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Design and Demonstration of Arduino based Low Cost Pulse Oximeter

Article in International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · August 2023
DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Design and Demonstration of Arduino based Low

Cost Pulse Oximeter
P N Shakthi Vananth1, S. Rajalakshmi*2, P. Sathya3
1UG Scholar, CSE, School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE),
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0130-792X
2Assistant Professor Senior, School of Electronics Engineering,

Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
3Associate Professor Senior, School of Electronics Engineering,

Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

[email protected]

Abstract— One of the main reasons for the pushback of the pandemic in India was the awareness that developed in people during the
crisis. The adapting mindset of the Indian populace helped turn the tides. The Pulse Oximeter proved to be an important tool that helped in
identifying the affected, to get timely healthcare. A very simple information was shared among people that the BPM (heart rate in beats per
minute) should be around 60 - 100 (resting) for an average adult and the SpO2, i.e., oxygen saturation must be above 95% for all age groups.
Just this was able to counter an entire wave of the Pandemic with the help of early detections, timely isolations, immediate health care and
much more. However, access to this was not available to everyone due to the high prices of these devices. This project aims to build a simple
monitor module with an Arduino Nano board which can determine the Blood Oxygen level and Heart rate of a person by using the MAX30102
sensor.

Keywords- Arduino Nano; Heart rate; MAX30102; Pulse oximeter;

I. INTRODUCTION components and a little programming knowledge, anyone can

build their own pulse oximeter using an Arduino Nano and
The COVID-19 pandemic has made us realize the
MAX30102 sensor [3].
importance of monitoring our health at home, especially for
those with underlying medical conditions. One such vital The resulting pulse oximeter will provide an affordable,
parameter that needs to be monitored regularly is the oxygen convenient, and effective way for personal health monitoring.
saturation level in the blood. One of the main symptoms of the This is a comprehensive guide on how to build a pulse oximeter
disease was the sudden and sharp drop in Blood Oxygen levels using an Arduino Nano and MAX30102 sensor [4]. By following
which could be detected by Heart rate and SpO2 Sensors. With the step-by-step instructions and using the provided code,
said sensors, we were able to see and detect falls in blood oxygen anyone with a basic understanding of electronics and
levels and take the necessaryaction to save ourselves and others programming can build their own pulse oximeter [5]. The final
by stopping the spread. But this sensor wasn’t available to device is compact, portable, and easy to use, making it an ideal
everyone which hindered our efforts in overcoming the personal health monitoring tool for individuals with respiratory
pandemic. This project aims to develop a simple setup making a and cardiac conditions. The project also provides opportunities
pulse oximeter and heart rate monitor that is accessible to for medical researchers and engineers to explore further
everyone. applications of the pulse oximeter in healthcare settings [6].
The oxygen saturation level of the blood signal is found The system proposed for monitoring the diagnostic details
using an Optical sensor and another physiological parameter is such as humidity and pulse rate of a person by using a pulse
also measured using an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller [1]. A sensor [7]. The pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation state
pulse oximeter is a non-invasive medical device that measures (SpO2) are the measured data sent to a mobile device through
oxygen saturationlevel as well as heart rate. The market for pulse the Internet of Things (IoT), and mobile apps using the
oximeters has exploded in the past year with people buying them EasyEDA software [8, 15]. The Pulse sensor used to measure
for personal use [2]. However, they can be expensive and the heart rate is done with module Arduino Uno and pro mini
difficult to obtain. Fortunately, with readily available for ECG and PPG graphs [9]. Vital signs and pulse rate are

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
measured using photosensitive techniques using Arduino and USB and pin count. The Arduino Nano is a great choice for
GSM [10]. projects where size, cost, power consumption, and pin count
are important factors. However, if the need for more
Continuous heart rate and body temperature monitoring system
processing power, more memory, or additional features like
designed using Arduino and its application [11]. Persons’
Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity is greater, the Arduino Uno
physical characteristics are measured using sensors and
may be a better option. When searching for possible use cases
broadcasted through ZigBee to PC [12]. The system to monitor
for such a computer that is small, low cost, effective and that
the Healthcare of patients is designed and measured using
has a wide range of applications, the recent pandemic came
wireless mobile to monitor remotely [13]. A Simple portable
into sight. This was the origination of the concept that is the
ECG monitor is designed using Arduino-Uno and HC-05 FC-
project today. The image of the Arduino Nano used in this
114 as a Bluetooth antenna, an ECG display could be seen on a
project is shown in Figure 1.
smartphone’s monitor in real-time [14].
Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and
wearable sensors, actuators and modern communication and
information technologies offers an efficient and cost-effective
solution that allows the elderly to continue to live in their
comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare
facilities[16]. The study focuses on designing a monitoring
system that consists of an incubator equipped with a humidity
sensor to measure the humidity level, and a pulse sensor that
can be attached on an infant placed inside the incubator to Figure 1. Arduino Nano
monitor infant’s heart pulse[17]. B. MAX 30102
In this article, we will discuss the process of building a pulse The next step was to find a suitable sensor, the most
oximeter with Arduino Nano and MAX30102, including the important component of this setup that could collect the
hardware and software setup. Section 1 describes the essential data for the Pulse Oximeter. A very short search led
introduction, section 2 explains the methodology used, section to the MAX3010X series of sensors. The MAX3010X sensors
3 illustrates the demonstration, section 4 explains the results and are a series of highly integrated optical sensor modules designed
discussions followed by conclusion and references. for pulse oximetry and heart-rate monitoring applications. The
II. METHODOLOGY series includes the MAX30100, MAX30101, MAX30102, and
MAX30105 sensors. Here is a brief overview of each sensor in
The very first idea that originated leading to this article was the MAX3010x series.
the most integral part of this project: The Arduino Nano. The
Arduino Nano is a small and versatile open-source • MAX30100: The MAX30100 is the first sensor in the
microcontroller board based on the Atmel AVR series and features an integrated red LED and infrared
microcontroller. While surfing for project ideas, research LED along with a photodetector. It can be used to
showed that the Arduino Uno was the most popular for project measure oxygen saturation and heart rate.
building in Microprocessors. Further study revealed that there • MAX30101: The MAX30101 is similar to the
are many types of Arduinos like the Arduino UNO, MEGA, MAX30100, but with added features such as an ambient
YUN, DUE, LEONARDO and much more. One such Arduino light cancellation algorithm and aprogrammable FIFO
the study led to was the NANO. It was a compact and buffer.
multifaceted computer that had wide-ranging functions.
However, the Arduino UNO could still be argued as the better • MAX30102: The MAX30102 is the most advanced
fit for a project like this; here are the main reasons the NANO sensor in the series and includes features such as a high
was chosen over the UNO. SNR photodetector, an integrated ambient light
cancellation algorithm, and a programmable sample
A. Arduino Nano vs Arduino Uno
rate.
Arduino Nano and Arduino Uno are both microcontroller
• MAX30105: The MAX30105 is a variant of the
development boards that are very popular in the maker
MAX30102 that includes an additional green LED for
community. While both boards have many similarities, there
improved accuracy in heart-rate monitoring.
are some key advantages of Arduino Nano over Arduino Uno
are size, cost, power consumption, compatibility, integrated All sensors in the MAX3010X series use a similar

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
architecture and are designed to be highly integrated,
low- power, and compact. They are typically used in
wearable health monitoring applications and are designed
to provide accurate pulse oximetry and heart-rate
monitoring in challenging environments. The MAX30102
is a highly integrated optical sensor moduledesigned for pulse
oximetry and heart-rate monitoring applications. It integrates a
red LED and an infrared LED along with a photodetector to
provide accurate readings of oxygen saturation and heart rate.
Here are five key advantages to using the MAX30102 highly
integrated design, accurate readings, Low power consumption,
flexible connectivity, and small form factor. The MAX30102
is an advanced optical sensor module that provides accurate
pulse oximetry and heart-rate monitoring in a small and low-
power package. Its highly integrateddesign, accurate readings,
low power consumption, flexible connectivity, and small form
factor make it an ideal choice for wearable health monitoring
applications. The picture of the MAX30102 is shown in Figure
2.

Figure 3. Flow chart of the working principle

• The algorithm for the MAX30102 sensor and Arduino

Nano involves reading PPG data from the sensor,
filtering the data to remove noise, detecting peaks in the
data to identify heartbeats, and calculating the heart rate
based on the time between beats.
Figure 2. MAX30102
• The program begins by including the necessary libraries
C. Algorithm of working principle
for communicating with the MAX30102 sensor and
The working principle of the designed pulse oximeter is calculating heart rate. The reporting period is set to 1000
shown in Figure 3. milliseconds, or one second.
• In the ‘setup ()’ function, the MAX30102 sensor is
initialized and the pulse amplitudes for red and green
LEDs are set. The heart rate library is also initialized
with a BPM range of 50 to 200.

• In the ‘loop ()’ function, PPG data is read from the

MAX30102 sensor and passed to the heart rate library
to calculate the heart rate. The calculated heart rate is
then printed to the serial monitor. The loop waits for the
reporting period before repeating the process.

• This program reads PPG data from the MAX30102

sensor, processes the data to calculate heart rate using

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
the heart rate library, and outputs the heart rate to the as a graph of amplitude versus frequency. The gist is: FFT is
serial monitor. used in PPG signal processing to isolate the heart rate frequency
component from the PPG signal, which can be used to calculate
D. Fast Fourier Algorithm
the heart rate and othercardiovascular parameters.
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm plays an
III. HARDWARE DEMONSTRATION
important role in building a pulse oximeter by enabling
frequency domain analysis of the PPG signal. The PPGsignal is
typically a time-varying waveform that represents the changes
in blood volume in the fingertip caused byarterial blood flow.
The FFT algorithm allows us to convert this time-domain signal
into its corresponding frequency- domain representation.
In a pulse oximeter, the FFT algorithm can be used to
analyze the periodicity of the PPG signal and extract the heart
rate information. The FFT algorithm calculates the power
spectrum of the PPG signal, which represents the distribution of
signal power across different frequencies. The dominant
frequency component in the power spectrum corresponds to the
heart rate, as it represents the frequency at which the blood
volume changes in the fingertip due to arterial pulsation.
By applying the FFT algorithm to the PPG signal, we can
identify the heart rate frequency component and extract the heart
rate information in a quantitative manner. This can be done using Figure 4. Circuit connection diagram
various signal processing techniques, such as windowing, zero- The circuit diagram with wiring connection of the
padding, and frequency peak detection. The heart rate monitoring system is shown in Figure 4. The working procedure
information can then be used for further calculations, display, is presented in different steps as follows.
and output in the pulse oximeter system.
Step 1: Initialize the Arduino Nano and MAX30102 sensor: Set
It's important to note that accurate heart rate calculation using up the Arduino Nano board and connect the MAX30102
the FFT algorithm requires proper signal conditioning, noise sensor to the appropriate pins. Initialize the sensor and
reduction, and calibration to account for factors suchas motion configure the required settings, such as LED brightness,
artifacts, ambient light, and physiological variations. Careful sample rate, and pulse width.
implementation and validation of the FFT algorithm are
necessary to ensure reliable and accurate heart rate detection in Step 2: Read PPG data: Continuously read the PPG
a pulse oximeter. (Photoplethysmogram) data from the MAX30102
sensor. PPG data represents the changes in blood
E. Fast Fourier Signal Processing volume in the fingertip caused by arterial blood flow,
FFT is used in identifying the heart rate frequency and it contains information about the heart rate and
component in the signal. The PPG signal consists of a pulsatile oxygen saturation levels.
component, which corresponds to the changes in blood volume Step 3: Signal processing: Process the raw PPG data to extract
caused by the heartbeats, and a non-pulsatile component, which the heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2) values. This
corresponds to the baseline tissue absorption. The heart rate typically involves filtering the raw PPG signal to remove
frequency component can be isolated by filtering out the non- noise, detecting the peaks and valleys of the waveform,
pulsatile component using a digital filter, and then applying FFT and calculating the time intervals between the peaks and
to the resulting pulsatilecomponent. The FFT algorithm works valleys
by breaking down the signal into a set of sinusoidal functions
of different frequencies and amplitudes. These sinusoidal Step 4: Heart rate calculation: Use the time intervals between the
functions are called frequency components, or bins, and they peaks of the PPG signal to calculate the heart rate in
represent the different frequency components of the original beats per minute (BPM). This can be done using
signal. The amplitude and phase of each frequency component algorithms such as peak detection, thresholding, or
can be computed using complex mathematical operations, and autocorrelation.
the resulting frequency-domain representation can be displayed

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Step 5: SpO2 calculation: Use the ratio of the red and infrared the red and infrared PPG signals.
PPG signal amplitudes to estimate the oxygen saturation
• Once the heart rate and oxygen saturation values are
(SpO2) level. This can be done using algorithms such as
calculated, they are displayed on a screen or transmitted
the Beer-Lambert law or empirical equations based on
wirelessly to another device for further processing and
calibration data.
analysis.
Step 6: Display and output: Display the calculated heart rate and
IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND PROGRAMMING OF
SpO2 values on an output device, such as an LCD
ARDUINO
display or serial monitor. Additionally, the data can be
logged or transmitted to other devices or platforms for The setup is constructed exactly according to the connection
further analysis or storage. Loop and update: diagram as shown in Figure 4. The USB is connected to the
Continuously loop through the PPG data processing laptop which acts as a power supply to the Arduino. The model
steps to continuously update the heart rate and SpO2 is arranged in a bread board so as to organize and make access
values in real-time as new data is acquired from the to parts easy for testing purposes. This in further stages will
MAX30102 sensor. consist of only the Arduino Nano, the MAX30102 Sensor and a
TABLE I. PIN CONNECTIONS
smaller display that makes the setup compact and portable. The
top-down view of the setup is shown in Figure 5. A very
Arduino NANO 2-WAY MAX30102 Sensor important thing to note is the data transfer rate. It must be set at
Pin Pin
115200 baud. Setting the data rate at 115200 baud is a commonly
GND (Ground)  GND (Ground) used and recommended choice for pulse oximeter projects using
A5 pin (Analog  SCL (Serial Clock)
Arduino Nano and MAX30102, as it provides a good balance
Clock) between data transmission speed, efficiency, compatibility with
Arduino hardware, and sensor capabilities.
A4 pin (Analog  SDA (Serial Data)
Data)

5V pin  VIN (Voltage IN)

A. Computing the Output

• The output in the pulse oximeter setup calculated based
on the PPG signals generated by the sensor.

• The MAX30102 sensor emits two types of light,red

and infrared, through the skin and measures the amount of
light that is absorbed or reflected back by the blood in the
vessels. Figure 5. Hardware demonstration set up
• The sensor then produces an analog voltage signal Some of the key reasons and a brief explanation for
that is proportional to the intensity of the reflected each are listed below:
light, and this signal is read by the Arduino Nano • Efficiency: The data rate of 115200 baud provides good
using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). balance between data transmission speed and efficiency.
• The ADC converts the analog voltage signal to a digital It allows for relatively fast data transfer without causing
value that can be processed by the Arduino. data corruption or loss due to excessive data rate.

• The Arduino processes the PPG signals using algorithms • Compatibility: Many Arduino boards, including the
such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or the NANO, are optimized for communication at 115200
autocorrelation method to extract the heart rate and oxygen baud. This baud rate is commonly supported by
saturation values. Arduino libraries and examples, making it a practical
choice for pulse oximeter projects that use Arduino
• The heart rate is determined by measuring the time between NANO and MAX30102.
successive peaks in the PPG waveform, while oxygen
saturation is calculated by comparingthe amplitude ratio of • Hardware limitations: The NANO board, like other
Arduino boards, has hardware limitations thatmay affect

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
the stability of data communication at higher baud rates.
Setting the data rate at 115200 baud helps to ensure
reliable communication between the NANO board and
the MAX30102 sensor.

• Sensor capabilities: The MAX30102 sensor, which is

commonly used in pulse oximeter projects, is capable of
providing data at a rate that is easily handled by the
Arduino NANO at 115200 baud. Higher data rates may

• result in data loss or corruption due to the limitations

of the sensor orthe microcontroller.
Figure 8. Heart rate plot
• Noise reduction: Lower baud rates, such as 9600 or
4800, may result in slower data transfer and increased From the heart rate plot, it is observed that an average BPM
vulnerability to noise and interference. Setting the data of 81is recorded during experimentation. Similarly, the blood
rate at 115200 baud allows for faster data transfer, oxygen saturation level of 99 % is recorded. Both the values are
reducing the risk of noise or interference affecting the confined to a normal value of human beings with less deviations.
accuracy of the pulse oximeter readings. Since this set up is at preliminary stage, it need to be optimized
to get more accurate results. But, still this technique can be used
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
for preliminary measurement of heart rate and SpO2 if it is made
There are three important functionalities – added, tested as a portable prototype. The measured readings through practical
and produced results such a Heart Rate measurement, Heart Rate experimentation also proved that the device is capable of
Plot (a very rudimentary ECG), and SpO2 (Blood Oxygen) measuring the parameters with minimal error. The merits of the
measurement. These 3 measures (plots) are virtually displayed proposed system is compared with the existing methods and is
on the computer screen at 115200 bits per second. The results shown in Table II.
obtained as Heart rate measure is shown in Figure 6. The SpO2 TABLE II. COMPARISON OF PROPOSED WORK WITH EXISTING WORKS
measure and heart rate plots obtained from testing are shown in
S. Existing System Proposed System
Figure 7 and 8 respectively.
No.
1 Expensive and difficult to Affordable and accessible
obtain pulse oximeters pulse oximeter using
Arduino Nano and
MAX30102 sensor
2 Limited availability of Enables individuals to build
pulse oximeters for their own pulse oximeter at
personal use a lower cost
3 Lack of customization DIY approach allows for
and experimentation customization and potential
options improvements
4 High accuracy Lower accuracy but
Figure 6. Heart Rate Measure commercial pulse provides a gross idea about
oximeters the user's condition
5 Designed for professional Suitable for personal health
healthcare settings monitoring and educational
purposes
6 Higher cost for pulse Cost-effective solution with
oximeters in the market a lower bill of materials
(BOM)
7 Limited scope for further Provides opportunities for
applications medical researchers and
engineers to explore further
applications

Figure 7. SpO2 Measure

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 11 Issue: 9s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7437
Article Received: 17 May 2023 Revised: 04 July 2023 Accepted: 30 July 2023
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