Analog Modulation : Part II
Satyajit Thakor
IIT Mandi
Demodulation of DSB-SC AM signals
↭ Assume distortion free channel, i.e., received signal r(t) = u(t).
↭ Demodulate r(t) by first multiplying it by a locally generated
sinusoid cos(2ωfc t + ε), where ε is the phase of generated
sinusoid.
y(t) = r(t) cos(2ωfc t + ε)
= Ac m(t) cos(2ωfc t) cos(2ωfc t + ε)
Ac Ac
= m(t) cos(ε) + m(t) cos(4ωfc t + ε)
2 2
↭ Pass the resulting signal through an ideal lowpass filter with the
bandwidth W to get
Ac
yl (t) = m(t) cos(ε)
2
Demodulation of DSB-SC AM signals
↭ Spectrum of the signal and diagram of demodulator
↭ E!ect of ε on demodulated signal amplitude of AzMA is reduced by
↭ Solutions, pros and cons: thefactor
ex
q is
t 4
— carrier synchronization via phase estimation,
— long carrier (unsuppressed carrier) modulation 90 cos
systemcomplexity
Pow allocationto carrier
ray
cos 27ft
Demodulation of DSB AM with unsuppressed carrier
↭ Unsuppressed carrier modulation: add a carrier component
(pilot tone with amplitude Ap ) into the transmitted signal
↭ The transmitted signal is a DSB signal, but it is not a SC signal.
Tress carrier
modulator
demodulator
Conventional amplitude modulation
↭ Carrier phase recovery is a big issue in DSB-SC AM.
↭ One way is to use a pilot tone.
↭ A conventional AM signal consists of a large carrier component,
in addition to the DSB AM-modulated signal.
u(t) = Ac [1 + m(t)] cos(2ωfc t), |m(t)| < 1
↭ The amplitude Ac [1 + m(t)] is always positive.
upperenvelope
Envelope of an oscillating
signal is a smooth curve
outlining its extremes
lower enveloper
Conventional amplitude modulation
ITMA SO
EAC
↭ As we will see, the condition |m(t)| < 1 makes it easy to
demodulate.
↭ If m(t) < →1 for some t, the AM signal is overmodulated and its
demodulation is more complex.
↭ Obtaining a normalized modulating signal:
m(t)
mn (t) =
max|m(t)|
↭ Let m(t) = amn (t) (redefining the signal m(t)), where a is called
modulation index which is generally less than 1.
↭ Then,
u(t) = Ac [1 + amn (t)] cos(2ωfc t)
Conventional amplitude modulation
↭ In general, modulation index is denoted a or µ and is defined as
message signal amplitude
modulation index = .
carrier signal amplitude
↭ Consider modulated signal
εAM (t) = A cos ϑc t + m(t) cos ϑc t.
it
What is the modulation index of this signal? mithan
mp
Solution: Let mp = max |m(t)|. Then µ = A .
↭ The modulation index should be less than or equal to one to
ensure that the envelope contains complete information of m(t)
(important for envelope detector demodulator).
↭ Envelope of an oscillating signal is a smooth curve outlining its
extremes.
Conventional amplitude modulation
Spectrum
U (f ) = F[Ac amn (t) cos(2ωfc t)] + F[Ac cos(2ωfc t)]
Ac a Ac a
= [Mn (f + fc ) + Mn (f → fc )] + [ϖ(f + fc ) + ϖ(f → fc )].
2 2
Example
↭ Suppose that the modulating signal m(t) is a sinusoid of the
form
m(t) = cos 2ωfm t, fm ↑ fc .
Determine the DSB-AM signal, its upper and lower sidebands,
and its spectrum, assuming a modulation index of a.
DSB AM signal
Uct Ac It a cos 21T fut cos 217ft
A c cos 2 fat Ac a cos 217ft cos 211ft
Ac cos 25ft A cos 21T fc fu t
Acf as 2H tattm t
Example
lower sideband Melt AI cos 2T tata t
upper sideband Unct AI cos 21T fattu t
serum
U f AE S t c 8 the
8 ftfc fur
AI f fettin
S
f Hattu
AI S f fc tm 8
Example
i111 i
117
Power content of DSB-SC signals
↭ Recall: DSB-SC signal
u(t) = m(t)c(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2ωfc t).
↭ The power content of the DSB-SC signal u(t) is
! T /2
1
Pu = lim A2c m2 (t) cos2 (2ωfc t)dt
T →↑ T ↓T /2
! T /2
A2c 1
= lim m2 (t)[1 + cos(4ωfc t)]dt
2 T →↑ T ↓T /2
A2c Pm
=
2
where Pm is the power in the message signal m(t).
Fat tints at
Power content of DSB-SC signals
" T /2
↭ Why limT →↑ T1 ↓T /2 m2 (t) cos(4ωf t)dt ↓ 0?
c
↭ m2 (t) is a slowly varying signal and cos(4ωfc t) is a
high-frequency sinusoid
↭ m2 (t) cos(4ωfc t) is a high-frequency sinusoid with a slowly
varying envelope and hence its integral over one period can be
approximated as 0.
g
References
↭ Chapter 3 of J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Fundamentals of
Communication Systems
↭ Chapter 4 of B. P. Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Digital and
Analog Communication Systems
