Jose Maria College Foundation, Inc.

Philippines-Japan Friendship Highway, Davao City 8000 Philippines

Constitutional Law II
Course Outline
Second Semester, AY 2024-2025
Wednesdays 6:30-9:30 PM
Atty. Creamy Clavero

PRELIMINARIES

Quick Review of Consti1

A. Define: Political law, Constitutional law, and Constitution.
• People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887.
• Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 (1982)
• See Cooley’s Definition (classic)
• Also see the definitions from Justice Isagani Cruz and Justice Malcolm.
B. Nature and Function of a Constitution.
C. Doctrine of Constitutional Supremacy.
D. Types or Kinds of Constitution.
E. Essential Parts of a Good Written Constitution.
F. Scope of Constitutional Law II.

FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE

I. General Principles.
A. Inherent Powers: Police Power, Eminent Domain, Taxation
B. Similarities and differences.
C. Who exercises these powers.

II. POLICE POWER.

A. Concept, application, and limits.
B. Requisites for valid exercise.
• Southern Luzon Drug Corp. v DSWD, GR 199669, 25 Apr 2017
• Carlos Superdrug Corp. v DSWD, GR 16694, 29 Jun 29 2007
• Manila Memorial Park v DSWD, GR 175356, 3 Dec 2013
• Drugstore Asso. of the Phil. v National Council on Disability Affairs, GR 194561, 14 Sep 2016
C. Delegation to Administrative Bodies
• Bautista v Junio, GR L-50908, 31 Jan 1984
• Chavez v Romulo, GR 157036, 9 Jun 2004
• Meralco v Sps. Ramos, GR 195145, 10 Feb 2016
• MMDA v Viron, GR 170656 15 Aug 2007
• Association of Medical Clinic for Overseas Workers, Inc. v GCC Approved Medical Center
Association, GR 207132, 6 Dec 2016
• St. Luke’s Medical Center Employees Asso. v NLRC, GR 162053, 7 Mar 2007
D. Delegation to Local Government Units
• Social Justice Society v Atienza, Jr., GR 156052, 7 Mar 2007
• Ermita- Malate Hotel and Motel Operators v City Mayor, GR L-24693, 23 Oct 1967
• De la Cruz v Paras, GR L-42571-72, 25 Jul 1983
• City of Manila v Judge Laguio, GR 118127, 12 Apr 2005
• White Light v City of Manila, GR 122846, 20 Jan 2009
 • Tano v Socrates, GR 110249, 21 Aug 1997
• People v Fajardo, GR L-12172, 29 Aug 1958
• Churchill and Tai v Rafferty, GR L-10572, 21 Dec 1915
• Evasco v Montanez, GR 199172, 21 Feb 2018
• Mayor Fernando vs. St. Scholastica’s College, GR 161107, 12 Mar 2013
• Magtajas v Pryce Properties, GR 111097, 20 Jul 1994

III. POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN.

A. See Art. III, Sec. 9 and Article XII, Sec. 18.
B. Compare to Article XII, Sec. 17.
C. Definition, Concept.
D. Requisites for valid exercise.
1. Taking. What constitutes taking? Types? Deprivation of Use.
• Republic v Vda. De Castelvi, GR L-20620, 15 Aug 1974
• City of Manila v Laguio, GR 118127, 12 Apr 2005 (Possessory v Regulatory taking)
• US v Causby, 328 US 256 (1946)
• RP (Napocor) v Heirs of Borbon, CA, GR 165354, 12 Jan 2015
• Republic v Sps. Llamas (Illegal Taking of Subdivision Roads), GR 194190, 25 Jan 2017
• Bartolata v Republic, GR 223534, 7 Jun 2017
• Napocor v Gutierrez, GR L-60077, 18 Jan 1991
• PPI v Comelec, GR L-11994, 22 May 1995
2. Private property. Distinguish: Property of Public dominion, Property for
Public Use, Patrimonial Property, Property of Private Ownership (Arts. 420-
425, NCC).
• City of Baguio v Nawasa, GR L-12032, 31 Aug 1959
• Zamboanga del Norte v City of Zamboanga, GR L-24440, 28 Mar 1968
3. For Public Use.
• Manosca v CA, GR 106440, 29 Jan 1996
• Mactan-Cebu Int’l Airport Authority v CA, GR 139495, 27 Nov 2000 (Right to
repurchase/re-acquire the property)
• Mactan-Cebu Int’l Airport v Lozada, GR 176625, 25 Feb 2010 (Change of public
purpose)
4. Payment of Just Compensation.
• Republic v Macabagdal, GR 227215, 30 Jan 2018 (definition)
• Napocor v Sps. Chiong, GR 152436, 20 Jun 2003 (Consequential damage and benefit)
• EPZA v Dulay, GR L-59603, 29 Apr 1987 (who determines?)
• Heirs of Feliciano, Jr. v Land Bank, GR 215290, 11 Jan 2017 (DAR formula)
• Esteban v De Onorio, GR 146062, 28 Jun 2001 (when determined?)
• City of Cebu v Sps. Dedamo, GR 142971, 7 May 2002 (time of taking)
• Asso. of Small Landowners v DAR, GR 78742, 14 Jul 1989 (form/manner of payment)
• Meralco v Pineda, GR L-59791, 13 Feb 1992, (Trial with Commissioners)
• NPC v Henson, GR 129998, 29 Dec 1998, (Report of Commissioners)
• Sec. of DPWH and Engr. Contreras v Sps Tecson, GR 179334, 21 Apr 2015 (Delay in
payment; Legal Rate of Interest)
• Republic v Lim, GR 161656, 29 Jun 2005, (Right to Recover)
• Republic v Hidalgo, GR 161657, 4 Oct 2007 (Recovery due to non-payment)
• Napocor v Heirs of Sangkay, GR 165828, 24 Aug 2011 (Inverse Condemnation)

E. Delegation to Administrative Bodies, LGUs, and Private Corpos;

Genuine Necessity for Taking
• See RA 7279 (Urban Devt. and Housing Act of 1992), Secs. 9-10
• See RA 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law), Secs 4 & 9, art. XIII
• See RA 7160 (Local Govt. Code of 1991), Sec. 19, Art. 32-42 IRR of LGC
• Filstream International v CA, GR 125218, 23 Jan 1998
• Jesus is Lord Christian School Foundation v Mun. of Pasig, GR 152230, 4 Aug 2005
• City of Manila v Chinese Cemetery, GR L-14355, 31 Oct 1919
• De la Paz Masikip v. City of Pasig, GR 136349, 23 Jan 2006
• De Knecht v Bautista, GR l-51078, 30 Oct 1980
• Republic v De Knecht, GR 87335, 12 Feb 1990
• Municipality of Paranaque v VM Realty Corp., GR 127820, 20 Jul 1998

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 • Heirs of Suguitan v City of Mandaluyong, GR 135087, 14 Mar 2000

IV. POWER OF TAXATION.

A. See Art. III, Sec. 9 and Article XII, Sec. 18.
B. Definition, Nature, Purpose, Scope
C. Requisites for valid exercise
D. See Art. VI, Sec 28; Art. XIV, Sec. 4 (3); LGU; Art. X, Sec 5
• CIR v Algue, GR L-28896, 17 Feb 1998, (lifeblood of government)
• City of Pasig & Crispina Salumbre v Meralco, GR 181710, 7 Mar 2018
E. Tax Exemptions
• CIR v Algue, GR L-28896, 17 Feb 1998 (lifeblood of government)
• CIR v DLSU, GR 196596, 9 Nov 2016
F. Double Taxation
• City of Manila v Cosmos Bottling Company Corp., GR 196681, 27 Jun 2018
G. Tax v. other impositions
• Physical Therapy Org. v Municipal Board, GR 10448, 30 Aug 1957

BILL OF RIGHTS
ARTICLE III OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Section 1. Rights to Due Process of law and Equal Protection of the laws.
Section 2. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Section 3. Right to privacy of correspondence and communications.
Section 4. Right to Free Speech.
Section 5. Right to Religious Freedom.
Section 6. Liberty of Abode and Right to Travel (Right of movement)
Section 7. Right to (or Freedom of) Information
Section 8. Right of Association.
Section 9. Right to just compensation in eminent domain cases.
Section 10. Freedom or Non-impairment of Contracts
Section 11. Freedom of access to the courts
Section 12. Miranda Rights.
Section 13. Right to Bail.
Section 14. Criminal Due Process. Rights of Accused.
Section 15. Privilege of Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Section 16. Right to Speedy Disposition of Cases
Section 17. Rights against Self-Incrimination
Section 18. Freedom of Political Beliefs; Freedom from Involuntary Servitude
Section 19. Freedom from Excessive Fines and Inhumane Punishment
Section 20. Freedom from Imprisonment for Debt
Section 21. Right against Double Jeopardy.
Section 22. Right against Ex-post Facto Law or Bill of Attainder

PRELIMINARIES / GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A. Kinds and Hierarchy of Rights
• Natural, Constitutional, Statutory Rights
• Civil, Political, Economic, Social, Cultural Rights
• Three Generations of Rights – Reference: See Hornbook on International
Law and Philippine Human Rights Laws by Atty. Petralba, p. 13.
B. Life, Liberty (Pursuit of happiness), Property Rights
• Republic v Cagandahan, GR 166676 12 Sep 2008

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 Section 1. Rights to Due Process of law and Equal Protection of the laws

I. DUE PROCESS OF LAW

A. Relativity of due process
B. Judicial standards of review
1. Reasonable/Rational Connection Test
2. Clear and Present Danger Test
3. Dangerous Tendency Test
• PBM Employees Org. v PBM, GR L-31195, 5 Jun 1973
• Tablarin v Gutierrez, GR 78164, 31 Jul 1987
4. Balancing of Interests Test
C. Two Aspects of Due Process
1. Substantive Due Process
• Tanada v Tuvera, GR L-63915, 29 Dec 1986
• GMA v MTRCB, GR 148579, 5 Feb 2007
• Knights of Rizal v DMCI Homes, Inc., GR 213948, 25 Apr 2017
• Evasco v Montanez, GR 199172, 21 Feb 2018
• Mayor Fernando v St. Scholastica’s College, GR 16107, 12 May 2013
• Mosqueda v Pilipino Banana Growers and Exporters Association, GR 189185, 16 Aug 2016
2. Procedural Due Process
• Nestle Philippines, Inc., v Puedan, GR 220617, 30 Jan 2017
• Turks Shawarma Company v Pajaton, GR 207156, 16 Jan 2017
• Estate of F.E. Marcos v Republic, GR 213227, 18 Jan 2017
• Lagon v Velasco, GR 208424, 14 Feb 2018
• Republic v Sereno, GR 237428, Resolution for M.R., 19 Jun 2018
• Borlongan v BDO, GR 217617; GR 218590, 5 Apr 2017
• Alliance for the Family Foundation Phil., Inc., v Garin, Resolution on Partial MR., GR
217872; Gr 221866, 26 Apr 2017
• Government of the USA. v Purganan, GR 148571, 24 Sep 2002
D. Constitutional and Statutory Due Process
• Agabon v NLRC, GR 158693, 17 Nov 2004

II. EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS

A. Concept
B. Requisites for a Valid Classification
C. Judicial Standards of Review
1. Rational Basis Test
2. Intermediate Scrutiny Test
3. Strict Scrutiny Test
D. Illustrative Cases:
• PASEI v Drilon, GR 81958 30 Jun 1988
• Taxicab Operators of Metro Manila v BOT, GR L-59234, 30 Sep 1982
• People v Hernandez, GR L-6025, 30 May 1964
• Nunez v Sandiganbayan, GR L-50581-50617 30 Jan 1982
• Abubakar v People, GR 202408; 202409, 27 Jun 2018
• Gallardo v People, GR 142030, 21 Apr 2005
• Tiu v CA, GR 127410, 20 Jan 1999
• ISAE v Quisumbing, GR 128845, 1 Jun 2000
• Telebap and GMA v Comelec, GR 132922, 21 Apr 1998
• Serrano v Gallant Maritime Services, Inc., GR 167614, 24 Mar 2009
• Garcia v Drilon, GR 179267, 25 Jun 2013

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 PRIVACY RIGHTS

I. PRELIMINARIES / GENERAL CONCEPTS.

A. Zones of Privacy (Privacy Rights Under the Constitution)
1. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures (Section 2)
2. Right to privacy of correspondence and communications (Section 3)
B. Distinguish the Privacy Rights under Section 2 and 3 of the Bill of Rights.
C. Categories of Privacy
1. Decisional Privacy
2. Informational Privacy
D. Two aspects of Informational Privacy
1. Right of non-disclosure / Right to confidentiality
2. Freedom from surveillance and intrusion
E. Two-fold Test in determining entitlement to privacy
1. Subjective Test (Legitimate Expectation of Privacy)
2. Objective Test (Society accepts expectation as reasonable)
F. Who make invoke the right
• Bache and Co. (Phil.) Inc., v Judge Ruiz, GR L-32409, 27 Feb 1971
• Stonehill v Diokno, GR L-19550, 19 Jun 1967
G. To whom directed. Against whom can the right be enforced?
• People v. Andre Marti, GR No. 81561, January 18, 1991.

II. RIGHT AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES & SEIZURES (Sec. 2, Art. III)

A. When is a search reasonable? When does it become unreasonable?

• Sony Music v. Judge Español, GR No. 156804, March 14, 2005.
• Valmonte v. General de Villa, GR No. 83988, September 29, 1989 and May 24, 1990.

B. Requisites of a Valid Warrant

1. Issued upon Probable Cause
• Burgos v Chief of Staff, GR L-64261, 26 Dec 26, 1984
• AAA v Carbonell, GR 171465, 8 Jun 2007
• People and Pastrana v Abad, GR 196025, 21 Feb 2018
2. Probable Cause determined personally by a Judge
• Soliven v Judge Makasiar, GR 82585, 14 Nov 1988
• Pita v CA, GR 80806, 5 Oct 1989
3. Probable Cause determined after examination under oath or affirmation
of the Complainant and his/her witnesses.
• Soliven v. Judge Makasiar; Beltran v. Makasiar, GR No. 8287, November 14, 1988.
• Pasion Vda. De Gracia v Locsin, GR L-45950, 20 Jun 1938
• Mata v Bayona, GR 50720, 26 Mar 1984
4. Particularity of Description
• Del Castillo v People, GR 185128, 30 Jan 2012
• People v Salanguit, GR 133254-55, 19 Apr 2001
• Dimal and Castillo, v People, GR 216922, 18 Apr 2018

C. Exclusionary Rule
1. RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act)
• People v Dumagoy, GR 216753, 7 Feb 018 (buy-bust operation)
2. RA 10640 (Amending RA 9165)
3. Chain of Custody Requirements; Effects (Sec. 21, RA 9165)
• People v Garry dela Cruz, GR 205821, 1 Oct 2014
• People v Gayoso, GR 206590, 27 Mar 2017
• People v Villanueva, 13 Mar 2017
• Dabon v. People, GR 208775, 22 Jan 2018

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 • People v Crispo, GR 230065, 14 Mar 2018
• People v Que, GR 212994, 31 Jan 2018
• People v Sipin, GR 224290, 11 Jun 2018
• People v Teng Moner y Adam, 5 Mar 2018 (Chain of Custody of Evidence)

D. Allowable Warrantless Searches (People v. Aruta, GR No. 120915, April 3, 1998).

1. Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest
• People v Kalubiran, GR 84079, 6 May 1991
• Espano v CA, GR 120431, 1 Apr 1998
• People v Tangliben, GR L-63630, 6 Apr 1990
• Picardal v People, GR 235749, 19 Jun 2019
2. Search and seizure of Evidence in ‘Plain View’
• People v Musa, GR 96177, 27 Jan 1993
• Padilla v CA, GR 121917, 12 Mar 1997
• People v Pasudag, GR 128822, 4May 2000
• People v Valdez, GR 129296, 25 Sep 2000
• People v Compacion, GR 124442, 20 Jul 2001
3. Search of a Moving Vehicle; Checkpoints
• Valmonte v. General de Villa, GR No. 83988, September 29, 1989 and May 24, 1990.
• Caballes v CA, GR 136292, 15 Jan 2002 (checkpoints: visual v. extensive search)
• People v Libnao, GR 136860, 20 Jan 2003
• People v. Escano, GR Nos 129756-58, January 28, 2000.
• People v Mago, GR L-27360, 28 Feb 1968
• Asuncion v CA, GR 125959, 1 Feb 1999
4. Consented Warrantless Search
• People v Omaweng, GR 99050, 7 Sep 1992
• Veroy v Layague, GR L-95630, 18 Jun 1992
• People v Damaso, GR 93516, 12 Aug 1992
5. Customs Search or Seizure (goods concealed to avoid payment of duties)
• Uykheytin v. Villareal, 116 US 746
• Pacis v. Pamaran, 56 SCRA 16, March 15, 1974.
6. Exigent and Emergency Circumstances
• People v De Gracia, GR 102009, 6 Jul 1994
7. Stop-and-Frisk (Terry Rule)
• Terry v Ohio, 392 US 1, (1968)
• Posadas v CA, GR 89139, 2 Aug 1990
• Manalili v CA, GR 113447, 9 Oct 1997
• People v Solayao, GR 119220, 20 Sep 1996
• People v Comprado, GR 213325, 4 Apr 2018 (waiver of illegal arrest, not waiver of illegal
search and seizure)

E. Allowable Warrantless Arrests (Section 5, Rule 113)

1. In Flagrante Delicto
• People v Sucro, GR 93239, 18 Mar 1991
• People v Go, GR 116001, 14 Mar 2001
• Reyes v People, GR 229380, 6 Jun 2018
• Umil v Ramos, GR 81567, 9 July 1990 (on rebellion)
• Luz v People, GR 197788, 29 Feb 2012 (penalty of fine, not imprisonment)
• Villamor v People, GR 200396, 22 Mar 2017
2. “Hot Pursuit”
• People v Gerente, GR 95847-48, 10 Mar 1993
• People v Cubcubin, GR 136267, 10 Jul 2001
• People v Rodrigueza, GR 95902, 4 Feb 1992 (time of arrest)
• Go v CA, GR 101837, 11 Feb 1992 (time of arrest)
• People v Pasudag, GR 128822, 4 May 2001 (lack of urgency)
• People v Aminnudin, GR 74869, 6 Jul 1988 (lack of urgency)
3. Re-arrest of escapees (Sec. 13, Rule 113)

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 F. Administrative Warrants
• Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration and the Jail Warden, Bureau of
Immigration Detention Center vs. Yuan Wenle, G.R. 242957, 27 October 2023.
G. Drug, Alcohol, and Blood Tests
• Social Justice Society v Dangerous Drugs Board, GR157870, 3 Nov 2008
• Lucas v Lucas, GR 190710, 6 Jun 2011
• Jaime Dela Cruz v People, GR 200748, 23 Jul 2014 (Extortion)

III. RIGHT TO PRIVACY OF CORRESPONDENCE & COMMUNICATIONS

(Sec. 3, Art. III)

A. Private and Public Communications

1. Privileged Communication
• Waterous Drug Corp. v NLRC, GR 113271, 16 Oct 1997
• Zulueta v CA, 253, GR 107383, 20 Feb 1996
2. Intrusion; When Allowed.
• RA 4200 (1965) – Anti-Wiretapping Law
• Salcedo-Ortanez v CA, GR 110662, 4 Aug 1994
• RA 10173 (2012) – Data Privacy Act (Protecting personal information and
communications systems in government and private sectors
• Katz v US, 389 US 347 (1967)
• Pollo v Constantino-David, GR 181881, 18 Oct 2011
• Republic v Bolante, GR 186717; GR 190357, 17 Apr 2017
• RA 10175, Cybercrime Law
• Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014
B. Writ of Habeas Data
• Vivares v St. Theresa’s College, GR 202666, 29 Sep 2014
• Lee v Ilagan, GR 203254, 8 Oct 2014
• Ople v Torres, GR 127685, 23 Jul 1998
• KMU v Director-General, NEDA, GR 167798, 19 Apr 2006
C. Exclusionary Rule

“FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS” /

FREE SPEECH & COGNATE RIGHTS (Sec. 4, Art. III)

I. FREE SPEECH

A. Concept, purpose, scope; Schools of Thought.

B. Types of restraints/restrictions to free speech
1. Prior Restraint (Censorship)
2. Subsequent Punishment
• Babst v NIB, GR L-62992, 28 Sep 1984
C. Tests for a Valid Restraint to Free Speech
1. Dangerous Tendency Test
2. Clear and Present Danger Test
3. Balancing of Interests Test
• Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014.
D. Content-based v. Content-Neutral Regulation
1. O’Brien Test [US v O’Brien, 391 US 367 (1968)]
2. Intermediate Scrutiny Test
3. Strict Scrutiny
• Osmena v Comelec, GR 132231, 31 Mar 1998
E. Facial Challenges: Void-for-vagueness and Overbreadth Doctrines
• Southern Hemisphere v Anti-Terrorism Council, GR 178552 5 Oct 2010
• Estrada v Sandiganbayan, GR 148560, 19 Nov 2001

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 • Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014

F. State Regulations of Different Types of Media

1. Print. New York Times v Sullivan, 376 US 254 (1964)
2. Photos, pictures, paintings, sculptures
• People v Go Pin, GR L-7491, 8 Aug 1955
• People v Kottinger, GR L-20569, 29Oct 1923
3. Movies and Television
• PD 1986 – MTRCB
• MTRCB v ABS-CBN and Loren Legarda, GR 155282, 17 Jan 2005 (Newsreel)
• Gonzalez v Kalaw Katigbak, GR 69500, 22 Jul 1985
4. Radio
• Bartnicki v Vopper, 532 US 514 (2001)
• Eastern Broadcsting Corp. (DYRE) v Dans, GR L-59329, 19 Jul 1985
5. Live shows, theatrical performances. People v Padan y Alova, GR L-7295, 28 Jun 1957
6. Optical Media, Video, Internet Content, “The Fifth Estate”
• Bartnicki v Vopper, 532 US 514 (2001)
• RA 9239 – Optical Media Act of 2003 (Video Regulatory Board)
• RA 10175, Cybercrime Law
• Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014

G. Kinds of Speeches
1. Core speeches (political, social religious)
2. Commercial speeches (Advertisement of goods and services)
• Diocese of Bacolod v Comelec, GR 205728, 21 Jan 2015
• Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines vs. Secretary of Health Duque,
GR 173034, 9 Oct 2007
• Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014.

H. Unprotected Speeches
1. Alarming and scandalous
2. Inciting to sedition, rebellion
• Espuelas v. People, GR. L-2990, 17 Dec 1957
• Corro v. Lising, GR 69899, 15 Jul 1985
3. Libel, slander and other forms of defamation; blackmail
• Lopez vs. CA, GR L-2654, 31 Jul 1970
• Borjal vs. CA, GR 126466, 14 Jan 1999
• Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014
4. Fighting words, hate words
5. Obscenity; Tests:
a. (Regina vs) Hicklin test / Isolated Passage test; English case)
b. Roth Test / Dominant Theme Test / Average Person Test /
c. Contemporary Community Standard Test / Social Redeeming Value
Test (Roth vs. US, 354 US 476, 1957).
d. Relative Obscenity Test / Average Person “Child” Test
• Lopez vs. CA, GR L-2654, 31 Jul 1970
• Soriano v Laguardia, GR 164785, 29 Apr 2009; GR 165636, 15 Mar 2010
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC) vs. Pacifica Foundation, (438 US 726, 1978).
• Pita v CA, GR 80806, 5 Oct 1989

I. Limitations of Free Speech

1. Intellectual property right
• RA 8293 - Intellectual Property Code (1997)
• Textbook Printing Law and International Treaties on Copyright
• copyright, fair use and decompilation
• infringement, plagiarism
2. Fair administration of justice; Contempt; Sub Judice Rule

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 • Roque v Chief of Staff, GR 214986, 15 Feb 2017
3. Fair conduct of elections
• RA 9006 - Fair Election Act (2001)
• Conducting surveys and exit polls
• SWS v Comelec, GR 147571, 5 May 2001
• GMA Network v Comelec, GR 205257, 2 Sep 2014
• I-UTAK v Comelec, GR 206020, 14 Apr 2015
4. National security (see also Inciting to Rebellion and Sedition)
• RA 53, as amended by RA 1477 – Shield Law
• In re: Parazo, GR 082027, 3 Dec 1948
5. Academic Freedom (Student rights v. School regulations)
• CoTeSCUP v Secretary of Education, GR 216930, 9 Oct 2018 (K-12)
• Pimentel v Legal Education Board, GR 230642 / GR 242954, 10 Sep 2019 (Philsat)
6. Offending Religious Feelings
• Celdran v People, GR 220127, 21 Mar 2018
7. Free Speech v. Right to Privacy
• Lagunzad v Sotto, GR L-32066, 6 Aug 1979
• Ayer v Judge Capulong, GR 82380, 29 Apr 1988 (public figure)

II. FREE PRESS

Freedom of the Press; Four (4) Aspects

1. Freedom from Prior Restraint
2. Freedom from Subsequent Punishment
3. Freedom of Access to Information
4. Freedom of Circulation
• Disini v Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 Feb 2014.

III. RIGHT OF ASSEMBLY

Right to Peaceably Assemble and Petition the Government for Redress of Grievances
• BP 880 - Public Assembly Act
• Heckler’s Veto (Terminiello v Chicago (1949)
• Primicias vs. Mayor Fugoso, GR L-1800, 27 Jan 1948
• Navarro vs. Mayor Villegas, GR 31687, 26 Feb 1970
• Ignacio vs. Mayor Ela, GR L-6858, 31 May 1956
• J.B.L Reyes v Bagatsing, GR L-65366, 9 Nov 1983
• David v Macapagal-Arroyo, GR 171396, 3 May 2006
• Bayan v Ermita, GR 169838, 25 Apr 2006

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (Sec. 5, Art. III)

I. Preliminaries; Aspects of Religious Freedom under the Bill of Rights

II. FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE

A. Conscientious Objector Rule/ Benevolent Neutrality Doctrine
• Victoriano v Elizalde Rope Workers Union, GR L-25246, 12 Sep 1994
• Ebralinag v Division Superintendent of Cebu, GR, 95770, 29 Dec 1995
• Estrada vs Escritor, A.M. P-02-1651, 22 Jun 2006; (formerly OCA I.P.I. No. 00-1021-P, 4 Aug
2003)
• Request of Muslim Employees in the different courts in Iligan City, A.M. 02-2-10-SC, 14 Dec 2005
(Re: Office Hours)
• Imbong v Ochoa, GR 204819, 8 Apr 2014

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III. NON-ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE
A. Exceptions; Article VI, Section 28 (3); Article VI Section 1 (2); Article XIV,
Section (3)
• Aglipay v Ruiz, GR L-45459, 13 Mar, 1937
• Peralta v Philpost, GR 223395, 4 Dec 2018
• Engel v Vitale, 370 US 421 (1962)
• Abington Schools District v Schempp, 374 US 203 (1973)
• Stone v Graham, 449 US 39 (1980)
• Wallace v Jaffree, 472 US 38 (1985)
• Letter of Atty. Valenciano, A.M. 10-4-19-SC, 7 Mar 2017 (accommodation vs establishment)
B. Allowable v. Non-Allowable Government Aid; Requisites
• Lemon v Kurtzman, 403 US 602 (1971) (Lemon Test)
C. Separation of Church and State
• Fonacier v CA, GR L-5917, 28 Jan 1955
• Garces vs. Estenzo, GR L-53487. 25 May 1981
• Ang Ladlad v Comelec, GR190582, 8 Apr 2010
• Republic v Manalo, GR 221029, 24 Apr 2018
• Municipality of Tangkal v Balindon, GR 193340, 11 Jan 2017

Section 6. Liberty of Abode and Right to Travel (Right of movement)

• Silverio v CA, GR 94282, 8 Apr 1991

• Manotoc v CA, GR L-62100, 30 May 1986
• Genuino v De Lima, GR 197930; Arroyo v De Lima, GR 199034, Arroyo v De Lima, GR 199046, 17
Apr 2018
• Office of the Court Administrator v Judge Macarine, A.M. No. MTJ-10-1770, 18 Jul 2012
• SPARK v QC, Navotas, Manila, GR 225442, 8 Aug 2017 (Curfew on Minors)

Section 7. Freedom of Information

• Executive Order No. 2, 23 Jul 2016, Requiring Government Offices under the Executive
Branch to Prepare Their Own People’s Freedom of Information Manual
• Initiatives for Dialogues and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services (IDEALS)
• Public Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM), GR 192088, 9 Oct 2012
• Bantay Republic Act No. 7941 (BA-RA) v COMELEC, GR 177271, 4 May 2007

Section 8. Right of Association.

• In Re; Edillon, A.M. No 1928, 3 Aug 1978

Section 9. Right to just compensation in eminent domain cases.

Section 10. Freedom or Non-impairment of Contracts

A. Purpose; When impairment occurs: When allowed

• Clemens v Nolting, GR L-17959, 24 Jan 1922
B. Law and Contract; Reservation Clause
• Home Building and Loan Association vs Blaisdell, 290 US 398 (1934) (Emergency Powers)
• Rutter v Esteban, GR L-3708, 18 May 1953

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 • Philippine Veterans Bank Employees Union v Philippine Veterans Bank, GR 67125, 24 Aug 1990
(Contract vs. Police Power)
• West River Bridge Company v Dix, 47 US 507 (1848) (Contract vs. Eminent Domain)
• La Insular v Machuca, GR 13307, 3 Feb 1919 (Contract vs. Taxation)
• Meralco v Laguna, GR 131359, 5 May 1999 (Contract vs. Franchise)

Section 11. Freedom of access to the courts

• In Re: Exemption from Legal and Filing Fees of the Good Shepherd Foundation, Inc., A.M.09-6-9-
SC, Aug 19, 2009

“MIRANDA RIGHTS” /
RIGHTS OF PERSONS UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION (Sec. 12, Art. III)

I. GENERAL CONCEPTS
A. Miranda Doctrine. Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966)
B. Custodial Investigation
• RA 7438 – Act Defining Certain Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained or under
Custodial Investigation, as well as Duties of the Arresting, Detaining, Arresting
and Investigating Officers
• People v Lugod, GR 136253, 21 Feb 2001
• People v Del Rosario, GR 127755, 14 Apr 1999 (“invitation”)
C. Administrative Investigations
• Ladiana v People, GR 144293, 24 Dec 2002
• People v Espanola, (GR 119308, 18 Apr 1997)
• People v Judge Ayson, GR 85215, 7 Jul 1989
D. Ways of Identifying Suspects (Mugshot, Show-up, Line-up)
• People v Ganih, GR 185388, 16 Jun 2010
E. Exclusionary Rule (“Fruit of the Poisonous Tree”)
• Ho Wai Pang v People, GR 176229, 19 Oct 2011
• People vs. Wong Chuen Ming, GR 112801-11, 12 Apr 1996
F. Extrajudicial Confessions
• People v Andan, GR 116437, 3 Mar 1987 (Confession to Newsmen)
• People v Lauga, GR 186228, 15 Mar 2010 (Confession to civic watch groups)
• People v Gomez, GR 101817, 26 Mar 1997 (admission obtained abroad)
• People v Luvendino, GR L-69971, 3 Jul 1992 (re-enactment)

II. RIGHT TO COUNSEL

• People v Paris and Fernandez, GR 281130, 14 Feb 2018
• People v Malngan, GR, 170470, 26 Sep 2006
• People v Tomaquin, GR 133188, 23 Jul 2004
• People v Rapeza, GR 169431, 3 Apr 2007
• People v Ordono and Medina, GR132154, 29 Jun 2000

RIGHT TO BAIL (Sec. 13, Art. III)

A. Purpose; Standards for fixing Bail

• Enrile v Sandiganbayan, GR 213847, 12 Jul 2016
B. Bail in Administrative Proceedings
C. Determination of guilt: Bail Hearing vs. Trial Proper

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 • Serapio vs. Sandiganbayan, GR 148468, 28 Jan 2003
• Napoles v Sandiganbayan, GR 224162, 6 Feb 2018
D. Petition for Bail; where filed, Sec.17(a), Rule 114, Rules of Court
• Altobano-Ruiz v Pichay, A.M. MTJ-17-1893, 19 Feb 2018

Section 14. Criminal Due Process. Rights of Accused.

A. Right to presumption of innocence

• Coronel v People, GR 214536, 13 Mar 2017
• People v Macapundag, GR 225965, 13 Mar 2017
• People v Amarela, GR 225642-43, 17 Jan 2018
• Corpuz v People, GR 74259, 14 Feb 2019 (Equipoise Rule)
B. Right to be heard by himself and counsel
• Delgado vs. CA, GR L-46392, 10 Nov 1986
C. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation
• People v Amoc, GR 216937, 5 Jun 2017
• People v Galicia, GR 218402, 14 Feb 2018
• People v Dagsa, GR 219889, 29 Jan 2018
• Ricalde v People, GR 211002, 21 Jan 2015 (Variance Doctrine, Rule 120, Section 5, RC)
D. Right to speedy, impartial and public trial
• RA 8493 – Speedy Trial Act of 1998
• Office of the Court Administrator v Judge Dumayas, A.M. RTJ-15-2435, 6 Mar 2018
E. Right to confront witness face to face
F. Right to compulsory process to secure attendance of witnesses and production
of evidence
G. Promulgation in Absentia
• Rule 120, Section 6, Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure
• Jaylo v Sandiganbayan, GR 183152, 21 Jan 2015
• Javier v Gonzales, GR 193150, 23 Jan 2017

Section 15. Privilege of Writ of Habeas Corpus.

• Distinguished from other writs

• Osorio v Navera, GR 223272, 26 Feb 2018
• Secretary of National Defense v Manalo, GR 180906, 7 Oct 2008

Section 16. Right to Speedy Disposition of Cases

• Cagang v Sandiganbayan, GR 206438 / 206458 / 20141-42, 31 Jul 2018

• Republic vs. Sandiganbayan and Roman, GR 231144, 19 Feb 2020

Section 17. Rights against Self-Incrimination

• Beltran v Samson, GR 32025, 23 Sep 1929

• Bermudez v Castillo, Prec. Rec. 714-A, 26 Jul 1937
• Marcelo vs. Sandiganbayan, (GR 109242, 26 Jan 1999)
• Immunity Statutes (Use Immunity, Transactional Immunity)
• RA 1379, Section 8, 9

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 Section 18. Freedom of Political Beliefs; Freedom from Involuntary Servitude

• Imbong v Ochoa, GR 204819, 8 Apr 2014.

Section 19. Freedom from Excessive Fines and Inhumane Punishment

• RA 9745 – Anti Torture Act: Act Penalizing Torture and other Cruel, inhuman and Degrading
Punishment and Prescribing Penalties therefore
• Sec. 12, RA 9745, Right to Physical and Psychological Examination
• Maturan v COMELEC, GR 227155, 28 Mar 2017

Section 20. Freedom from Imprisonment for Debt

• Lozano v Martinez, GR L-63419, 18 Dec 1986

Section 21. Right against Double Jeopardy.

• Melo v People, GR L-3580, 22 Mar 1950

• Ivler v Modesto-San Pedro, GR 172716, 17 Nov 2010
• Javier v Gonzalez, GR 193150, 23 Jan 23,2017 (Case dismissed on grave abuse of discretion)
• People v Domingo, GR 204895, 21 Mar 2018 (effect of denial to speedy trial)

Section 22. Right against Ex-post Facto Law or Bill of Attainder.

• Salvador v Mapa, GR 135080, 28 Nov 2007

• Valeroso v People, GR 164816, 22 Feb 2008
• People v Mejares, GR 225735, 10 Jan 2018
• Bureau of Customs Employees Association (BOCEA) v Teves, GR 181704, 6 Dec 2011

Target Distribution of Topics per Term:

PRELIMS MIDTERM FINALS

1. FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE 4. “FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS” or
STATE, including Right to Just FREE SPEECH & COGNATE RIGHTS: 6. CRIMINAL JUSTICE / CRIMINAL
Compensation in Eminent Domain Free Speech (Sec. 4), Religious Freedom DUE PROCESS RIGHTS: Bail (Sec. 13),
Cases (Sec. 9) and Freedom or Non- (Sec. 5), FOI (Sec. 7), and Right of Rights of Accused (Sec. 14), Right
impairment of contracts (Sec. 10). Association (Sec. 8). May also include against Self-Incrimination (Sec. 17),
Freedom of political beliefs (Sec. 18). Right against Double Jeopardy (Sec. 21).
2. RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND May include again Right to speedy
EQUAL PROTECTION (Sec. 1). May 5. FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT (Sec. 6) disposition of cases (Sec. 16).
also include: Freedom of Access to
Courts (Sec. 11), Right to speedy 7. OTHERS: Privilege of Writ of Habeas
disposition of cases (Sec. 16), and right Corpus (Sec. 15), Freedom from
involuntary servitude (Sec. 18), from
against ex-post facto laws (Sec. 22). 8. “MIRANDA RIGHTS” or RIGHTS OF
excessive fines and inhumane
PERSONS UNDER CUSTODIAL
3. PRIVACY RIGHTS (Secs. 2 and 3) punishment (Sec. 19), and from
INVESTIGATION (Sec. 12)
imprisonment for debt (Sec. 20).

Prepared by:

ATTY. KRISTINA MARIE A. CLAVERO

Constitutional Law Professor, JMC Law
Associate, The Law Firm of Torreon & Partners

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