3.
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Chapter 12
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Stress-Strain Diagram
2. Stress-Strain Behavior of Ductile and Brittle
Materials
3. Hooke’s Law
4. Poisson’s Ratio
5. Shear Stress-Strain Diagram
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
•Tensile testing of Brass
[Link]
•Tensile testing of nano whisker
[Link]
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
• engineering stress
P
P
σ=
A0
• engineering strain
δ
ε=
L0
P
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
Typical stress-strain curve for ductile metal
Elastic behavior
Yielding
Strain hardening
necking
ASTM Standards
American Society
for Testing & Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
Ductile vs. Brittle
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.3 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE & BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile materials
• Defined as any material that can be subjected to
large strains before it ruptures, e.g., mild steel,
polymers, tendon.
• Such materials are used because it is capable of
absorbing shock or energy, and if before becoming
overloaded, will exhibit large deformation before
failing
• Ductility of material is to report its percent
elongation or percent reduction in area at time of
fracture
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.3 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE & BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile materials
• Percent elongation is the specimen’s fracture
strain expressed as a percent
Lf − L0
Percent elongation = (100%)
L0
• Percent reduction in area is defined within
necking region as
A0 − Af
Percent reduction in area = (100%)
A0
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.3 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE & BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile materials - some of them do not have
distinct yield point
Offset method to determine yield strength
1. Normally, a 0.2 % strain is
chosen.
2. From this point on the ε axis,
a line parallel to initial
straight-line portion of stress-
strain diagram is drawn.
3. The point where this line
intersects the curve defines
the yield strength.
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.3 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE & BRITTLE MATERIALS
Brittle Materials
• Material that exhibit little or no yielding before
failure are referred to as brittle materials, e.g.,
gray cast iron， carbon fiber, glass fiber.
ε
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.4 HOOKE’S LAW
• Most engineering materials exhibit a linear
relationship between stress and strain with the
elastic region
• Hooke’s law (1676)
σ
σ = Eε
• E : modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus
• E has units of stress, i.e., Pascal, MPa or GPa.
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.4 HOOKE’S LAW
IMPORTANT
• Modulus of elasticity E, can be used only in the
region where a material has linear-elastic
behavior.
• Also, if stress in material is greater than the
proportional limit, the stress-strain diagram ceases
to be a straight line and the equation is not valid
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.5 STRAIN ENERGY
Modulus of toughness
• Modulus of toughness ut,
indicates the strain-energy
density of material before it
fractures (Shaded area)
• Used for designing members that
may be accidentally overloaded
• Higher ut is preferable as distortion
is noticeable before failure
•Modulus of resilience: area to yield point
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.6 POISSON’S RATIO
• When body subjected to axial tensile force, it elongates
and contracts laterally
• Similarly, it will contract and its sides expand laterally
when subjected to an axial compressive force
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.6 POISSON’S RATIO
• Strains of the bar are:
δ δ’
εlong = εlat =
L r
• Early 1800s, Simeon Denis Poisson realized that within
elastic range, ration of the two strains is a constant
value, since both are proportional.
εlat
Poisson’s ratio, ν=− εlong
-Lateral strain
Longitudinal strain
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.6 POISSON’S RATIO
• ν is unique for homogenous and isotropic material
• Why negative sign? Longitudinal elongation cause
lateral contraction (-ve strain) and vice versa…to make
ν a positive quantity.
• Lateral strain is the same in all lateral (radial) directions
• Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless, 0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5
Are there materials with
negative Poisson’s Ratio?
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
[Link]
YuLsT7Sc
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
Generalized Hooke’s Law & Examples
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
Hooke’s Law for Shear
τ = Gγ
E
G=
2(1 + ν)
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Tension test is the most important test for
determining material strengths. Results of normal
stress and normal strain can then be plotted.
• Many engineering materials behave in a linear-
elastic manner, where stress is proportional to
strain, defined by Hooke’s law, σ = Eε. E is the
modulus of elasticity, and is measured from slope
of a stress-strain diagram
• When material stressed beyond yield point,
permanent deformation will occur.
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Strain hardening causes further yielding of material
with increasing stress
• At ultimate stress, localized region on specimen
begin to constrict, and starts “necking”. Fracture
occurs.
• Ductile materials exhibit both plastic and elastic
behavior. Ductility specified by permanent
elongation to failure or by the permanent reduction
in cross-sectional area
• Brittle materials exhibit little or no yielding before
failure
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Yield point for material can be increased by strain
hardening, by applying load great enough to cause
increase in stress causing yielding, then releasing the
load. The larger stress produced becomes the new
yield point for the material
• Deformations of material under load causes strain
energy to be stored. Strain energy per unit
volume/strain energy density is equivalent to area
under stress-strain curve.
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
CHAPTER REVIEW
• The area up to the yield point of stress-strain
diagram is referred to as the modulus of resilience
• The entire area under the stress-strain diagram is
referred to as the modulus of toughness
• Poisson’s ratio (ν), a dimensionless property that
measures the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain
[0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5]
• For shear stress vs. strain diagram: within elastic
region, τ = Gγ, where G is the shearing modulus,
found from the slope of the line within elastic
region
• G can also be obtained from the relationship of
G = E/[2(1+ ν)]
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