ISBN978-0-626-34924-0

SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Basis of structural design and actions for

buildings and industrial structures

Part 7:Thermal actions

WARNING—Can only be used in conjunction with SANS 10

Pubished by the South African Bureau of Standards

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof 区 Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel:+27124287911 Fax:+27123441568
www.sabs.co.za
O SABS
SABS
This page has been left blank intentionally
 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

◎ SABS
In terms of the Standards Act 8 of 2008,the copyright in all South African National Standards or
any other publications published by the SABS Standards Division,vests in the SABS.Any
use of South African National Standards is limited to use specifically prescribed by the SABS.In the
case of a South African National Standard based on an international standard,ownership of the
copyright vests in the organization from which the SABS adopted the standard,whether it be
under licence or membership agreement.The SABS is obliged to protect such copyright and is
authorized to make the relevant international organization aware of any misuse thereof.Unless
exemption has been granted, no extract or ful text of any South African National Standard may be
copied,reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without
prior written permission from the SABS Standards Division.This does not preclude the free use,in
the course of implementing the standard,of necessary details such as symbols,and size,type or
grade designations.If these details are to be used for any purpose other than implementation,prior
written permission must be obtained.

Details,advice and limitations of use can be obtained from the Manager:Standards Sales
and Information Services.Tel:+27(0)124286883 email: [email protected]

SABS-Standards Division

The objective of the SABS Standards Division s to develop,promote and maintain South
African National Standards.This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act,2008(Act No.8 of
2008).

The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would
therefore be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this standard would
inform the secretary of the technical committee responsible,the identity of which can be found in the
foreword.

Buying Standards

Contact the Sales Office for South African and international standards,which are available in
both electronic and hard copy format.Tel:+27(0)124286883 email: [email protected]

South African National Standards are also available online from the SABS Webstore
www.store.sabs.CO.za

Information on Standards

SABS Customer Services provide comprehensive standards-related information on

national,regional and international standards.Tel:+27(0)124287911/0861277227 email:
[email protected]
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Table of changes
Change Date Scope
No.
Amdt 1 2011 Amended to update the figures for isotherms of
maximum and minimum shade air temperatures,and
to renumber the equations in annex A

Acknowledgement
The South African Bureau of Standards wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from
the South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE).

Foreword
This South African standard was prepared by National Committee SABS/TC 098/SC01,Structural and
geo-technical design standards-Basis of structures design and actions (including earthquake design),
in accordance with procedures of the South African Bureau of Standards,in compliance with annex
3of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This document was published in October 2011.

This document supersedes SANS 10160-7:2010(edition 1).

A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment No.1.
Compliance with this document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

Reaffirmed and reprinted in September 2017.

This document will be reviewed every five years
and be reaffirmed,amended,revised or withdrawn.

The SANS 10160 series consists of the following eight parts,under the general title Basis
ofstructural
design and actions for buildings and industrial
structures: Part 1:Basis of structural design.

Part 2:Self-weight and imposed

loads Part 3:Wind actions.

Part 4:Seismic actions and general requirements for

buildings. Part 5:Basis for geotechnical design and actions.

Part 6:Actions induced by cranes and

machinery. Part 7:Thermal actions.

Part 8:Actions during execution.

Annexes A and B are for information only.

◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Contents
Page
Acknowledgement

Foreword

1 Scope .........................................................................................................................................................3

2 Normative references ..............................................................................................................................4

3 Definitions and symbols .........................................................................................................................5

3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................5

3.2 Symbols ...........................................................................................................................................6

4 Application requirements .......................................................................................................................7

5 Classification of actions ...........................................................................................................................8

6 Design situations .....................................................................................................................................10

7 Representation of actions .....................................................................................................................10

8 Temperature changes in buildings .......................................................................................................11

8.1 General ...........................................................................................................................................11

8.2 Determination of temperatures ..................................................................................................12
8.3 Determination of temperature profiles ......................................................................................13

Annex A ( informative ) Procedure for determining Tmax,p(or Tmin,p) ...............................................14

Annex B (informative ) Coefficients of linear expansion .................................................................. 16

Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................................17

◎ SABS 1
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

This page is intentionally left blank

2 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and

industrial structures
Part 7:
Thermal actions

1 Scope
1.1 Scope of application

The scope of application of this part of SANS 10160 falls within the general scope of application
as given in SANS 10160-1.

1.2 Scope of SANS 10160-7

1.2.1 This part of SANS10160 gives principles and rules for determining thermal actions on buildings
and industrial structures including their structural elements as wellas principles needed for
determining thermal actions for cladding and other appendages of buildings.

1.2.2 This part of SANS 10160 describes the changes in the temperature of structural elements.
Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which
are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.

NOTE Structures exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes may not need to be considered for
thermal actions.

1.2.3 This part of SANS 10160 does not define actions due to other sources of expansion or
contraction of materials,for example,due to changes in moisture content in masonry or timber
or structural components and machinery adjacent to furnace tapping facilities.

NOTE The actions in 1.2.3 should be considered.

◎ SABS 3
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.For
dated references,only the edition cited applies.For undated references,the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments)applies.Information on currently valid
national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS.

SANS 10100-1(SABS 0100-1),The structural use of concrete-Part 1:Design.

SANS 10137,The installation of glazing in buildings.

SANS 10160-1,Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures-Part
1:
Basis of structural design.

SANS 10160-2,Basis ofstructural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures-Part
2: Self-weight and imposed loads.

SANS 10160-3,Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures-Part
3: Wind actions.

SANS 10160-4,Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures-Part
4: Seismic actions and general requirements for buildings.

SANS 10160-5,Basis of structural design and actions for buildings andindustrial structures-Part
5: Basis for geotechnical design and actions.

SANS 10160-6,Basis ofstructuraldesign and actions for buildings and industrial structures-Part
6:
Actions induced by cranes and machinery.

SANS 10160-8,Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures-Part
8: Actions during execution.

SANS 10162-1,The structural use of steel-Part 1:Limit-states design of hot-rolled steelwork.

SANS 10162-2,The structural use of steel-Part 2:Limit-states design of cold-formed
steelwork.

SANS 10162-4(SABS 0162-4),Structural use of steel-Part 4:The design of cold-formed

stainless

steel structural members.

SANS 10163-1,The structural use of timber-Part 1:Limit-states design.

SANS 10164-2,The structural use of masonry-Part 2:Structural design and requirements

for reinforced and prestressed masonry.

4 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

3 Definitions and symbols

For the purposes of this document,the definitions and symbols given in SANS 10160-1 and
the following apply.

3.1 Definitions

3.1.1
cladding
part of the building which provides a weatherproof membrane

3.1.2
initial temperature
temperature of a structural element at the relevant stage of its restraint(completion)

3.1.3
maximum shade air temperature
maximum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance of0,02(equivalent to a
mean return period of 50 years),based on the maximum hourly values recorded

3.1.4
minimum shade air temperature
minimum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance of0,02(equivalent to a
mean return period of 50 years),based on the minimum hourly values recorded

3.1.5
shade air temperature
temperature measured by thermometers placed in a white painted louvered wooden box known as
a "Stevenson screen"

3.1.6
temperature difference component
part ofa temperature profile in a structural element representing the temperature difference between
the outer face of an element and any in-depth point

3.1.7
thermal actions
those actions that arise from the changes of temperature fields within a specified time

interval NOTE Generally cladding will only carry self-weight or wind actions(or both).

3.1.8
uniform temperature component
temperature which governs the expansion or contraction of an element or structure and is constant
over the cross section

◎ SABS 5
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

3.2 Symbols
NOTE The notation used is based on ISO3898

3.2.1 Latin upper case letters

R thermal resistance of structural element

R thermal resistance at the inner surface

Ru thermal resistance at the outer surface

Tmax maximum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance of0,02(equivalent
to
a mean return period of 50 years)

Tm minimum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance of0,02(equivalent

to a mean return period of 50 years)

Tmx,p maximum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance,p(equivalent to

a
mean return period of 1/p)

Tmin,p minimum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance,p(equivalent to

a mean return period of 1/p)

T₀ initial temperature when structural element is restrained

Tin air temperature of the inner

environment Tout temperature of the outer

environment

△T uniform temperature component

△TM linear temperature difference component

△TE non-linear part of the temperature difference component

△T sum of linear temperature difference component and non-linear part of the temperature
difference component

3.2.2 Latin lower case letters

h height of the cross section

k₁k₂ coefficients for the calculation of maximum(minimum)shade air temperature

6 ◎ SABS
k₃k₄ with an annual probability of exceedance,p,other than 0,02

6 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

p annual probability of maximum(minimum)shade air temperature being

exceeded(equivalent to a mean return period of 1/p years)
u,c mode and scale parameter of annual maximum(minimum)shade air temperature distribution

3.2.3 Greek lower case letters

αT coefficient of linear expansion(1/℃)

λ thermal conductivity

4 Application requirements

4.1 This part of SANS 10160 shall be used in conjunction with the requirements specified in
the following standards:

a)SANS 10160-1,for the basis of structural design;

b)SANS 10160-2,for self-weight and imposed

loads; c)SANS 10160-3,for wind actions;

d)SANS 10160-4,for seismic actions and general requirements for

buildings; e)SANS 10160-5,for actions for geotechnical design and actions;

f)SANS 10160-6,for actions induced by cranes and

machinery;and g)SANS 10160-8,for actions during execution.

4.2 This part of SANS 10160 shall also be used in conjunction with appropriate standards for
the structural design of buildings and industrial structures,such as the following materials-based
structural design standards:

a)SANS 10100-1,for the structural use of concrete;

b)SANS 10137,for glazing in buildings;

c)SANS 10162-1,for the limit-states design of hot-rolled steelwork;

d)SANS 10162-2,for the limit-states design of cold-formed

steelwork; e)SANS 10162-4,for cold-formed stainless steel structural

members;

f)SANS 10163-1,for the structural use of

timber;and g)SANS 10164-2,for the structural use of

masonry.
◎ SABS 7
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

5 Classification of actions
5.1 Thermal actions shall be classified as variable and indirect actions(see SANS 10160-1).

5.2 All values of thermal actions given are characteristic values unless stated otherwise

5.3 Characteristic values of thermal actions as given are 50-year return values,unless stated
otherwise, for example,transient design situations.The values of both annual minimum and annual
maximum shade air temperature represent values with an annual probability of exceedance of
0,02.The annual maximum shade air temperature is shown in figure 1,the annual minimum shade
air temperature is
shown in figure 2,normalised for sea level in both

cases. NOTE Figures 1 and 2 are taken from TMH7.

These values shall be adjusted for height above sea level.If no information is available,the values of
shade air temperature may be adjusted for height above sea level by subtracting 0,5℃/100 m height
for minimum shade air temperatures and 1,0°℃/100 m height for maximum shade air temperatures.

Amdt 1

Figure 1—Isotherms of maximum shade air temperature in

℃ for a 50-year return period

8 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Amdt 1

Figure 2—Isotherms of minimum shade air temperature in

℃ for a 50-year return period

5.4 The initial temperature,To,shall be taken as the temperature of a structural element at the
relevant stage of its restraint(completion).If it is not predictable,the average temperature
during the construction period shall be taken.

NOTE If no information is available,To,may be taken as 10℃.Using a possible maximum and

minimum,To, should be considered,whichever has the worst effect.

5.5 At locations where the minimum values diverge from the values given,such as frost pockets
and sheltered low lying areas where the minimum may be substantially lower,or in large conurbations
and coastal sites,where the minimum may be higher than that indicated in the relevant
figures,these divergences shall be taken into consideration using local meteorological data.

5.6 If the value of maximum(or minimum)shade air temperature,Tmaxp(Tminp),is based on an

annual probability of exceedance,p,other than 0,02,the ratio,Tmax,p/Tmax(Tmin,/Tmin),maybe
determined from figure 3.

NOTE1 In general Tmax,p(or Tmin,p),may be derived from equations based on a type 1 extreme
value distribution.A procedure for determining Tmax,p(or Tmin,p)is given in annex A.

NOTE2 Figure 3 can only be used if Tmin is negative.

◎ SABS 9
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Figure 3—Probability of exceedance as a

function of the ratios Tmax,p/Tmax and
Tmin,p/Tmin

6 Design situations
6.1 Thermal actions shall be determined for each relevant design situation identified in
accordance with SANS 10160-1.

6.2 The elements ofload bearing structures shall be checked to ensure that thermal movement will
not cause overstressing of the structure,either by the provision of movement joints or by including
these effects in the design.

7 Representation of actions

7.1 Daily and seasonal changes in,for example,shade air temperature,solar radiation and re-
radiation, will result in variations of the temperature distribution within individual elements of a
structure.

7.2 The magnitude of the thermal effects will depend on local climatic conditions,together with the
orientation of the structure,its overall mass,finishes (for example,cladding in buildings),and in
the case of building structures,heating and ventilation regimes and thermal insulation.

10 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

7.3 The temperature distribution within an individual structural element shall be split into
the following four essential constituent components in a given direction (see figure 4):

a)a uniform temperature component,△T;

b)a linearly varying temperature difference component about the z-z axis,△TMy;

c)a linearly varying temperature difference component about the y-y axis,△TMz;and

d)a non-linear temperature difference component,△Te.This results in a system of self-equilibrated

stresses which produce no net load effect on the element.

(1) (2) (3)

Figure 4—Diagrammatic representation of constituent

components of a temperature profile

7.4 The strains and therefore any resulting stresses are dependent on the geometry and
boundary conditions of the element being considered and on the physical properties of the material
used.When materials with different coefficients of linear expansion are used compositely,the thermal
effect shall be taken into account.

7.5 For the purpose of deriving thermal effects,the coefficient of linear expansion for a material
shall be used.

NOTE The coefficient of linear expansion for a selection of commonly used materials is given in annex B.

8 Temperature changes in buildings

8.1 General

Thermal actions on buildings due to climatic and operational temperature changes shall be considered
in the design of buildings where there is a possibility of the ultimate or serviceability limit states
being exceeded due to thermal movement or stresses (or both).

NOTE1 Volume changes or stresses(or both),due to temperature changes may also be influenced by:

a)shading due to adjacent buildings;

◎ SABS 11
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

b)the use of different materials with different thermal expansion coefficients and heat transfer;

c)the use of different shapes of cross section with different uniform temperature;and

d)the design and detailing of the building.

NOTE2 Moisture and other environmental factors may also affect the volume changes of elements.

8.2 Determination of temperatures

8.2.1 Thermal actions on buildings due to climatic and operational temperature changes shall
be determined in accordance with the principles and rules provided in this part of SANS 10160 taking
into account regional data and experience.

8.2.2 The climatic effects shall be determined by considering the variation of shade air
temperature and solar radiation.Operational effects(due to heating,technological or industrial
processes)shall be considered in accordance with the particular project.

8.2.3 In accordance with the temperature components given in clause 5,climatic and
operational thermal actions on a structural element shall be specified using the following basic
quantities:

a)a uniform temperature component,△Tu,given by the difference between the average temperature,T,
of an element and its initial temperature,To;

b)a linearly varying temperature component given by the difference,△Tm,between the temperatures on
the outer and inner surfaces of a cross section,or on the surfaces of individual layers;and

c)a temperature difference,△Tp,of different parts of a structure given by the difference of average
temperatures of these parts.

NOTE Values of△Tm and △Tp maybe provided for particular projects

8.2.4 In addition to △Tu,△Tm and △Tp,local effects of thermal actions shall be considered where
relevant (for example,at supports or fixings of structural and cladding
elements).Adequate representation of thermal actions shall be defined taking into account the location
of the building and structural detailing.

8.2.5 The uniform temperature component of a structural element,△Tu,is defined as:

△T=T-T₀ (1)

where

T is an average temperature of a structural element due to climatic temperatures in winter

or summer season and due to operational temperatures.

8.2.6 The quantities,△Tu,△Tm,△Tp,and T,shall be determined in accordance with the principles

provided in 7.3,using regional data.When regional data is not available,the rules in 7.3 shall
be applied.

12 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

8.3 Determination of temperature profiles

8.3.1 The temperature,T,in equation 1,shall be determined as the average temperature of a

structural element in winter or summer using a temperature profile.In the case of a sandwich
element,Tis the average temperature of a particular layer.

NOTE When elements of one layer are considered and when the environmental conditions on both sides
are similar,Tmaybe approximately determined as the average of the inner and outer environmental
temperatures,Tin
and Tout ·

8.3.2 The temperature of the inner environment,Tin,shall be determined in accordance with

the particular project.

NOTE When no data is available,the indicative temperature of the inner environment,Tim,maybe taken
as 20℃.

8.3.3 The maximum temperature of the outer environment,Tout,max,which occurs in

summer,consists of the maximum shade air temperature,Tmax,as defined in 3.2,which is increased by
the effect of solar radiation,expressed as temperature,T.The value of T₁,is dependent on the relative
absorptivity of the surface and the orientation of the surface as defined in table 1.

The minimum temperature of the outer environment,Tout,min,which occurs in winter,consists of the

minimum shade air temperature,Tmin,as given in table 1,ignoring solar radiation effects.

NOTE The temperatures,Tout,for the summer season as indicated in table 1,depend on the
following: a)the heat absorption characteristics of the surface;and

b)the orientation (the maximum is usually reached for horizontal surfaces and for surfaces facing the west
or north-west,and the minimum,which is approximately halfof the maximum value expressed in℃,for
surfaces facing the south or south-east).

Table 1—Indicative temperatures,Tout,for structures above ground level

1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature

Season Surfa Significan Tc

ce ce Orientation of
Shade surfaces
colou factor
r air Horizonta Sout
temperat l, h,
ure North,W East
est
Bright light
surface 0,5 Tmax T,=20 T,=0
Light
Summer
coloured 0,7 Tmax T,=30 T,=2
surface
Dark surface 0,9 Tmax T,=40 T,=4
Winter N/A N/A Tmi Tmax/2 Tmax/
2

◎ SABS 13
a
Relative absorptivity,depending on the surface colour.

◎ SABS 13
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Annex A
(informative)

Procedure for determining Tmax,p(or Tmin,p)

A.1 Determination of Tmax,p

In general,Tmax,p may be derived using the following equation,based on a type 1 extreme

value distribution:

Tmaxp=Tmax{k₁-k₂×1n[-In(1-p)]} (A.1)

where

Tmax,p is the value of maximum shade air temperature with an annual probability of
exceedance of 0,02;

and where k₁and given by

k₂are
(A.2)
k=u/(u+3,90) Amdt 1

(A.3)
k =1/(u+3,90) Amdt 1

The parameters,u and c,are dependent on the mean value,m,and the standard deviation,σ,of type
1 extreme value distribution,and are calculated as follows:

u=m-0,577/c (A.4)
Amdt 1

c=1,238/σ (A.5)
Amdt 1

where

u,c are the mode and scale parameters of annual maximum shade air temperature

distribution. NOTE If no other information is available the following values may be used:

k₁=0,781;an
d k₂=0,056.

14 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

A.2 Determination of Tmin,p

In general,Tmin,p may be derived using the following equations,based on a type 1 extreme

value distribution:

Tmin,p=Tmin{k₃-k₄×1n[-In(1-p)]}
(A.6
Amdt 1

where

Tin is the value of minimum shade air temperature with an annual probability of exceedance
of 0,02;

and where k₃and k₄are given by

k₃=u/(u-3,90) (A.7)
Amdt 1

k₄=1/(u-3,90) (A.8)
Amdt 1

The parameters,u and c,are dependent on the mean value,m,and the standard deviation,o,of type
1 extreme value distribution,and are calculated as follows:

u=m+0,577/c (A.9)
Amdt 1

c=1,283/σ (A.10)
Amdt 1

where

u,c are the mode and scale parameters of annual minimum shade air temperature

distribution. NOTE If no other information is available the following values may be used:

k₃=0,393;an

d k₄=0,156.

◎ SABS
1
SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Annex B
(informative)

Coefficients of linear expansion

For the determination of action effects due to temperature components,table B.1 gives values of
the coefficient of linear expansion for a selection of commonly used materials.
Table B.1—Coefficients of linear expansion

1 2 3 4

Material Base Description αT

(×10-6/℃)
Aluminium,aluminium 23,0
alloy
Brass 19,0
Bronze 18,0
Copper 16,7
Grey cast 11,0
Iron Wrought 12,0
Metals Lead 28,7
Magnesium 28,8
Nickel 12,6
Cast 11,3
Steel Stainless 17,8
Structural 11,7
Zinc Rolled 31,0
Portland cement 13,0
Stone 10,0
Concrete
Lightweight 7,0
aggregate
Glass 7,8
Granite 8,3
Limestone 7,9
Non- Marble 9,0
metals Masonry 6,1
Masonry 6,3
Plaster 16,0
Sandstone 11,0
Slate 10,0
Along grain 5,4
Timber Across grain 30 to 70
NOTE See specialist literature for the effect of different aggregate types on
the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete.

16 ◎ SABS
 SANS 10160-7:2011
Edition 1.1

Bibliography
ISO 3898,Bases for design of structures-Notations-General symbols.

TMH7,Code ofpracticefor the design ofhighway bridges and culverts in South Africa,Parts I and 2.

◎ SABS 17