Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page1
P2205 (Optics)
Mohammad Taoubi
2023
Second Academic Year (Physics)
60h
Lebanese University-Faculty of sciences V
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 2
Contents
Part I : Electromagnetic Theory, Photons and Light
Part II: The propagation of light
Part III: Wave nature of light (The superposition of
waves, polarization, Interference and diffraction)
Reference: [Link]
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 3
1-Maxwell’s Equations
1-1) Electromotive force of emf device:
In any time interval dt, a charge dq passes through any cross
section of the circuit, such as aa’. This same dq must enter the
emf device at its low-potential end (-) and leaves at its high- +
potential end (+). The device must do an amount of work dw on
the charge dq to force it to move in this way. We define the emf ℇ
𝑑𝑤 -
of the emf device by : ℇ = (j/c=volt) (1)
𝑑𝑞
a
Dr M Taoubi a’
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 4
1-2) Faraday’s law of induction
We define the magnetic flux through a loop enclosing an area A by 𝜑 = 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 (𝑇𝑚2 = 𝑤𝑏) (2)
𝐵
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
𝑑𝑠
Dr M Taoubi
Loop
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 5
𝑑𝜑
The induced ℇ tends to oppose the flux change, so Faraday’s law : ℇ = − 𝑑𝑡 (3)
Lenz’s Law: An induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field due to the
current opposes the change in the magnetic flux that induces the current.
𝐵↗
i
𝐵
Dr M Taoubi
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 6
1-3) Induced electric fields:
Let us place a copper ring of radius r in a uniform external
𝐵 filling a cylindrical volume of radius R. Suppose that we Copper Ring
increase the strength of 𝐵 at a steady rate and by Faraday’s
law, an induced ℇ and thus an induced current will appear
in the ring. From lenz’s Law we can deduce that the 𝐵↗
direction of the induced current ‘i’ is counterclockwise. r
If there is a current in the copper ring, an electric field must
be present along the ring because an 𝐸 is needed to do the R
ℇ
work of moving the conduction electrons. Moreover, the
𝐸 must have been produced by the changing of 𝜑. This
induced 𝐸 is just as real as an electric field produced by
static charges, either field will exert a force 𝑞0 𝐸 on a
Dr M Taoubi
particle of charge 𝑞0 .
‘’A changing 𝐵 produces 𝐸 ‘’
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 7
But 𝑤 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑞𝑜 𝐸𝑑𝑙 = 𝑞0 ℇ then ℇ= 𝐸𝑑𝑙 (4)
If we combine with Faraday’s law , we get:
𝑑𝜑 𝑑 𝜕𝐵
ℇ= 𝐸𝑑𝑙 = − 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑡 𝐵𝑑𝑆 = − 𝑑𝑆 (5)
𝜕𝑡
We are interested in electromagnetic waves traveling in space where there are no wire
loops, and the magnetic flux changes because 𝐵 changes. The induction law can then
rewrite as:
𝜕𝐵
(𝑐)
𝐸𝑑𝑙 = − (𝐴) 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑠 (6)
Dr M Taoubi
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 8
1-4) Dielectric and Gauss’s Law:
What happens in atomic molecular terms when we
put a dielectric in an electric field?
There are two possibilities depending on the type of
molecules:
A- Polar Dielectric: The molecules of some dielectrics,
like water have permanent electric dipole moment 𝑝
tends to line up with an external 𝐸𝑜 . The alignment
of the electric dipoles produce an induced electric
field 𝐸′ that is directed opposite the applied field and Dr M Taoubi
smaller in magnitude.
𝐸𝑜
+ - + -
+ - + - + -
𝐸′
+ - + - + -
Dr M Taoubi
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 9
B-Non-Polar Dielectric: Molecules acquire dipole moments by induction when place in an external
electric field, this occurs because the external field tends to stretch the molecules, slightly separating
the centers of negative and positive charge.
𝑝 : induced electric dipole
_ 𝐸𝑜
_ Molecules are polarized by the external electric field
_ _ _
_ __
𝑝
_ _
_
Dr M
Taoubi
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 10
The figure above shows that the induced surface charges on the faces of the slab produce an induced
electric field 𝐸′ in the direction opposite that of the applied electric field 𝐸0 and the resultant inside the
dielectric slab is 𝐸 = 𝐸0 + 𝐸′
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 11
q
q
𝐸0
𝐸
𝑆𝐺 𝑆𝐺
Fig.a Without dielectric slab Fig.b With dielectric slab
Dr M Taoubi
-q’
We define the dielectric constant (relative permittivity)
𝜀
for insulating material by 𝐾𝐸 = where 𝜀0 = 8.8542. 10−12 𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑚2 (𝐹. 𝑚−1 ) is the permittivity
𝜀0
of free space and 𝜀 is the permittivity of the dielectric.
𝐾𝐸 =1 for vacuum.
𝑞
In fig.a , by using Gauus’s Law, we can write 𝐸0 =
𝜀0 𝐴
The charge on the conducting plate is said to be free charge because it can move if we change the
potential of the plates while the charge on the surface of the dielectric is not free because it cannot
move from the surface.
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 12
1-5) Magnetic flux and field intensity:
The intensity of magnetic flux is denoted by 𝐵
We define the magnetic field intensity by 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 (A/m) (10)
Where 𝜇 is the permeability of a particular medium.
And 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑁𝑠 2 𝐶 −2 is the permeability of free space.
𝜇
The 𝜇 and 𝜇0 are related by the relative permeability 𝐾𝑚 =
𝜇0
Note that:
For vacuum or gas 𝜎 = 0 , 𝜀 = 𝜀0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 𝜇0
For perfect dielectric (without free charges) 𝜎 = 0 , 𝜀 = 𝐾𝐸 𝜀0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 =
𝐾𝑚 𝜇0
For dielectric with few free charges 𝜎 ≠ 0 , 𝜀 = 𝐾𝐸 𝜀0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 𝐾𝑚 𝜇0
For perfect conductor 𝜎 = ∞ , 𝜀 = 𝜀0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 𝐾𝑚 𝜇0
