AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING SYSTEM

A mini-project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of a
degree

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
J. HARIKA G. DHANUNJAY
(21341A0345) (21341A0334)

U. SRIVALLI G. CHARAN
(22345A0303) (21341A0338)

Under the guidance of

Dr. [Link] Rao

Associate professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

GMR Institute of Technology

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to JNTUK, Vizianagram
(Accredited by NBA, NAAC with ‘A’ Grade & ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)

GMR Nagar, Rajam – 532 127,

Andhra Pradesh, India
APRIL 2024
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini-project work entitled AUTOMATIC PLANT

WATERING SYSTEM submitted by [Link] (21341A0345), [Link] (22345A0303),
[Link] (21341A0334), [Link] (21341A0338) has been carried out in
Mechanical Engineering of GMRIT, Rajam affiliated to JNTUGV , VIZIANAGRAM is a
record of bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance & supervision.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of HOD

Dr. K. Santa Rao Dr. G. Sasikumar
Associate professor Professor & Head
Department of MECH Department of MECH
GMRIT, Rajam. GMRIT, Rajam.

The report is submitted for the viva-voce examination held on

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express deep sense of gratitude to our guide [Link]
Rao, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for whole hearted and
invaluable guidance throughout the project work. Without his sustained and sincere effort, this
project work would not have taken this shape. He encouraged and helped us to overcome various
difficulties that we have faced at various stages of our project work.

We would like to sincerely thank Assistant professor, [Link] babu Mini Project
coordinator, Mechanical Engineering, for providing all the necessary facilities that led to the
successful completion of our report.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our beloved HOD Sir, Dr. Sasi kumar,
for providing a great support to us in completing our project and for giving us the opportunity of
doing the project work.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our beloved Principal

[Link], for providing all the necessary facilities and a great support to us in
completing the project work.

We would like to thank all the faculty members and the non-teaching staff of the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their direct or indirect support
for helping us in completion of this project work.

Finally, we would like to thank all of our friends and family members for their
continuous help and encouragement.

J. HARIKA 21341A0345
U. SRIVALLI 22345A0303
G. DHANUNJAY 21341A0334
G. CHARAN 21341A0338

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 ABSTRACT
This project proposes an Automatic Plant Watering System (APWS) based on a soil moisture
sensor. The system aims to optimize water usage for plants by detecting soil moisture levels and
triggering water supply when necessary. Utilizing a sensor module, the Automatic Plant
Watering System (APWS) interprets sensor data and controls the water pump accordingly. This
automated approach ensures efficient irrigation, preventing both under and over-watering. The
system's design enhances plant care by providing a cost-effective and sustainable solution for
maintaining optimal soil moisture levels, promoting healthier plant growth.

Keywords:

Automatic plant watering system, soil moisture sensor, efficient irrigation over-watering, soil
moisture level

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Earlier Research 2
1.3 System Integration and Installation 3
1.4 Advantages 3
1.5 safety considerations 4
1.6 Objective 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
3. METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 Components used 11
3.2 Fabrication of prototype 14
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 17
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES 19
REFERENCES 20
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In recent years, the demand for automatic plant watering systems has surged due to the
increasing need for efficient and sustainable agricultural practices, gardening, and urban
farming. These systems offer a solution to the challenges of manual watering, which can be
time-consuming and often leads to inconsistent watering patterns, affecting plant health and
[Link] plant watering systems provide a reliable and automated way to deliver the
right amount of water to plants, based on their specific needs. These systems can be programmed
to water plants at optimal times, ensuring that they receive adequate moisture without the risk of
overwatering or underwatering.
Automatic plant watering systems have garnered significant interest and research attention due
to their potential to revolutionize plant care. These systems are designed to automatically deliver
water to plants based on their specific needs, offering a hands-free and efficient solution for
maintaining plant health. One of the key components of these systems is advanced sensor
technology, which allows for real-time monitoring of soil moisture levels, temperature, and other
environmental factors. This information is used to create customized watering schedules that
ensure plants receive the optimal amount of water. Additionally, automatic plant watering
systems are equipped with controllers and pumps that work together to deliver water precisely
and efficiently, reducing water waste. Moreover, these systems are highly adaptable and can be
customized to suit different plant types and growing conditions, making them a versatile and
effective solution for both indoor and outdoor gardening. Overall, the development and
implementation of automatic plant watering systems represent a significant advancement in plant
care technology, offering a sustainable and efficient solution for maintaining healthy and
thriving [Link] are several types of automatic plant watering systems available, including
drip irrigation systems, soaker hoses, and automated sprinkler systems. Each of these systems
has its own set of advantages and is suitable for different types of plants and gardening
environments.
Kamini also known as Orange Jasmine, is a popular choice for bonsai enthusiasts due to its small
leaves, fragrant flowers, and ability to adapt well to bonsai cultivation. Native to Southeast Asia,
Kamini is a tropical evergreen shrub that belongs to the citrus family. Its glossy green leaves,
small white flowers, and citrus-like fragrance make it an attractive choice for bonsai cultivation.
In bonsai culture, Kamini bonsai plant as shown in Fig 1, is valued for its ornamental features
and suitability for creating small, compact trees. With proper care and cultivation techniques,
Kamini bonsai can thrive indoors or outdoors in a variety of climates. Its small size and delicate
appearance make it a favorite among bonsai growers looking to add a touch of elegance to their
collection.

1
 Fig 1: Kamini bonsai plant
.In this project report, we will explore the design, implementation, and evaluation of an
automatic plant watering system. We will discuss the components and technologies involved in
these systems, as well as their benefits and limitations. Additionally, we will present the results
of our experiment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the system in maintaining plant health and
optimizing water [Link], automatic plant watering systems represent a significant
advancement in agricultural and gardening practices, offering a sustainable and efficient solution
to the challenges of manual watering.
Automatic plant watering systems are designed to minimize water waste by delivering water
directly to the root zone of plants. This targeted approach ensures that plants receive the water
they need without excess runoff or evaporation, making these systems an environmentally
friendly choice.
These systems save time and effort for gardeners and farmers by automating the watering
process. Instead of manually watering plants, users can set up a watering schedule and let the
system do the work for them, freeing up time for other tasks.
By providing plants with consistent and adequate moisture, automatic watering systems promote
healthy root development and overall plant growth. This can result in stronger, more resilient
plants that are better able to withstand environmental stresses such as heat and drought.
1.2 Earlier research
Earlier studies have extensively explored automatic plant watering systems, looking into
different aspects of their design, setup, and effectiveness. These systems bring together
technology and farming, offering new ways to tackle old problems in plant care. One major
focus has been on improving sensor technology. These sensors are crucial for monitoring
important environmental factors like soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. Researchers have
worked on making sensors more accurate and reliable in detecting soil moisture levels. They've

2
also studied how sensors can be integrated with other parts of the system, like controllers and
pumps, to create a system that can adapt to changing conditions.
Additionally, researchers have looked into using machine learning algorithms to optimize
watering schedules based on data from sensors. These algorithms consider many factors, such as
plant type, growth stage, and weather forecasts, to decide how much and when to water plants.
This helps automatic watering systems adjust to the specific needs of different plants, ensuring
they get the right amount of water at the right time. This ability is especially useful in farming,
where precise irrigation can greatly affect crop yield and quality.

Fig 2: Automatic plant watering system

Moreover, studies have examined how automatic plant watering systems as shown in Fig 2,
affects plant growth and health. They've compared plants watered with these systems to those
watered by hand, finding that automatic systems can lead to healthier, stronger plants. The
consistent and accurate watering from these systems reduces stress on plants, encouraging better
growth. Researchers have also highlighted how automatic watering systems can save water. By
delivering water directly to plant roots, these systems reduce water waste, making them an eco-
friendly choice for plant care.
Past research has shown the many benefits of automatic plant watering systems, demonstrating
how they could change plant care. From better sensor technology to smarter algorithms, these
systems represent a blend of advanced technology and agricultural progress.
1.3 System Integration and Installation
Integrating an automatic plant watering system involves assembling components like the water
reservoir, pump, tubing, emitters, controller, sensors, and power supply. The controller is
programmed with a watering schedule based on plant and environmental needs, and sensors are
placed in the soil to monitor moisture levels. Emitters are installed near plants to deliver water
directly to the roots, and tubing is laid out to ensure even water distribution. The pump is
connected to the reservoir and tubing, and the power supply is connected to all components.
After testing and calibration, the system is finalized with secure installations and regular
maintenance to ensure optimal performance and plant health.

3
1.4 Advantages
Automatic plant watering systems offer several advantages that make them an attractive option
for gardeners and farmers:
[Link] systems deliver water directly to the root zone of plants, minimizing water waste
through evaporation or runoff. By providing plants with the precise amount of water they need,
these systems help conserve water resources, especially in areas prone to drought or water
scarcity.
2. Automatic watering systems ensure that plants receive a consistent water supply, even when
gardeners are away or unable to water manually. This consistency is essential for plant health, as
fluctuations in soil moisture can stress plants and affect their growth.
3. By automating the watering process, these systems save gardeners time and effort. Instead of
spending time watering plants manually, gardeners can set up a watering schedule and let the
system do the work for them, freeing up time for other gardening tasks.
4. Automatic watering systems can be programmed to deliver water at specific times and in
specific amounts, allowing gardeners to customize the watering schedule to suit the needs of
their plants. This customization ensures that plants receive the right amount of water at the right
time, promoting optimal growth and health.
5. Consistent and adequate watering is essential for plant health and growth. Automatic watering
systems provide plants with the water they need, when they need it, promoting healthy root
development and overall plant growth.
6. Most automatic watering systems are easy to install and use, requiring minimal setup and
maintenance. Once installed, these systems operate seamlessly, providing gardeners with a
hassle-free way to water their plants.
1.5 Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for automatic plant watering systems include using waterproof electrical
components and ensuring proper insulation, grounding. Regularly check water quality to prevent
contamination and use pressure regulators to avoid damage from excessive pressure. Install
components away from water sources and secure cables and tubing to prevent tripping hazards.
Use overload protection devices and perform regular maintenance to ensure safe and efficient
operation of the system.
1.6 Objectives
The objectives of this project are:

1. Design an automated plant watering system to efficiently water plants based on their specific
needs.
2. Reduce water waste and labor associated with manual watering.
3. Improve plant health and growth by providing consistent and adequate moisture levels

4
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Gupta, A [Link]., [1] deliberated the critical need for smart and efficient irrigation in India, an
agriculture-oriented country facing alarming water resource depletion. By utilizing sensors to
detect soil humidity in agricultural fields, the system ensures targeted water supply only to areas
requiring irrigation. Controlled by a microcontroller, the system activates irrigation based on soil
moisture levels, prioritizing fields with the greatest need. Additionally, the microcontroller is
programmed to water plants in a greenhouse twice daily, catering to individuals unable to tend to
plants regularly. By automating irrigation and plant care, this project aims to alleviate the
challenges of plant maintenance for busy individuals while promoting environmental
sustainability in agriculture.
Mayuree, M [Link]., [2] conversed the significance of irrigation in agriculture, particularly
highlighting the challenges faced by farmers during the summer season when manual watering
becomes laborious and time-consuming. It advocates for the adoption of auto-watering systems
as a solution to these challenges, emphasizing their ability to efficiently water plants based on
their needs while conserving water resources. The proposed system, adaptable from small
gardens to large crop fields, can utilize sprinklers or drip emitters for effective irrigation.
Additionally, for large-scale implementation, the paper suggests incorporating solar panels to
conserve energy, thus presenting a comprehensive approach to addressing irrigation challenges
in agriculture.
Divani, D [Link]., [3] confered the significance of watering in farming and gardening,
emphasizing its labor-intensive nature and the challenges associated with manual watering. It
introduces an automatic plant watering system designed to alleviate these challenges and ensure
optimal plant growth while conserving water. By employing modern watering techniques such
as sprinklers and drip emitters, the system aims to provide precise and efficient watering tailored
to the needs of each plant. Implemented using a combination of sprinkler systems, pipes, and
nozzles, the system is controlled by an ATmega328 microcontroller programmed to monitor
moisture levels and supply water when necessary. The microcontroller operates on a predefined
threshold specific to each plant's water requirements, ensuring timely watering twice a day.
Moreover, the system features reporting functionalities and reminders via a mobile application,
enhancing user engagement and ease of monitoring. Ultimately, the prototype seeks to facilitate
plant care without the burden of absenteeism or forgetfulness, offering a convenient solution for
gardening enthusiasts and farmers alike.
Ojha, M [Link]., [4] debated the importance of watering in greenhouse operations, highlighting its
labor-intensive nature and the critical aspects of knowing when and how much to water plants. It
introduces an automatic plant watering system as a solution to ease the burden on gardeners and
ensure optimal plant care. Utilizing a sprinkler system, tubes, and nozzles, the system targets
plants in pots within the greenhouse. Controlled by an board with an ATmega328
microcontroller, the system senses plant moisture levels and provides water as needed, typically
twice daily. The aim is to simplify plant care for both small and large gardens, acknowledging
the challenges many face in maintaining plant health. To address this, the prototype not only

5
waters the plants but also provides artificial sunlight from a large water tank, enhancing self-
sufficiency. Furthermore, the system includes features to report current conditions and remind
users to refill the water tank, all designed to make plant care more manageable.
Wongthai, W [Link]., [5] discussed a summary of significant functions found in existing
automatic plant watering systems, highlighting their importance in simplifying plant care.
Leveraging these functions as a foundation, the paper introduces an enhanced prototype of an
automatic plant watering system designed to demonstrate advancements in the field. Through the
incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing technologies, the prototype aims
to showcase how these innovations can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of plant
watering systems. The discussions within the paper delve into the design and implementation of
the proposed system, emphasizing its potential benefits in agricultural applications. By offering a
plain and accessible design, the enhanced system serves as a practical guide for individuals
interested in building their own automatic plant watering systems, particularly for food
cultivation. Overall, the prototype serves as a testament to the evolution of automatic plant
watering systems and the transformative impact of IoT and cloud computing in agriculture.
Sarode, M [Link]., [6] speaked about the implementation of an automatic plant watering system
utilizing the Atmega328p microcontroller and ESP-01 Wi-Fi module. It details the operation of
the relay circuit and the activation mechanism for the water pump. The system is designed to
alleviate the burden of watering plants or lawns, which require consistent and appropriate
watering for optimal health and appearance. In today's busy world, many individuals struggle to
find time for plant care amidst hectic schedules, making automation a crucial solution. The
automatic plant watering system addresses this challenge by providing the necessary
functionality to ensure gardens receive the watering they require. With its automated
capabilities, the system offers convenience and peace of mind to users, allowing them to
maintain green and healthy plants without the need for constant manual intervention.
Prasojo, I [Link]., [7] examined the context of food self-sufficiency in Indonesia and the
challenges posed by the country's agricultural seasons, particularly the dry season, which often
inhibits plant growth due to lack of regular watering. To address this issue and support the
government's food self-sufficiency program, the research focuses on designing an ICT-based
agricultural device. This device utilizes a programmed microcontroller chip to automate
watering based on soil moisture levels detected by a domestic soil moisture sensor. By
automating the watering process, farmers are relieved from the laborious task of manual
watering, thus enabling them to focus on other aspects of crop management. Furthermore, the
device's versatility allows it to be deployed in various settings beyond traditional farms,
including plantations, nurseries, urban parks, hotels, offices, and residential areas with gardens
or plants requiring regular watering. Overall, the proposed solution not only addresses the
challenges faced by farmers but also contributes to broader efforts towards enhancing
agricultural productivity and food security in Indonesia.
Nu, Y. Y [Link]., [8] reviewed the significance of watering in greenhouse operations, noting its
labor-intensive nature and the importance of timing and quantity in the watering process. To
address these challenges, an automatic plant watering system is introduced, aiming to simplify
the tasks of gardeners. The system employs various methods such as sprinklers, tubes, and

6
nozzles, and is built around an Arduino UNO board with an ATmega328 microcontroller.
Programmed to detect plant moisture levels, the system supplies water as needed, typically twice
daily to align with plant requirements. Designed to cater to both small and large gardens, the
system aims to alleviate the challenges of plant care, particularly for individuals with busy
schedules. Specifically tailored for the University Park, the automation system is envisioned to
assist in plant maintenance, ensuring their health and vitality without the concerns of
absenteeism or forgetfulness. Ultimately, the prototype offers a solution to enhance plant care
and enjoyment for individuals, fostering a greener and more vibrant environment.
Shah, K [Link]., [9] discussed the labor-intensive nature of watering in farming or gardening by
developing an IoT device capable of automatically initiating watering when the soil moisture
drops below a certain threshold. This approach not only simplifies the gardener's tasks but also
ensures optimal plant growth while conserving water resources. The system's versatility allows
for implementation in various projects such as green building concepts, roof farming, and
gardening. It utilizes Arduino and sensors like moisture, soil fertility, temperature, and water
level sensors to monitor plant conditions. A distributed wireless network of sensors placed in the
root zone of plants, along with a gateway unit, manages sensor data, triggers actuators, and
transmits data to a mobile application. Powered by photovoltaic panels and featuring a cellular-
Internet interface, the system enables remote data inspection and irrigation scheduling via a
mobile application. Additionally, the system includes notifications to remind users to refill the
water tank, enhancing user engagement and plant care. With its energy autonomy and cost-
effectiveness, the system has the potential to be deployed in water-limited and geographically
isolated areas, ensuring quality gardening while conserving water resources.
Kumar, J [Link]., [10] deliberated on automating plant monitoring and irrigation systems using
Node MCU. Sensors are deployed to monitor environmental conditions around crops, with data
accessible via an Android-based mobile application and uploaded to the cloud. By leveraging
cloud platforms like Thing speak, atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and
soil moisture can be accessed from anywhere globally. This data is not only available in real-
time but can also be stored for future reference, aiding in crop production planning and
development for subsequent seasons. Overall, the proposed system offers a comprehensive
solution for remote monitoring and management of crops, enhancing agricultural efficiency and
productivity.
Primisima, I [Link]., [11] discussed an automatic plant watering system using soil moisture
sensors and FPGA technology to address farmers' challenges in maintaining plant hydration. The
prototype includes soil moisture sensors, ADC module, and a water pump controlled by an
FPGA board. Soil moisture levels are classified into high, medium, and low categories,
triggering the water pump accordingly. This ensures plants receive optimal hydration, improving
agricultural yield while reducing manual labor.
Modak, D [Link]., [12] gives the challenge of watering plants, especially when individuals are
away from home for extended periods. It proposes an automated irrigation system to ensure
plants receive water without relying on human intervention. The system continuously monitors
soil moisture levels using Arduino technology and activates a water pump when moisture levels
fall below a certain threshold. The system comprises six subsystems: power supply, sensing unit,

7
controlling board, driver unit, motor pumping zone, and display unit. A micro water pump,
constructed from a small DC motor with a timer and delay, serves as the pumping unit. By
automating irrigation based on soil moisture levels, the system aims to improve plant care
efficiency and minimize water wastage.
Mediawan, M [Link]., [13] confered the development of an automatic watering system integrated
with hydroponic nutrient delivery and environmental monitoring using Arduino technology.
Through experimental techniques encompassing design, development, and installation phases,
the system was tested to perform watering, drain hydroponic nutrients, and administer automatic
misting within specified voltage ranges. Additionally, it is capable of displaying real-time soil
moisture status and greenhouse temperature. Comparative tests between hydroponic and
conventional cultivation methods revealed accelerated plant growth with hydroponics. The study
underscores the efficacy of automated hydroponic systems in optimizing plant growth while
enhancing resource efficiency and environmental monitoring capabilities.
Mahadevaswamy, U. B [Link]., [14] proposed work aims to develop an Embedded System for
plant monitoring and watering, leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) framework with
Raspberry Pi as the processor and various sensors for environmental data collection. By
integrating IoT technology, the system enables device connectivity via the internet, facilitating
real-time access to information for users. The system is designed to accurately perceive
environmental conditions in agricultural fields, including parameters such as temperature,
humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity. Additionally, an IR sensor is deployed to detect any
intrusion into the field, triggering a buzzer alert. The system's motor, responsible for watering,
can operate both manually and automatically based on soil moisture readings from sensors.
These results can be accessed either through a web application or a dedicated monitoring
interface, enhancing users' ability to remotely monitor and manage plant growth conditions
efficiently.
Muhtasim, M. A [Link]., [15] thought the development of a "Smart Garden" project aimed at
revolutionizing traditional gardening practices by integrating automation technology. By
leveraging tools such as the Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller and various sensors and actuators,
the project seeks to minimize manual intervention in garden maintenance while maximizing
efficiency and convenience for users. Key components include a soil moisture sensor for
monitoring soil humidity levels, a DC water pump for automated watering from a reservoir, an
IR sensor controlled by a remote for specific functions, and lighting elements for illuminating
the garden. Additionally, the inclusion of sonar sensors and a webcam with a servo motor
enables intruder detection and tracking, enhancing security measures. The integration of an RTC
module allows for scheduled watering and lighting operations based on user-defined preferences.
The paper emphasizes the dual functionality of the system, which can operate autonomously
according to preset schedules or be controlled remotely by the user. Ultimately, the project aims
to provide users with a user-friendly gardening solution that streamlines maintenance tasks and
enhances overall garden management.
Rus, A. C [Link]., [16] deliberated a Smart Plant Management System designed to optimize the
watering and fertilization of plants based on their individual growth requirements, encompassing
factors such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. An algorithm embedded within the

8
system's controller evaluates these variables to determine the ideal conditions for plant growth,
ensuring that plants receive the appropriate levels of water and fertilization. The system utilizes
two pumps to administer water and fertilizers as needed, with Bluetooth connectivity enabling
user interaction via a mobile application. Through this application, users can input the type of
plants being grown, along with desired environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity,
and soil moisture. Additionally, the system features monitoring capabilities, allowing users to
track plant health, status, and management history. The study focuses on green mustard
(Brassica Parachinensis), also known as choy sum, as the selected plant species for testing the
system's performance under various conditions to assess its effectiveness in maintaining optimal
plant health.
Devika, C. M [Link]., [17] addressed the pressing issue of water scarcity in agriculture by
proposing an automatic plant irrigation system designed to optimize water usage in the field.
With global population growth exacerbating food and water scarcity, promoting efficiency in the
agricultural sector becomes imperative. One significant source of water wastage in agriculture is
waterlogging during irrigation, highlighting the need for automated irrigation solutions. The
system described in the paper utilizes an AtMega328 microcontroller programmed to monitor
soil moisture levels over time. When the moisture content falls below a predefined threshold,
indicating a need for irrigation, the system activates a pump to supply the required amount of
water to the soil. Once the soil moisture reaches the desired level, the pump automatically shuts
off, effectively conserving water and eliminating the need for manual intervention. By
automating the irrigation process, the system not only saves water but also reduces labor and
time associated with traditional irrigation methods. This technology holds promise for
addressing water scarcity challenges in agriculture, contributing to sustainable and efficient food
production.
Shahidan, M. I [Link]., [18] debated an innovative solution to automate plant watering using the
ESP32 microcontroller module, aimed at easing the burden of plant care for home, office, and
small-scale users. Acknowledging the labor-intensive nature of watering plants, especially for
individuals with busy schedules, the system offers a practical and user-friendly approach to
ensure plants receive adequate water even when owners are unavailable. By leveraging
components such as water pumps, filters, nozzles, and pipes, the automatic plant watering
system, named -Ari, effectively replaces manual watering activities. The ESP32 microcontroller
plays a central role, programmed to monitor soil moisture levels continuously. When moisture
falls below a predefined threshold, indicating the need for watering, the system initiates water
supply until the optimal moisture level is achieved. Conversely, when soil moisture is sufficient,
the system automatically ceases watering, eliminating the need for manual intervention. This
automation not only conserves time and manpower but also ensures consistent and appropriate
watering for plant growth. Overall, -Ari offers a practical solution for busy individuals to
maintain healthy plants, enhancing the accessibility and sustainability of plant care in home
environments.
Kishore [Link]., [19] found The automatic plant monitoring system revolutionizes plant care by
automating watering and disease detection. Utilizing soil moisture sensors, it regulates water
supply to maintain optimal soil moisture levels, preventing issues like mud cracks and

9
waterlogging. Integrated Arduino-interfaced cameras capture plant images for disease analysis
through image processing techniques. This enables early disease detection and intervention,
enhancing plant health and yield. Additionally, the system operates autonomously, facilitating
nighttime irrigation without manual intervention. By relieving farmers of manual tasks, it
enhances operational efficiency and convenience. With applications in nursery farms and
agriculture, this system offers a comprehensive solution for plant growth optimization. Its
potential impact extends to improving sustainability and productivity in agricultural ecosystems.
Siva, K. N et al., [20] discussed a smart plant watering system to alleviate manual labor and
ensure optimal plant health. By incorporating devices such as Arduino and soil moisture sensors,
the system autonomously measures soil moisture and temperature, determining the need for
watering without human intervention. Utilizing sprinklers or drip emitters, the system effectively
waters plants in any farm or field, minimizing water waste and maximizing plant effectiveness.
Addressing the issue of improper watering, which can damage plant health, the system offers a
simple yet efficient solution. Operating on the principle of soil moisture detection, the Arduino-
based system adjusts water supply based on real-time moisture levels, optimizing water usage.
Designed for cost-effectiveness, the system leverages embedded system technology, with
Arduino Uno serving as the controller for data processing and irrigation control.

10
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Components used
Automatic plant watering systems use several key components to efficiently deliver water to
plants. These include a water reservoir to store water, a pump to move water through the system,
tubing to transport water to the plants, and emitters such as drip heads or sprinklers to deliver
water to the plants. A controller is used to program watering schedules and monitor
environmental conditions, while sensors measure soil moisture levels to ensure plants receive the
right amount of water. Together, these components work seamlessly to create an automated
watering system that promotes healthy plant growth while conserving water.
 Water Reservoir: The water reservoir as shown in Fig 3.1, stores the water that will be
used to irrigate the plants. It can be a simple container or big container, depending on the
scale of the system. The reservoir should be equipped with a water level sensor to
monitor the water level and ensure that it is always sufficient for irrigation.

Fig 3.1: Water reservoir

 Pump: The pump as shown in Fig 3.2, is responsible for pumping water from the
reservoir to the plants. It should be selected based on the flow rate and pressure required
for the system. A submersible pump is often used in small-scale systems, while a
centrifugal pump may be more suitable for larger setups.

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 Fig.3.2: Pump

Water Pump specifications

DC Voltage: 3-5 V
Outside diameter of water outlet: 0.29"/7.5mm
Water inlet diameter: 0.19"/5mm
Driving mode: Continuous working life of 300 hours
Vinyl Tubing Material: PVC
I.D. Size: 0.22"/5.54mm
O.D. Size: 0.32"/8.20mm Length:
39.37inch/100cm

 Sensors: Sensors as shown in Fig 3.3, are used to monitor environmental conditions such
as soil moisture levels, temperature, and humidity. These sensors provide data to the
controller, allowing it to adjust watering schedules based on the specific needs of the
plants.

Fig 3.3: Sensor

Specifications of sensor

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Chip model: TL555C
Operating voltage: 3.3~5.5 VDC
Output voltage: 0 ~ 3.0 VDC
Interface: PH2.54-3P
Size: 98 x 23mm (LxW)

 Battery: The system requires a battery as shown in Fig 3.4, to operate the pump,
controller, and sensors. It can be a standard electrical outlet or a solar panel, depending
on the availability of power sources at the installation site.

Fig 3.4: Battery

Specification of battery

Battery type: Zinc Carbon battery

Dimension: 26.5mm x 48.5mm x 17.5mm
Nominal voltage: 9V
Cut-off voltage: 5.4V
Discharge Resistance(Ω): 620

 Relay Module: Relay module as shown in Fig 3.5, Acts as a switch to control the water
pump. When the microcontroller detects low soil moisture, it sends a signal to the relay
module to activate the pump.

Fig 3.5: Relay module

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 Specifications of relay module
Connector Type: Relay Contact
Material: Copper Contact
Type: Normally Open
Current Rating: 2 Amps
Mounting Type: Relay Module
Number of channels: 1
Supply voltage: 3.75V to 6V
Quiescent current: 2mA
Trigger voltage: 5V

 Regulator: The 7805 voltage regulator as shown in Fig 3.6, is a fixed linear voltage
regulator IC. It belongs to the 78xx series of voltage regulator ICs, where 78 indicates a
positive voltage regulator and 05 represents the output voltage.

Fig 3.6 : Regulator

Specifications of regulator

Input voltage range: The 7805 can accept

input voltages between 7V and 35V.
Output voltage: The 7805 is a fixed voltage regulator, which means that it provides a
constant output voltage of 5V.

3.2 Fabrication of prototype

The methodology for implementing an automatic plant watering system is a comprehensive
process that involves several key steps to ensure the system functions effectively and efficiently.
 The first step in the process is to design the layout of the watering system as shown in
Fig 4. This involves creating a schematic that illustrates the placement of the water
reservoir, pump, tubing, emitters, controller, and sensors. The design of the system is
crucial as it determines how effectively water will be delivered to the plants and how
efficiently the system will operate.
 Once the design is complete, the next step is to select appropriate components for the
system. This involves choosing components that are durable, efficient, and compatible
with the system design. Factors such as plant type, garden size, and water source

14
 compatibility must be considered when selecting components to ensure they meet the
specific requirements of the system.
 After selecting the components, the next step is to assemble and install them. This
involves connecting all the components according to the schematic and securely fixing
them in place to prevent leaks or damage. Care must be taken during this step to ensure
that all components are properly connected and that the system is installed correctly.
 Once the components are assembled and installed, The controller is the brain of the
system and is responsible for controlling when and how much water is delivered to the
plants. The controller is programmed with a watering schedule that takes into account the
specific needs of the plants and the environment. The controller is also set to adjust the
watering schedule based on inputs from sensors that monitor conditions such as soil
moisture&weather.

BATTERY

MOISTURE PLANT
SENSOR

REGULATOR

RELAY
MODULE

PUMP RESERVOIR

Fig 4: layout for automatic plant watering system

15
 Fig.5: prototype model
 Once the system has been tested and any issues have been addressed, the next step is to
calibrate the sensors and controller. This involves fine-tuning the sensor readings and
controller settings to ensure accurate monitoring and watering. Calibration is important
as it ensures that the system is operating correctly and delivering the right amount of
water to the plants.
 With the system calibrated, the next step is to optimize and fine-tune the watering
schedule. This involves monitoring plant response and environmental conditions and
adjusting the watering schedule as needed to promote optimal plant health. Optimization
is an ongoing process that requires regular monitoring and adjustment to ensure that the
plants receive the right amount of water at the right time.
 Finally, regular maintenance is required to ensure the long-term operation of the system.
This includes checking for leaks, cleaning filters, and replacing any worn or damaged
components. The working model is as shown in Fig 5. Regular maintenance is essential
to ensure that the system continues to operate effectively and efficiently.

16
 80%

Fig.4: flow chart diagram of sensor module

 The above flow chart shows the working of the sensor module used. It will check how
much moisture level is present in the soil. If the moisture is less i.e less than 80% then
the relay module send signal to the pump. And circulate water to the plant. If the
moisture level is greater than 80% then the pump will not circulate water to the plant.

CHAPTER - 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 The results of implementing an automatic plant watering system are expected to
demonstrate several key benefits. The system is expected to efficiently deliver water to
the plants based on their specific needs, ensuring that they receive an adequate and
consistent water supply. This is expected to result in improved plant health and growth,
as plants will no longer be under or over-watered.
 For this project we had applied some conditions those are
• Early morning 3am we have supplied 100 % moisture content (water) for
the soil manually.
• For 6am the soil is lack with 10% moisture, then it takes 30 ml of water
automatically.
• For 3 hours interval of time we repeated the process.
 The results as shown in Table 1.

17
 Table 1 :The amount of water supplied for certain period time
[Link] Time % of moisture present in soil water supplied to plant in ML
1 3am 100% 0 ml
2 6am 70% 30 ml
3 9am 50% 90 ml
4 12pm 35% 130 ml
5 3pm 60% 60 ml
6 6pm 65% 70 ml
7 9pm 80% 10 ml

 The table discribes that the amount of water is been provided for the plant for certain
period of time. The moisture of the plant that we have taken must be in between 30 to
80% .
 If the moisture of the plant in the morning is 20% then the module sends signal to the
pump and delivers water upto it reaches 80%.
 Like the same way we obserbed the plant one complete day the results are noted in the
table 1.
 The same result is represented in the graph below

Time vs water supplied

140 130

120

100 90
Water supplied(ml)

80 70
60
60

40 30

20 10
0
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Time(hrs)

Fig.5: time % of water supplied

 From the above graph the x-axis is taken as the time given and the y-axis is taken as
percentage of water supplied for the interval of time.
 Overall, the results of implementing an automatic plant watering system are expected to
be positive, with improvements in plant health and growth, reduced water waste and
labor, and increased interest in automated systems for agriculture and gardening.

18
 CHAPTER - 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
In conclusion, implementing an automatic plant watering system offers several key benefits,
including efficient water delivery, improved plant health and growth, and promotion of
sustainable water management practices. By designing and installing a system that incorporates
sensors, controllers, and other components, users can achieve precise and targeted watering,
reducing water waste and labor. This can lead to healthier plants and increased yields in
agricultural settings, as well as more vibrant blooms in gardens.
Although it seems to be more demanding and challenging, there are many other possibilities like
creating complex connections of plants of similar variety or so-called »Internet of Plants«. Also,
using more than one sensor is another idea for an experimental venture, but there are also many
other experimental and challenge-like ideas such as using solar power supply, timer for setting
irrigation system etc. However, independently of the way used to construct it, there is no doubt
that this system can be very helpful in solving many problems, from those that seem harmless to
those that are on the scale of the most important and most dangerous ones for human population.
By means of this system, it is possible to control the amount of water released from the process
of watering the plant.
Future possibilities for automatic plant watering systems include further integration with smart
technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud-based data analysis. These
advancements could allow for even more precise and efficient watering, as well as remote
monitoring and control of the system. Additionally, advances in sensor technology and data

19
analytics could lead to more sophisticated watering schedules that take into account a wider
range of environmental factors, further optimizing plant health and growth.
Integration with Smart Home Systems: Automatic plant watering systems could be integrated
with smart home systems, allowing users to control watering schedules and monitor plant health
remotely using their smartphones or other smart devices.
Advanced Sensor Technology: Future systems could incorporate advanced sensor technology to
monitor additional environmental factors such as light levels, nutrient levels, and plant growth,
allowing for even more precise and tailored watering schedules.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Optimization: AI algorithms could be used to analyze data from
sensors and optimize watering schedules based on plant species, growth stage, weather forecasts,
and other factors, maximizing plant health and water efficiency.
Water Recycling and Filtration: Systems could be developed to recycle and filter water, reducing
water consumption and making the systems more environmentally friendly.
Modular and Scalable Designs: Future systems could be designed to be modular and scalable,
allowing users to easily expand the system to accommodate more plants or different types of
plants as their needs change.

20
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