COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Computer graphics generally refers to the specific creaƟon, storage and manipulaƟon of image data
using a digital computer with the help from a specialized graphical hard ware or so ware.
[Link] AND TRAINING

Computer-generated models of physical, financial, and economic systems are oŌen used as
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS educaƟonal aids.

It can help trainees to understand the operaƟon of the system.

1. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN(CAD) Examples of such specialized systems are the simulators for pracƟce sessions or training of ship
captains, aircraŌ pilots, heavy-equipment operators, and air traffic control personnel.

CAD, computer-aided design methods are now used in the design of buildings, automobiles,
aircraŌ, watercraŌ, space craŌ, computers, texƟles, and many, many other products. 6. VISUALIZATION

objects are first displayed in a wireframe out- line form that shows the overall shape and internal
features of obiects. Producing graphical representa ons for scien fic, engineering, and medical data sets and processes
is generally referred to as scienƟfic visualizaƟon.
Wireframe displays also allow designers to quickly see the effects of interacƟve adjustments to
design shapes. And the term business visualizaƟon is used in connecƟon with data sets related to commerce,
industry, and other non scienƟfic areas
2. PRESENTATION GRAPHICS A collecƟon of data can contain :-
presentaƟon graphics, used to produce illustraƟons for reports or to generate 35-mm slides or scalar values, vectors, higher-order tensors, or any combinaƟon of these data types.
transparencies for use with projectors.
data sets can be two-dimensional or three dimensional.
PresentaƟon graphics is commonly used to summarize financial, staƟsƟcal, mathemaƟcal,
scienƟfic, and economic data for research reports, manage rial reports,and otherv types of reports. Color coding is just one way to visualize a data set.

Eg:pie charts ,line graph,space graph etc

[Link] PROCESSING

[Link] ART

Computer graphics methods are widely used in both fine art and commercial art applicaƟons. applies techniques to modify or interpret exisƟng pictures, such as photographs and TV scans.

ArƟsts use a variety of computer methods, including special purpose hardware, arƟst's paintbrush, Two principal applicaƟons of image processing are :-
other paint packages, specially developed soŌware, symbolic mathemaƟcs packages s that provide (1) improving picture quality
faciliƟes for designing object shapes and specifiying object moƟons.
(2) machine percepƟon of visual informaƟon, as used in roboƟcs.
A common graphics method employed in many commercials is Morphing, where one obiect is
transformed (metamorphosed) into another. To apply image processing methods, we first digiƟze a picture into an image file.

Then digital methods can be applied to rearrange picture parts, to enhance color separaƟons, or to
improve the quality of shading.
[Link]
An example of the applicaƟon of image processing methods to enhance the quality of a picture.
Computer graphics methods am now commonly used in making moƟon pic- tures, music videos,
and television shows.

SomeƟmes the graphics scenes are dis- played by themselves, and someƟmes graphics objects are 8. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES
combined with the ac- tors and live scenes.
allows users to interface with the opera ng system Another method for detec ng mouse mo on is with an op cal sensor

it is a window system with a poin ng device to direct I/0, choose from menus, and make selec ons  One, two, or three bu ons are usually included on the top of the mouse for signalling the
and a keyboard to enter text. Some systems provide two or all three of these varia ons execu on of some opera on, such as recording cursor posi on or invoking a func on.
users employ a mouse-based window-and-menu system characterized by a desktop metaphor.

The user moves the mouse to posi on its pointer on images, or on the screen (the desktop) that
represent programs, files, directories, and system func ons.
3. Trackball and spaceball
Depending on the mouse pointer's loca on, clicking a bu on on the mouse can invoke a program,
select a file or directory known as a folder or pull down a menu that contains commands.

Example for this type of OS interface is Windows and Linux  A trackball is a ball that can be rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand, to produce
screen-cursor movement.

 Poten ometers, a ached to the ball, measure the amount and direc on of rota on.
INPUT DEVICES
 Trackballs are o en mounted on keyboards or other devices such as the Z mouse.

 a spaceball provides six degrees of freedom

 input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an
informa on processing system, such as a computer or informa on appliance.

 Most systems have a keyboard and one or more addi onal devices specially designed for [Link] ball
interac ve input.  Spaceballs are used for three-dimensional posi oning and selec on opera ons in virtual-
 These include a mouse, trackball, spaceball, joys ck, digi zers. reality systems, modeling, anima on, CAD, and other applica ons.

 Some other input devices used in par cular applica ons are data gloves, touch panels,
image scanners, and voice systems. [Link] ck

1. Keyboard A joystick is a common input device used for controlling movement on digital screens. Here
are some key points:

 An alphanumeric keyboard on a graphics system is used primarily as a device for entering  Function: Joysticks allow users to manipulate a cursor or character by physically
text strings. moving the joystick.

 Keyboards can also be provided with features to facilitate entry of screen coordinates, menu
selec ons, or graphics func ons.
 The physical movement of the joystick is converted into digital signals that a
 Func on keys allow users to enter frequently used opera ons in a single keystroke. computer or video game console can interpret1.
 cursor-control keys can be used to select displayed objects or coordinate posi ons by
posi oning the screen cursor.
1
 Other types of cursor-posi oning devices, such as a trackball or joys ck, are included on  .
some keyboards.
 Components: Basic joys cks consist of components like a sha , ball top, moun ng plate,
2. Mouse disc, restrictor gate, pivot, spring, actuator, and E-ring

 A mouse is small hand-held box used to posi on the screen cursor.

Wheels or rollers on the bo om of the mouse can be used to record the amount and direc on
of movement
[Link] gloves  they are the devices that capture and convert physical documents or images into digital
formats.
A dataglove is a wearable input device used for human-computer interac on
 They use light sensors and cameras to scan and digi ze paper documents, photos, etc.
Datagloves track finger movements, hand orienta on, and some mes hand loca on in space.  Image scanners come in various types, including flatbed, sheet-fed, and drum scanners, each
designed for specific scanning needs.
They provide real- me control and gestural input for virtual reality (VR), robo cs, gaming, and other
 They o en feature is that it allowing users to edit and search scanned text.
applica ons.
 Image scanners are commonly used for document archiving, photo presererva on and so
Datagloves are equipped with sensors to on.

capture hand movements and communicate the data to a computer or VR system.

[Link] system

[Link] zer

o Digi zers are transparent sheets layered on top of screens.  Voice systems, also known as voice assistants or speech recogni on systems, enable users
to interact with devices or computers using voice commands.
o They convert analog touch signals into digital touch signals.
 They use natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms to recognize
o When touched, microscopically small sensors trigger and send signals to an and interpret human speech.
electronic circuit.  Voice systems can perform various tasks, such as se ng reminders, sending messages,
making calls, and controlling smart home devices.
o The circuit converts these signals into X and Y coordinates, which so ware
 Popular voice systems include Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Apple Siri, and Microso
interprets.
Cortana, each integrated into various devices and pla orms.
o Types:  Voice systems offer hands-free convenience, accessibility, and efficiency, revolu onizing
the way we interact with technology.
 Resis ve Digi zer:

 Capaci ve Digi zer:

8. TOUCH PANNELS
RASTER SCAN DISPLAY

 Touch panels, also known as touchscreens

 They display screens that detect touch input from users.  In a raster-scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a Ɵme
 They allow users to interact with devices by tapping, swiping, or pinching their fingers on the from top to bo om. As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is
screen. turned on and off to create a pa ern of illuminated spots.
 Touch panels use various technologies, such as capaci ve, resis ve, or surface acous c wave,
to detect touch inputs.  Picture defini on is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer.
 They are widely used in smartphones, tablets, laptops, and interac ve kiosks, making it easy This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. Stored
to navigate and select op ons. intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and "painted" on the screen one
 Touch panels provide an intui ve and user-friendly interface, enabling users to access row at a me.
informa on and perform tasks with ease.
 Each screen point is referred to as a pixel or pel .The capability of a raster-scan system to
store intensity informa on for each screen point makes it well suited for the realis c
display of scenes containing subtle shading and colour pa erns. Home television sets and
printers are examples of other systems using raster-scan methods.

[Link] scanners  On a black-and-white system with one bit per pixeI, the frame buffer is commonly called a
bitmap. For systems with mul ple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is Aten referred to as a
 Image scanners, also known as document scanners, pixmap.
 Direct-View Storage Tubes
 Refreshing on raster-scan displays is carried out at the rate of 60 to 80 frames per second,
 An alterna ve method for maintaining a screen image is to store the picture in- forma on
although some systems are designed for higher refresh rates. Some mes, refresh rates are
inside the CRT instead of refreshing the screen. A direct-view storage tube (DVST) stores
described in units of cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz), where a cycle corresponds to one
the picture informa on as a charge distribu on just behind the phosphor-coated screen.
frame. .
 Two electron guns are used in a DVST. One, the primary gun, is used to store the picture
 At the end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to the le side of the screen to
pa ern; the second, the flood gun, maintains the picture display.
begin displaying the next scan line. The return to the le of the screen, a er refreshing
 A DVST monitor has both disadvantages and advantages compared to the refresh CRT.
each scan line, is called the horizontal retrace of the electron beam. And at the end of each
Because no refreshing is needed, very complex pictures can be dis- played at very high
frame , the electron beam returns to the top le corner of the screen to begin the next
resolu ons without flicker.
frame.
 Disadvantages of DVST systems - they ordinarily do not display color and that selected
parts of a picture cannot he erased.
 To eliminate a picture sec on, the en re screen must be erased and the modified picture
RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY
redrawn.
 The erasing and redrawing process can take several seconds for a complex picture. For
these reasons, storage displays have been largely replaced by raster systems.
 random-scan display unit, a CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the
screen where a picture is to be drawn. Random- scan monitors draw a picture one line at a
me and for this reason are also referred to as vector displays (or stroke-wriƟng or
Flat-Panel Displays
calligraphic displays). The component lines of a picture can be drawn and refreshed by a
random-scan system in any specified order . A pen plo er operates in a similar way and is
an example of a random scan, hard-copy device.
 Refresh rate on a random-scan system depends on the number of lines to be displayed.  It refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power
Picture defini on is now stored as a set of line drawing commands in an area of memory requirements compared to a CRT.
refed to as the refresh display file. Some mes the refresh display file is called the display  A significant feature of flat-panel displays is that they are thinner than CRTs, and we can
list, display program, or simply the refresh buffer. To display a specified picture, the system hang them on walls or wear them on our wrists.
cycles through the set of commands in the display file, drawing each component line in  Current uses for flat-panel displays include small TV monitors, calculators, pocket video
turn. A er all line drawing commands have been processed, the system cycles back to the games, laptop computers etc.
first line command in the list.  flat-panel displays into two categories:
 Random-scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of a picture 30 to 60  emissive displays
mes each second. Random scan systems are designed for line drawing applica ons and  non emissive displays.
can- not display realis c shaded scenes. Since picture defini on is stored as a set of line
The emissive displays
drawing instruc ons and not as a set of intensity values for all screen points, vector
displays generally have higher resolu on than raster systems. Also, vector displays produce
smooth line drawings because the CRT beam directly follows the line path.
 devices that convert electrical energy into light. Plasma panels, thin-film
electroluminescent displays, and Light-emi ng diodes are examples of emissive displays.

REFRESH CATHODE-RAY TUBES

Non emmissive displays
 A beam of electrons (cathode rays), emiƩed by an electron gun, passes through focusing
and deflecƟon systems that direct the beam toward specified posiƟons on the phosphor  use op cal effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics
coated screen. pa erns.
 The phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each posiƟon contacted by the electron  The most important example of a non emission flat-panel display is a liquid-crystal device.
beam. Because the light emiƩed by the phosphor fades very rapidly.  eg LCD Plasma panels, also called gas-discharge displays, are constructed by filling the
 One way to keep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the picture repeatedly by quickly region between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that usually includes neon.
direcƟng the electron beam back over the same points. This type of display is called a
refresh CRT.
4 types :- Liquid- crystal displays (LCDS)

 LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) use a layer of liquid crystals to block or allow light, crea ng
Plasma panels images.

Thin-film electroluminescent
 They are thin, lightweight, and energy-efficient, making them ideal for portable devices.
light-emi ng diode (LED)
 LCDs typically use a backlight to illuminate the liquid crystals, enhancing brightness and
Liquid- crystal displays (LCDS) color.
 They are commonly used in TVs, monitors, smartphones, and tablets due to their slim
design and low power consump on.
Plasma panel
 LCDs offer good color accuracy and fast response mes, making them suitable for gaming
and video applica ons.
 Plasma panels are a type of display technology that uses plasma cells to display images.
 Each cell is filled with a gas, such as neon or xenon, which is electrically charged to create a
plasma field.
 This plasma field emits ultraviolet light, which is then absorbed by phosphors to produce
visible light and create the images on the screen.
 Plasma panels are known for their good contrast ra o, wide viewing angles, and fast
response me, making them suitable for applica ons like TVs and monitors.

Thin-film electroluminescent

 Uses an electric current to excite a phosphor coa ng, producing light.

 TFEL displays consist of a thin film of electroluminescent material, typically zinc sulfide or
stron um aluminate, sandwiched between two electrodes.
 When an electric current is applied, the electroluminescent material emits light, crea ng
the images on the screen.
 TFEL displays are known for their low power consump on, high contrast ra o, and fast
response me, making them suitable for applica ons like industrial control panels and
medical devices.
 TFEL displays are also rela vely simple and inexpensive to manufacture, but have largely
been replaced by newer technologies like LCD and OLED in many applica ons.

light-emi ng diode (LED)

 LEDs (Light-Emi ng Diodes) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric
current passes through them.
 They are energy-efficient, using up to 90% less power than tradi onal light sources.
 LEDs are durable and long-las ng, with a lifespan of up to 50,000 hours or more.
 They are also environmentally friendly, free of toxic chemicals like mercury and lead.
 LEDs are used in various applica ons, including displays, ligh ng, and backligh ng for
devices like TVs and smartphone etc…