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PHP (Hypertext preprocessor)

PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and
interactive Web pages. PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented
scripting language that can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for
web development. Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application
that executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.).

PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the market in 1995.
PHP 7 and PHP 8 is the latest version of PHP.

Some important points

 PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.

 PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
 PHP is faster than other scripting languages, for example, ASP and JSP.
 PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the
dynamic content of the website.
 PHP can be embedded into HTML.
 PHP is an object-oriented language.
 PHP is an open-source scripting language.
 PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
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Features of PHP
Performance:

PHP script is executed much faster than those scripts which are written in other

languages such as JSP and ASP. PHP uses its own memory, so the server workload

and loading time is automatically reduced, which results in faster processing speed

and better performance.

Open Source:

PHP source code and software are freely available on the web. You can develop all
the versions of PHP according to your requirement without paying any cost. All its
components are free to download and use.

Familiarity with syntax:

PHP has easily understandable syntax. Programmers are comfortable coding with
it.

Embedded:

PHP code can be easily embedded within HTML tags and script.

Platform Independent:

PHP is available for WINDOWS, MAC, LINUX & UNIX operating system. A
PHP application developed in one OS can be easily executed in other OS also.

Database Support:

PHP supports all the leading databases such as MySQL, SQLite, ODBC, etc.

Error Reporting -

PHP has predefined error reporting constants to generate an error notice or warning
at runtime. E.g., E_ERROR, E_WARNING, E_STRICT, E_PARSE.
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Loosely Typed Language:

PHP allows us to use a variable without declaring its data type. It will be taken

automatically at the time of execution based on the type of data it contains on its

value.

Web servers Support:

PHP is compatible with almost all local servers used today like Apache, Netscape,

Microsoft IIS, etc.

Security:

PHP is a secure language to develop the website. It consists of multiple layers of

security to prevent threads and malicious attacks.

Control:

Different programming languages require long script or code, whereas PHP can

do the same work in a few lines of code. It has maximum control over the websites

like you can make changes easily whenever you want.

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Escaping to PHP
The PHP parsing engine needs a way to differentiate PHP code from other

elements in the page. The mechanism for doing so is known as 'escaping to PHP'.

There are four ways to do this −

Canonical PHP tags

The most universally effective PHP tag style is −

<?php...?>

Short-open (SGML-style) tags

Short or short-open tags look like this −

<?...?>

Set the short_open_tag setting in your php.ini file to on. This option must be
disabled to parse XML with PHP because the same syntax is used for XML tags.

ASP-style tags

ASP-style tags mimic the tags used by Active Server Pages to delineate code
blocks. ASP-style tags look like this −

<%...%>

HTML script tags

HTML script tags look like this −

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<script language = "PHP">...</script>

Comments in PHP
=================

single line comment = // and #

multiline comment= /* */

To print the message or o/p in PHP

==============================

PHP echo statement can be used to print the string, multi-line strings, escaping
characters, variable, array, etc.

void echo ( string $arg1 [, string $... ] )

few points about echo

 echo is a statement, which is used to display the output.

 echo can be used with or without parentheses: echo(), and echo.
 echo does not return any value.
 We can pass multiple strings separated by a comma (,) in echo.
 echo is faster than the print statement.
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Print function

PHP print statement can be used to print the string, multi-line strings, escaping
characters, variable, array, etc.

few points about print

 print is a statement, used as an alternative to echo

 print can be used with or without parentheses.
 print always returns an integer value, which is 1.
 Using print, we cannot pass multiple arguments.
 print is slower than the echo statement.

Printf() function as similar to printf() function of C

PHP Variables
In PHP, a variable is declared using a $ sign followed by the variable name.

As PHP is a loosely typed language, so we do not need to declare the data types of

the variables. It automatically analyzes the values and makes conversions to its

correct datatype.

syntax: $variablename=value;

Rules for declaring PHP variable:

 A variable must start with a dollar ($) sign, followed by the variable name.
 It can only contain alpha-numeric character and underscore (A-z, 0-9, _).
 A variable name must start with a letter or underscore (_) character.
 A PHP variable name cannot contain spaces.
 PHP variables are case-sensitive, so $x and $X both are treated as different
variable.
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Data types
It is classified into two types

1. Scalar/Simple

Integer/int : These are the whole numbers, without a decimal point either +ve or -
ve.

Integer can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16)

format. Decimal format is the default; octal integers are specified with a leading 0,

and hexadecimals have a leading 0x.

ex-

<?php

$x=10; //decimal

$y=010;//octal

$z=0xA;//hexa decimal

echo $x,$y,$z;

printf(" %d %o %X",$x,$y,$z);

var_dump($y);

print gettype($x);

?>

PHP has the following predefined constants for integers:

PHP_INT_MAX - The largest integer supported

PHP_INT_MIN - The smallest integer supported

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PHP_INT_SIZE - The size of an integer in bytes

example-

<?php

echo "Maximum integer value =".PHP_INT_MAX."\n";

echo "Minimum integer value =".PHP_INT_MIN."\n";

echo "Integer size =".PHP_INT_SIZE;

$x=9223372036854775808;

echo "\n".gettype($x);

?>

o/p

Maximum integer value =9223372036854775807

Minimum integer value =-9223372036854775808

Integer size =8

double

An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2147483648 and

2147483647 in 32 bit systems, and between -9223372036854775808 and

9223372036854775807 in 64 bit systems. A value greater (or lower) than this,

will be stored as float, because it exceeds the limit of an integer.

PHP has the following functions to check if the type of a variable is integer:

is_int()

is_integer() - alias of is_int()

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is_long() - alias of is_int()

example

<?php

$x=10;

echo var_dump(is_int($x));

echo var_dump(is_integer($x));

echo var_dump(is_long($x));

?>

o/p

bool(true)

bool(true)

bool(true)

Input method in PHP

=================

1. compile time

2. command line

3.runtime

2. command line

$argc - It is an integer that contains total number of arguments passed from

command line including the name of program.
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$argv - It is an array of arguments value passed from command line.

ex- Wap to add three numbers supplied through command line.

<?php

echo "total no of arguments =".$argc;

echo gettype($argc);

echo gettype($argv);

if($argc==4)

$s=0;

for($i=1;$i<$argc;$i++)

$s+=$argv[$i];

echo $s;

else

echo "insufficient no of arguments";

?>

3. Run time input

method-1
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readline(): It is a predefined function in php which prompt user for run time

input and return the string representation of input data.

example

<?php

$x=(int)READLIne("Enter first number");

$y=(int)readline("Enter second number");

$z=$x+$y;

$avg=$z/2;

echo "Addition=$z and average=$avg";

?>

method-2:

explode()- This function breaks a string into an array.

list() - This function is used to assign a number of values to a list of variable.

example-

<?php

$x="i love india";

$arr=explode(' ',$x);

print_r($arr);

?>
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example-

<?php

list($x,$y)=explode(';',readline('Enter two numbers'));

$z=$x+$y;

$avg=$z/2;

echo "Addition=$z and average=$avg";

?>

example-2

<?php

$x=explode(';',readline('numbers'));

for($i=0;$i<count($x);$i++)

echo $x[$i]." ";

?>

method-3

using the function fscanf()

<?php

echo "Enter three numbers";

fscanf(STDIN,"%d%d%d",$x,$y,$z);

$sum=$x+$y+$z;

echo "Result=$sum";
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?>

method-4

<?php

$input=readline("Enter three numbers");

sscanf($input,"%d%d%d",$a,$b,$c);

$sum=$a+$b+$c;

echo "Result of addition=$sum";

?>

float/double : A real number, no with decimal point. It may be of two forms

a. scientific/exponentital form ex- 2.34E+02

b. Fixed form ex- 23.345

example:

$x=3.2345;

$y=33.23E+01;

echo " ".$x." ".$y."\n";

printf(" %.2f %g %e %f",$x,$x,$x,$x);

var_dump($x);

echo gettype($x);
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example-2

<?php

$x=10.5;

echo PHP_FLOAT_MAX,PHP_FLOAT_MIN,-PHP_FLOAT_MAX,-
PHP_FLOAT_MIN;

echo var_dump(is_float($x));

echo var_dump(is_double($x));

$x=1.9e+400;

echo $x." ".var_dump(is_finite($x));

$x=-1.9e+400;

echo $x." ".var_dump(is_infinite($x));

?>

String : A single or set of characters enclose in either single quotes('') or double

quotes(" ").

example

$x="ranchi";

$y='jharkhand';

echo $x." ".$y."\n";

var_dump($x);

echo gettype($y);
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boolean/bool: It has only two possible values either true or false.

PHP provides a couple of constants especially for use as Booleans: TRUE and

FALSE

$x=true;

$y=FALSE;

echo $x." ".$y."\n";

var_dump($x);

echo gettype($y);

2. Composite
array :An array stores multiple values in one single variable and value not to be

of similar type.

example

$x=array(10,20,'sam',10.5);

for($i=0;$i<4;$i++)

echo $x[$i];

var_dump($x);

echo gettype($x);
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object : It refers to the object of a class type.

example

class test

$x=new test();

$y=new test();

var_dump($x);

echo gettype($x);

3. special type

null: NULL is a special type that only has one value: NULL.

example-

resource: The special resource type is not an actual data type.

It is the storing of a reference to functions and resources external to PHP.

A common example of using the resource data type is a database call/ file handle.

example

$x=fopen("abc","w");

var_dump($x);

echo gettype($x);
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Operators in PHP
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. PHP divides the
operators in the following groups:

Arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,%,**(Exponentiation));

<?php

$x=10;

$y=3;

echo $x**$y;

echo 2**3;

?>

Comparison operators

>,<,>=,<=,

== equal to

=== identical

!= or <> - not equal to

!== - not identical

Bitwise operators (&,|,^,~,<<,>>)

Increment/Decrement operators (++,--)

Logical operators (AND,OR,XOR,&&,||,!)

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example

<?php

//operators

$x=true or false;// because = is higher precedence over AND

var_dump($x);

$x=true || false;

var_dump($x);

$x=false or true;// because = is higher precedence over OR

var_dump($x);

$x=false || true;

var_dump($x);

?>

Assignment operators(=,+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,&=,|=,<<=,>>=)

String operators(.,.=)

Array operators

+(union)-Union of two arrays

example

<?php
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$x=array(10=>"a",20=>"b",30=>"c");

$y=array(20=>"b",10=>"a",30=>"c",40=>"e");

$z=array(5=>"f");

print_r($x+$y+$z);

?>

o/p:

Array

[10] => a

[20] => b

[30] => c

[40] => e

[5] => f

==(equality) :Returns true if both the arrays have the same key/value pairs

===(identity) :Returns true if both the arrays have the same key/value pairs in the
same order and of the same types

!= or <>(inequality) :Returns true if both the arrays are not equal to each other

!==(non-identity)) :Returns true if if both the arrays are not identical to each other

example

$x=array(10=>"a",20=>"b",30=>"c");
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$y=array(20=>"b",10=>"a",30=>"c");

var_dump($x==$y);//true

var_dump($x===$y);//false

var_dump($x!=$y);//false

var_dump($x!==$y);//true

Conditional assignment operators

?: - ternary

?? - Null coalescing

syntax:

$x = expr1 ?? expr2

Returns the value of $x.

The value of $x is expr1 if expr1 exists, and is not NULL.

If expr1 does not exist, or is NULL, the value of $x is expr2.

Introduced in PHP 7

example

<?php

$x=100??200;

echo $x;

$x=null??200;

echo $x;

?>
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o/p

100200

Execution Operators : Used to execute dos or linux/unix command

` `backticks

example

<?php

echo `dir`;

echo `date`;

?>

Special operators (instanceof,clone,(type), ,(comma))

instanceof - It is used to check weather the given object is instance of particular

class

or not.

example

<?php

class test

{}

class demo

{}
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$obj=new test();

var_dump($obj instanceof test);

var_dump($obj instanceof demo);

?>

o/p

true

false

example

<?php

class MyClass {

public $color;

public $amount;

$obj = new MyClass();

$obj->color = "red";

$obj->amount = 5;

$copy = clone $obj;

print_r($copy);
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?>

(type) - It is used for type casting, i.e change one type into another.

example

<?php

//other type into boolean

/* var_dump((bool) ""); // bool(false)

var_dump((bool) 1); // bool(true)

var_dump((bool) -2); // bool(true)

var_dump((bool) "sam"); // bool(true)

var_dump((bool) 2.0); // bool(true)

var_dump((bool) array(12)); // bool(true)

var_dump((bool) array()); // bool(false)

var_dump((bool) "false"); // bool(true)

var_dump((bool) null);

//other type into int type casting operator is (int),(integer), or intval()

var_dump((int)true);//int(1)

var_dump((integer)false);//int(0)

var_dump((int)null);//int(0)
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var_dump((int)10.5);//int(10)

var_dump((int)"sam");//int(0)

var_dump((int)"123");//int(123);

var_dump(intval("q123asd"));//int(0)

//other type into float type casting operator is (float),(double), or (real)

var_dump((float)true);//float(1)

var_dump((float)false);//float(0)

var_dump((float)null);//float(0)

var_dump((float)10.5);//float(10.5)

var_dump((float)"sam");//float(0)

var_dump((double)"123");//float(123);

var_dump((real)"q123asd");//float(0)

var_dump((real)"");//float(0) */

//from other type to string using (string) or strval() function

var_dump((string)true);//string(1)

var_dump((string)false);//string(0)

var_dump((string)null);//string(0)

var_dump((string)10.5);//string(4)

var_dump((string)"sam");//string(3)

var_dump((string)"123");//string(3);
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var_dump((string)"q123asd");//string(7)

var_dump(strval(""));//string(0)

Constant in PHP
PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be changed during the execution

of the script except for magic constants, which are not really constants.

PHP constants can be defined by 2 ways:

Using define() function

syntax:

define(name, value, case-insensitive[default false])

[Note: by default defined constant is gloabal in nature and can be used in while
script]

Using const keyword

syntax:

const constant_name=value;

constant() function

This function will return the value of the constant.

echo constant("PI");
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example

<?php

define("PI",3.14,false);//default is false

echo PI;//o/p 3.14

echo pi;//o/p error

define("x",100,true);//default is false

echo x;//o/p 3.14

echo X;//o/p error

const k=300;

echo k;

echo constant("PI");

?>