15 Oscillations 14.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Give three examples of oscillatory motion. (Note that oscillatory motion.) 1 Amass hanging from « spring ZA tennis ball beng volleyed back and forth 3, Washboard road bumgs 4. A beating heart 5 Ae electric current and voltage ular motion is not the same as 6. A pendulum swinging, 2. On the axes below, sketch three cycles of the displacement-versus-time graph for: a. A particle undergoing symmetric periodic motion that is nor SHM. b. A particle undergoi asymmetric periodic motion. c. A particle undergoing simple harmonic motion,W-2_cuarrex Mt - Oscillations 3. Consider the particle whose motion is represented by the x-versus-r graph below. [= ste) a. Is this periodic motion? _yes b. Is this motion SHM? no cc. What is the period? H seed Whatisthe frequency? £2 F* 0.25 Hz e. You learned in Chapter 2 to relate velocity graphs to position graphs. Use that knowledge to raw the particle’s velocity-versus-time graph on the axes provided. 4, Shown below is the velocity-versus-time graph of a particle. a. What is the period of the motion? ~=§ __@ $ . Draw the particle's position-versus-time graph, starting from x= 0 at f= 0 s. 5. The graph on the next page is the position-versus-t constructed of parabolic segments that are joined at ime graph of an oscillating particle. It is, =0. a Is this simple harmonic motion? Why or why not? ; No, Smusecdal qraphs are nat the same ac parabolic segments, Deruatwes ot sinuseids are also Fimesoidal b, Draw the corresponding velocity-versus-time graph. : Hint: What is the derivative of a parabolic function? inear Function ¢. Draw the corresponding acceleration-versus-time graph.Oscillations - cHarreR Mo W43, 4. At what times is the position a maximum? —_O,2,4 S000 At those times, is the velocity a maximum, a minimum, or zero? QS At those times, is the acceleration a maximum, a minimum, or zero? _xwinwmuny imum (most negative)? —1,3,5 $ At those times, is the velocity a maximum, a minimum, or zero? —___Q AL those times, is the acceleration a maximum, a minimum, or zero? —naxurnuwa £. At what times is the velocity a maximum? —\e5., 3.5 3 0 At those times, where is the particle? oO . At what times is the position a g- Can you find a simple relationship between the sign of the position and the sign of the acceleration at the same instant of time? If so, what is it? Signs are oppestte. ‘The figure shows the position-versus-time graph of particle in SHM. r a. At what time or times is the particle moving to the right at maximum speed? 1 : 1 O,4s b. At what time or times is the particle moving to the left at maximum speed? 2,068 c. At what time or times is the particle instantaneously at rest? V3i57sWA cuarren Mi - Oxillations 14.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion 7. A particle goes around a circle 5 times at constant speed, taking a total of 2.5 seconds. a. Through what angle in degrees has the particle moved? 53 GO 00' ‘Through what angle in radians has the particle moved? LO T= 31.4 rads c. What is the particle’s frequency f? Seeks 2.0 Gee = 02 4, Use your answer to part b to determine the particle’s angular frequency a. w=e2T fea = 12.6 4s €. Does «(in rad/s) = 2af(in Hz? Yes 8. A particle moves counterclockwise around a circle at constant speed. For each of the phase constants given below: + Show with a dot on the circle the particle's starting position. + Sketch two cycles of the particle's x-versus-r graph Ge, - Oram Cp fof WWOscillations - cHarren M5 9. a, On the top set of axes below, sketch two cycles of the x-versus-r graphs for a particle in simple harmonic motion with phase constants i) $9 = #/2 rad and ii) 69 = ~x/2 rad. b, Use the bottom set of axes to sketch velocity-versus-time graphs for the particles. Make sure cach velocity graph aligns vertically with the correct points on the x-versus-f graph. s Lge tna * hentia ‘a, What is the phase constant $5? Explain how you determined it. Ker eased ue cos(h) = ~Go ’b. What is the phase of the particle at each of the three numbered points on the graph? Phase at 1: 120" (or 240") Phase at 2: ©" __ Phase a3: 120° ¢. Place dots on the circle above to show the position of a circular-motion particle at the times corresponding to points 1, 2, and 3. Label cach dot with the appropriate number.46 cuapre 4 - Oscillations 11. The graph shows the velocity versus time for a particle in simple harmonic motion. a. What is the phase constant 40? Explain how you determined it. AGs2) 2 squat at Ly ° singed zsm'(Z) g,> 210 'b, What is the phase of the particle at each of the three labeled points on the graph? Phase at 1: _(SO° _ Phase at 2: 279° Phase at 3: 30° ¢. Place dots on the circle to show the position of a circular-motion particle at the times corresponding to points 1, 2, and 3. Label each dot with the appropriate number.Oscillaions -cuarren HVT 14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 12. The figure shows the potential-energy diagram Enea uy and the total energy line of a particle oscillating, ‘ona spring. ve a, What is the spring’s equilibrium length? is 20em b, Where are the turning points of the motion? Explain how you identify them. PE-TE ol stem) Vem, Lec c, What is the particle's maximum kinetic energy? 10 ~7F as a function of position. o cm) 16 . What will be the turning points if the particle's total energy is doubled? \2em, Z8em 13. A block oscillating on a spring has an amplitude of 20 em. What will be the block's amplitude if its total energy is dot 1? la eee The energy serie as the amplende sqaared oe a go to doctle the energy equines a JE mnerese Ee, tke. te ta the omplehde G7 text Xt Yas Loem #0 = 28.3em 14, A block oscillating on a spring has a maximum speed of 20 emv/s. What will be the block’s maximum speed if its total energy is doubled? Explain. B= dmv &.() Nie20 {7 = 28.3WB cuarreR i - Oscillations 15, "The figure shows the potential energy diagram of toons 0 a particle 4 a. Is the particle's motion periodic? How can you tell? ve Yes, there are turning pointsat lem 2 and at Tem and the petite osc: ates betweerthese two ponts TE b. Is the particle’s motion simple harmonic motion? How can youtell? Wy the PE curve is ku ner quad Thee 3 c. What is the amplitude of the motion? Bem. 0 4d, Draw a graph of the particle's kinetic energy as a function of position, 16. Equation 14.25 in the textbook states that 4kA? = 5 my2..,. What does this mean? Write a couple of sentences explaining how to interpret this equation, Energy is tmarfered back and forth between all potentie| anergy ackthe eytremes Crea) ark AW Emetic trey at Fhe equi lle gordi imme): The eqretion does not . t A and ek Vinay, sey that the particle ever hae smmplitede Bon’ apse Money “The equation relates expressions for the enemy at tue ditereat ‘mes,Oscillations - cuarren M149. 14.4 The Dynamics of Simple Harmonic Motion 14.5 Vertical Oscillations 17, A block oscillating on a spring has period T= 2 s. ‘a, What is the period if the block's mass is doubled? Explain. Note: You do not know values for either m or k. Do not assume any particular values for them, The required analysis involves thinking about ratios. 2 an [et the sis doubled, the pened qian 5p the me ely He p ST will meease by vr T "2 2a | Vae 2 (nf? ) TE 2.935 b. What is the period if the value of the spring constant is quadrupled? Th dhe sping consiant (5 quadenpled, the period w decressed oy atector of 2. Tearfee a Te Is. . What is the period if the oscillation amplitude is doubled while m and k are unchanged? The petiod & unchanged. The amplitede doesnot osfect the pefiod 74, Y 18, For graphs a and b, determine: * The angular frequency @. *+ The oscillation amplitude A. + The phase constant gg. Note: Graphs a and b are independent. Graph b is nor the velocity graph of a a stem b. vtms) = _3n % = BK A= 10cm A= [Yor = BtBem Wray? OA) % 60° = - 30°WO carrer Id - Oscillations 19. The graph on the right is the position-versus-time . graph for a simple harmonic oscillator. a a, Draw the v-versus-f and a-versus-t graphs. b. When x is greater than zero, is a ever greater than zero? If so, at which points in the cycle? * No . c. When x is less than zero, is a ever less than zero? If so, at which points in the cycle? No d. Can you make a general conclusion about the relationship between the sign of x and the sign Of a? he signs of x and a are opposite, c. When x is greater than zero, is v ever greater than zero? If so, how is the oscillator moving, atthose times? Yo LE xO and YOO, thedbject is slomy doun as it agproaces a turning pot 20. For the oscillation shown on the left below: ° a. Whats the phase constant @)? —Coslo = Bo = -60 . Draw the corresponding v-versus-t graph on the axes below the x-versus-t graph, cc. On the axes on the right, sketch two cycles of the x-versus-t and the v-versus-t graphs if the value of 69 found in part a is replaced by its negative, go. d. Describe physically what is the same and what is different about the initial conditions for two oscillators having “equal but opposite” phase constants $9 and —$y. The intial starting point is the same For fo and -Jo. Tnthe Fest ense, Wowener, the motion is moving trenrds maxi wine displacement wliile mthe second case This moving towards the equclibecn poate For B, the mital velocity & gesitive. For fo, iris negative.21. The top graph shows the position versus time for a mass oscillating on a spring. On the axes below, sketch the position-versus-time graph for this block for the following situations: Note: The changes described in each part refer back to the original oscillation, not to the oscillation of the previous part of the question. Assume that all other parameters remain constant. Use the same horizontal and vertical scales as the original oscillation graph. a. The amplitude and the frequency are doubled, ». The amplitude is halved and the mass is quadrupled. c. The phase constant is increased by 2/2 rad. d. The maximum speed is doubled while the amplitude remains constant, Oscillations - cHarreR M411wi APTER 14 - Oxilations 14.6 The Pendulum 22, A pendulum on planet X, where the value of g is unknown, oscillates with a period of 2 seconds. What is the period of this pendulum if a. Its mass is doubled? Note: You do not know the values of m, L, or g, so do not assume any specific values. Te Le is indegendent ofthe mass. r 28 4 b. Its length is doubled? — ~ Be YB = fab Te BT 2.35) T uy by cc. Its oscillation amplitude is doubled? The period is iadepends Small angles - as at oF the ampltnde for 23. The graph shows the displacement s versus time for an oscillating pendulum. a. Draw the pendulum’s velocity-versus-time graph. . What is the value of the phase constant 45 Cos fo =—.40F $o = 225° c. In the space at the right, draw a picture of the pendulum that shows (and labels!) * The extremes of its motion. * Its position at = 0s. = + Its direction of motion (using an arrow) at f= 0's. 4 to oeOscillations - cHarren M613 14.7 Damped Oscillations 24, If the damping constant b of an oscillator is increased, a. Is the medium more resistive or less resistive? eSpigces 3 b. Do the oscillations damp out more quickly or less quickly? __more __ c.[s the time constant z increased or decreased? —decrensed 25. A block on a spring oscillates horizontally on a table with friction. Draw and label force vectors on the block to show all horizontal forces on the block. a, The mass is to the right of the equilibrium point and moving away from it 26. The figure below shows the envelope of the oscillations of a damped oscillator. On the same axes, draw the envelope of oscillations if a. The time constant is doubled. b. The time constant is halved. AmolindeV414 cuarrer If - Oscillations 27. a. Describe the difference between t and T. Don’t just name them; say what is different about the physical concepts that they represent. . TT the penod, is the time for each cycle of tre motion, the Kime required for the motion to repest self, T the damping tineconstat, is the tine required forthe = energy of the oscillator to drop by @ factor of @. b. Describe the difference between rand ty. T is the time required for the energy to decay ‘ ty the tine required forthe energy te decay by Yeu by e'~37%, 14.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 28. What is the difference between the driving frequency and the natural frequency of an oscillator? The driving Frequency ix the Frequency of an external force that is applied tothe system. The natural frequency is the do the systems restoring Poree ney of ose lla tons du- Frequency of 05 ons due re regeaney and rhen displaced from equdibrinn, The dei voctern|, Freqnency ore independent 29. A car drives along a bumpy road on which the bumps are equally spaced. At a speed of, 20 mph, the frequency of hitting bumps is equal to the natural frequency of the car bouncing on its springs. a. Draw a graph of the car’s vertical bouncing amplitude as a function of its speed if the car has new shock absorbers (large damping coefficient) b. Draw a graph of the car's vertical bouncing amplitude as a function of its speed if the car has ‘worn out shock absorbers (small damping coefficient). Draw both graphs on the same axes, and label them as to which is which. Ample nal 5 dane large damping ves)