.

 21–40: Moderate risk of falls.
 0–20: High risk of falls.
 A score of <45 is often used as a cutoff for increased fall risk.

10, The Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale is a clinical assessment tool
designed to evaluate balance in high-functioning older adults. It identifies subtle
balance deficits that may not be detected by other balance tests, making it useful for
individuals who are still mobile and independent but at risk of falls.

Purpose:

 To assess static and dynamic balance in active older adults.

 To predict fall risk in high-functioning populations.
 To guide intervention strategies aimed at improving balance

Structure:

The FAB Scale consists of 10 performance-based tasks:

1. Stand with feet together and eyes closed: Measures static postural control.
2. Reach forward to retrieve an object: Tests limits of stability.
3. Turn 360 degrees in both directions: Evaluates dynamic balance.
4. Step up and over a bench: Assesses lower limb strength and coordination.
5. Tandem walk: Tests dynamic balance and coordination.
6. Stand on one leg: Measures static balance.
7. Stand on foam with eyes closed: Evaluates sensory integration.
8. Two-footed jump: Assesses dynamic balance and lower extremity power.
 9. Walk with head turns: Tests balance during multitasking.
10. Reactive postural control (forward and backward nudges): Assesses the
ability to recover from perturbations.

Scoring:

 Each task is scored on a 0–4 scale:

o 4: Performs the task independently and safely.
o 0: Unable to perform the task.
 Total score ranges from 0 to 40.
 Higher scores indicate better balance and lower fall risk.

Interpretation:

 25–40: Low fall risk.

 <25: High fall risk.

Assessment ‫تبعون الطالب‬

1. Cognitive Assessment of Minnesota (CAM)

Aim:

 To assess cognitive abilities of adults with neurological impairments,

particularly in functional contexts.
 Designed to evaluate cognitive skills required for independent living.

Domains:

 Memory, problem-solving, orientation, attention, and executive functioning.

Target Population:

 Adults recovering from stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or other

neurological conditions.

2. Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP)

Aim:

 To measure visual-perceptual skills and visual-motor integration in

children.
  Helps identify visual perception difficulties that may impact learning or motor
coordination.

Domains:

 Eye-hand coordination, spatial relations, figure-ground, visual closure, and

form constancy.

Target Population:

 Children aged 4–12 years (DTVP-3 version is available for children aged 4–
10).

3. Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT)

Aim:

 To evaluate visual-perceptual ability without requiring motor responses.

 Useful in determining whether visual perception issues exist independently of
motor control problems.

Domains:

 Visual discrimination, spatial relationships, figure-ground, visual closure, and

visual memory.

Target Population:

 Suitable for all ages, including children and adults with neurological
impairments.

4. Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS)

Aim:

 To evaluate the quality of performance in activities of daily living (ADLs)

through observation.
 Focuses on motor skills (e.g., posture, mobility) and process skills (e.g.,
organizing, problem-solving).

Domains:

 Functional performance in real-world tasks.

Target Population:
  Individuals of all ages with physical, cognitive, or psychosocial impairments.

5. Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT)

Aim:

 To assess sensory integration abilities and praxis (motor planning skills) in

children.
 Provides a comprehensive evaluation of sensory processing disorders.

Domains:

 Tactile processing, visual perception, vestibular-proprioceptive processing,

and praxis.

Target Population:

 Children aged 4–8 years.

6. Functional Gait Assessment (FGA)

Aim:

 To evaluate postural stability and gait performance in individuals,

particularly during walking under various conditions.
 Helps identify fall risk and balance impairments.

Domains:

 Dynamic balance during walking (e.g., walking with head turns, walking
backward, stepping over obstacles).

Target Population:

 Adults, especially those with neurological or vestibular conditions.