VALUESI

NTHEFAMI
LY

WHATI
SAFAMI
LY?

Af
ami
l
yisagr
oupofpeopl
ewhoar
erel
atedei
therbybl
ood,
mar
ri
ageadopt
ion
orassi
mil
ati
on.

BLOOD-i
swhenpeopl
eshar
ecommonpar
ent
s,gr
andpar
ent
sorgr
eat
gr
andpar
ent
se.
gmot
her
,fat
her
,si
ster
s,br
other
scousi
ns,
ni
eces,
nephews,
aunt
s,uncl
eset
c.

MARRI
AGE–whenamanandawomanuni
tel
egal
l
ytobecomeahusbandand
wi
fet
heyuni
teandbecomer
elat
[Link]
fe’
srel
ati
vesal
so
becomer
elat
edt
hrought
hismar
ri
age,
andcal
leachot
heri
n-l
aws.

ADOPTI
ON-Thi
siswhenacour
tofl
awappr
ovest
hataper
soncanbecomepar
t
ofaf
ami
l
ytowhi
chhe/shewasnotbor
[Link]
ampl
eamar
ri
edcoupl
ecan
adoptachi
l
dfr
om anor
phanageandt
hischi
l
dwi
l
lhav
eequalr
ight
sas
bi
ologi
calchi
l
doft
hecoupl
[Link]
soncanbeadopt
edf
rom r
elat
ivesornon-
r
elat
ives.

ASSI
MILATI
ON

Thi
siswhenaf
ami
l
yaccept
sandt
reat
sani
ndi
vi
dualasmemberoft
hei
rfami
l
y
becauset
heper
sonhasl
i
vedwi
thorwor
kedf
ort
hef
ami
l
yforal
ongt
imee.
g.a
her
dmanoramai
d.

DI
FFERENTFAMI
LYSTRUCTURESI
NCONTEMPORARYSOCI
ETY

Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentf
ami
l
yst
ruct
uresi
nthemoder
nsoci
etye.
g.

[Link]
earFami
ly–i
tcompr
isesmot
her
,fat
herandt
hei
rchi
l
drenandonl
y
[Link]
ngl
ePar
entFami
ly–i
smadeupofonepar
ent(
mot
herorf
ather
)wi
thhi
s
herchi
l
drenonl
[Link]
ear
edi
ff
erentr
easonsf
orsi
ngl
epar
ent
,li
ke:

i
.Somepar
ent
schooset
ohav
echi
l
drenbutr
emai
nsi
ngl
e

i
i
.Asar
esul
tof
;di
vor
ce,
deat
hoft
hespouse,
deser
ti
onoft
heot
herspouse

[Link]
ldHeadedFami
ly-
-Thi
siswhenchi
l
drenl
i
veont
hei
rownandt
heol
der
oneact
ingasapar
ent
,taki
ngcar
eofhi
sorhery
oungersi
bli
[Link]
sof
ten
r
esul
tfr
om or
phans-
hoodorchi
l
dabandonment

[Link]
ldl
essf
ami
ly—i
tcompr
isesahusbandandwi
feonl
y,wi
thoutchi
l
dren.A
mar
ri
edcoupl
emaydeci
det
ogowi
thoutchi
l
drenormaybeduet
oinf
ert
il
it
yor
t
hedeat
hofal
lthei
rchi
l
dren.

[Link]
endedFami
ly-
--I
tiswher
eawomanandamanwhobot
hhav
echi
l
dren
f
rom pr
evi
ousr
elat
ionshi
psgetmar
ri
edandl
i
vet
oget
herwi
thchi
l
drenasone
f
ami
l
y.

[Link]
endedFami
ly-
--
Iti
sthef
ami
l
ywi
tht
hel
argestmember
sandconsi
stsof
mot
her
,fat
her
,thei
rchi
l
drenandot
herr
elat
ivessuchasgr
andpar
ent
s,nephews,
cousi
ns,
aunt
s,uncl
esandi
n-l
aws.

THEI
DEALFAMI
LYSTRUCTURESACCORDI
NGTOSOMERELI
GIONS

ATRI
NBOTSWANA

Thei
dealf
ami
l
yint
hisr
eli
gioni
stheEXTENDEDFAMI
LYbecause:

Responsi
bil
i
tiesar
eshar
edamongf
ami
l
ymember
sresul
ti
ngi
nev
erymember
cont
ri
but
ingt
othewel
far
eandsur
viv
aloft
hef
ami
l
y.

Ex
ampl
es:
  Gr
andpar
ent
seducat
echi
l
drenaboutt
henor
ms,
val
uesandcust
omsof
t
hef
ami
l
yandsoci
ety
.Theyt
akecar
eofchi
l
drenwhi
l
ethei
rpar
ent
sar
e
atwor
k.

 Uncl
esandaunt
sactasl
eader
sdur
ingmar
ri
agear
rangement
sand
pr
ovi
decounsel
l
ingt
oni
ecesandnephews.

 Chi
l
drenl
ear
nthehousehol
dchor
esandassi
sti
ncar
ryi
ngt
hem out
,they
al
sol
ear
nthei
rresponsi
bil
i
tyoft
aki
ngcar
eoft
hei
rpar
ent
sandel
der
ly
f
ami
l
ymember
swheni
nthei
rol
dage.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Theybel
i
evet
henucl
earf
ami
l
yist
hebestst
ruct
uret
ost
artaf
ami
l
yandr
aise
chi
l
dreni
n.

I
tisr
egar
dedasi
mpor
tantf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

 TheBi
blet
eachest
hataf
ami
l
yshoul
dbeest
abl
i
shedt
hroughmar
ri
age
bet
[Link]
s2:
24“
---
--amanwi
l
lleav
ehi
s
f
atherandmot
herandbeuni
tedt
ohi
swi
feandt
heywi
l
lbecomeone
f
lesh.
”

 I
tenabl
est
hechi
l
drent
oex
per
iencet
hel
oveandcar
eofbot
hpar
ent
s.

 Thef
ami
l
yisabl
etor
eacht
hepr
inci
pleofl
ove,
fai
rnessandf
orgi
veness
whi
chbr
ingst
hef
ami
l
ytoget
her

 Par
ent
sar
eabl
etodemonst
rat
eunsel
fi
shnessandsel
f-sacr
if
icet
othei
r
chi
l
dren,
andt
opr
ovi
del
ove,
food,
clot
hing,
shel
terandsecur
it
y.

N.
[Link]
thoughChr
ist
iani
tyt
eachest
hatt
henucl
earf
ami
l
yisi
deal
,theydonot
negl
ectt
heex
tendedf
ami
l
yespeci
all
ytheol
d,t
hosewhohav
edi
sabi
l
iti
esort
he
poor
.

BAHA’
IFAI
TH

Theypr
efert
henucl
earf
ami
l
yasi
tisseenaspr
ovi
dingal
ovi
ngenv
ironmentf
or
r
aisi
ngchi
l
dren.I
tlov
esandpeopl
eli
vet
oget
heri
nuni
[Link]
lmember
sar
eabl
e
t
otake par
tin deci
sion maki
ng and shar
ing ofaut
hor
it
y due t
o a smal
l
member
shi
p.

Thef
oll
owi
ngr
olesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesar
eshar
edbet
weenmember
s:

 Thef
atheri
sresponsi
blef
orf
inanci
almat
ter
sandt
hechi
l
dren’
srel
i
gious
andspi
ri
tualeducat
ion

 Themot
hert
eacheschi
l
drengoodmor
alsandchar
act
eraswel
las
cr
eat
esahappyandl
ovi
ngat
mospher
eathome.

 Chi
l
drenmustat
tendschoolandat
tai
ngoodeducat
ionaswel
lashel
p
wi
tht
hehousehol
dchor
es.

I
SLAM

Thei
ridealf
ami
l
yst
ruct
urei
stheext
endedf
ami
l
y,becausei
tpr
ovi
desst
abi
l
ity
,
uni
ty,
mat
eri
alandemot
ionalsuppor
tespeci
all
yint
imesofneed.

Theol
d,t
heneedyandor
phanedchi
l
drenar
ecar
edf
or.

Mosl
em chi
l
drenar
etaughtt
otr
eatt
hei
rpar
ent
swi
tht
oler
anceand
under
standi
ngast
heyar
eex
pect
edt
ocar
efort
hei
rpar
ent
sast
heyappr
oach
t
heendoft
hei
rli
vesandt
onur
set
hem saf
elyi
nthenex
tli
fe.

FAMI
LYVALUES

VALUES
Val
uesar
eideas,
bel
i
efsandt
hingst
hatar
econsi
der
edi
mpor
tantt
oan
i
ndi
vi
dualoragr
oupofpeopl
e.

FAMI
LYVALUES

Fami
l
yVal
uesar
ebel
i
efsandi
deaswhi
chaf
ami
l
yconsi
deri
mpor
tant
.They
gui
det
heupbr
ingi
ngandbehav
iouroff
ami
l
ymember
[Link]
ami
l
yval
uesdi
ff
er
f
rom onef
ami
l
ytot
heot
her
.

HOW FAMI
LYVALUESGUI
DEFAMI
LYLI
FEI
NDI
FFERENTRELI
GIONS

BAHA’
IFAI
TH

Theyv
alueuni
ty,Educat
ionandhonest
y.

UNI
TY

Fami
l
ymember
sar
eencour
agedt
obeuni
[Link]
sisder
ivedf
rom Baha’
u’
ll
ah’
s
sonsay
ing,
‘’
Thei
njur
yofonei
sthei
njur
yofal
l
;thecomf
ortofeach,
thecomf
ort
f
oral
l
;thehonourofone,
thehonourofal
l
.’
’

I
tisshownt
hrough:

 Car
ingaboutot
her
sint
hef
ami
l
y

 Tol
erat
ingot
herf
ami
l
ymember
swhoar
enon\
Baha’
i
’s.

 Shar
ingwi
thot
herf
ami
l
ymember
s

 For
giv
ingandr
econci
l
ingwi
thot
her
sint
hef
ami
l
y.

 Wel
comi
ngot
herf
ami
l
ymember
swhoar
enon-
Baha’
i
stof
est
ivaland
 cel
ebr
ati
onssuchasNawRuz

EDUCATI
ON

Baha’
u’
ll
ahpl
acedgr
eati
mpor
tanceoneducat
ionandsai
dev
ery
oneshoul
d
r
ecei
vei
t.

I
tisi
mpor
tantasi
t:

 Enabl
esal
ltor
eadt
hesacr
edwr
it
ingandt
osear
chf
ort
het
rut
hwi
thout
dependi
ngonot
herpeopl
e.

 Pr
ovi
desski
l
lst
hatgi
vet
heski
l
lst
oear
nal
i
ving.

 I
tpr
ovi
desspi
ri
tualeducat
ionwhi
cht
eachesv
aluesandmor
alswhi
ch
gui
def
ami
l
ymember
sfort
her
estofl
i
ves.

HONESTY

Thi
scanbeshownt
hrough:

 Bei
ngsi
ncer
einwhatt
heydo.E.
g.t
heyshoul
dcheatpeopl
eoft
hei
rhar
d
ear
nedmoneywhent
heyr
unabusi
ness.

 Tel
l
ingt
het
rut
hatal
lti
mesandnev
ergi
vi
ngf
alseev
idence

I
SLAM

Fami
l
yval
uest
hatgui
del
i
fei
nIsl
am i
ncl
ude:

FAI
THFULNESS

I
tisemphasi
sedi
nmar
ri
[Link]
vesshoul
dnothav
eex
tramar
it
al
af
fai
rsorcommi
tadul
ter
y.I
tleadst
otr
ustandl
ovei
naf
ami
l
y.
Fai
thf
ulnessmayhel
pint
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Husbandandwi
femaynothav
emar
it
alaf
fai
rs.

 Ther
emi
ghtbel
essconf
li
ctsanddi
vor
cei
nfai
thf
ulmar
ri
ages.

 Par
ent
ssetamor
all
yex
ampl
eofhowmar
ri
ageandf
ami
l
yshoul
dbe.

CHARI
TY

Musl
i
msl
ear
ntogi
vewi
l
li
ngl
ytot
heneedyandt
heunderpr
ivi
l
[Link]
sis
t
aughtt
hrought
hepi
l
larofZAKAT/ALMSGI
VING.I
tgui
dest
hef
ami
l
yto:

 Gi
vet
hebasi
ctot
heneedy

 Shar
ewhatt
heyhav
ewi
tht
hepoorandt
hosei
nneed.

 Showcompassi
ont
otheneedyandt
hepoor

RESPECT

Musl
i
msar
etaughtt
orespect t
hemsel
vesandot
her
spar
ti
cul
arl
yrespectf
or
t
heel
der
sint
hef
ami
l
y.

I
thasgui
dedf
ami
l
ymember
sint
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 Nott
ocal
lthei
rpar
ent
sbyt
hei
rfi
rstnames,
thi
sisanof
fenseand
chi
l
drencanbepuni
shedf
ort
hat
.

 Todr
essmodest
[Link]
sisasi
gnofsel
f-
respect
.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Thef
ami
l
yval
uest
hatgui
det
hem i
ncl
ude:
DI
SCI
PLI
NE

Thi
smeansor
der
li
nessandsel
f-
cont
rol
.Ithel
psav
oidconf
li
ctsandmai
ntai
n
goodr
elat
ionshi
[Link]
esandr
egul
ati
onsshoul
dbeseti
nrunni
ngt
hef
ami
l
y.
TheBi
blesay
s‘’
Hewhol
oveshi
ssoni
scar
efult
odi
sci
pli
nehi
m’.
’
(Pr
over
bs
22:
15)

 I
tgui
desmember
stobehav
einar
ightway

HONESTY

Thi
sist
heactoft
ell
i
ngt
het
rut
handbei
ngsi
ncer
e,t
rust
wor
thyf
airandgenui
ne
.
Itcanhel
pthef
ami
l
yint
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 I
tcanhel
ppeopl
erel
atewel
landl
i
vei
npeaceandhar
mony
.

 Honest
ycanhel
pbui
l
dtr
ustamongstmember
sofaf
ami
l
y.

 Pr
obl
emscanbesol
vedeasi
l
ywi
thi
nthef
ami
l
ywhenmember
soft
he
f
ami
l
yar
ehonestwi
theachanot
her
.

FORGI
VENESS

I
tiswhensomeonewhohasbeenhur
tletgooft
hehur
tandr
esent
ment
.The
v
alueoff
orgi
venesscanhel
pgui
def
ami
l
yli
fei
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 I
tcanhel
ppeopl
eli
vewi
theachot
heraf
terhur
ti
ngeachot
her
.
For
giv
enesscanbr
ingabouthope,
grat
it
udeandj
oyi
none’
sli
fe.

 I
tpr
omot
espeacebecausef
orgi
venessset
sonef
reef
rom keepi
ng
gr
udgesbi
tt
erness,
anger
,andr
esent
ment
.
  I
tal
l
owscompassi
onandki
ndnesst
ocomei
nthef
ami
l
y

 I
tbr
eakst
hecy
cleofpai
nandbl
ame.I
theal
sthemi
ndandt
hesoul
.

KI
NDNESS

Thi
sist
heactofbei
ngwar
m hear
ted,
tender
,consi
der
ateandhel
pful.
Aki
nd
per
sonshowsl
ove anduseski
ndwor
dst
oot
her
s.

I
thel
psi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 Hel
pfami
l
ymember
stoshowl
oveandwor
kwel
lwi
theachot
her

 Member
soft
hef
ami
l
ycanshar
eeachot
her
’sbur
densandbepassi
onat
e
wi
thoneanot
her

 Encour
agescar
e,gent
lenessandwar
mnesst
owar
dsot
her
s

PATI
ENCE

Pat
iencei
stheabi
l
ityt
otol
erat
edel
ay,
prov
ocat
ionanddealwi
thpr
obl
ems
cal
mlywi
thoutcompl
aini
ngorbecomi
ngannoy
edorangr
y.

I
tcanbeshownt
hrough:

 Notbecomi
ngangr
yeasi
l
y.

 Tol
erat
ingot
hermember
soft
hef
ami
l
y.

 Respondi
ngt
osi
tuat
ionscal
mly
.

LOVE

Chr
ist
iansar
etaughtt
ohav
euncondi
ti
onall
ovef
oral
lfami
l
ymember
s.
 I
tisshownt
hrough:

 Vi
sit
ingt
hesi
ckr
elat
ivesi
nhospi
tal
sandi
npr
[Link]
ayi
ngf
ort
hem
andgi
vi
ngt
hem f
oodandot
herneedswhi
chhel
pthem r
ecov
er.

 Taki
ngcar
eoft
hef
ami
l
ymember
swhoar
eol
dandt
hosewhohav
e
di
sabi
l
iti
es.

 Counsel
l
ingpeopl
ewhoar
esi
[Link]
ampl
e,counsel
l
ingpeopl
eli
vi
ng
wi
thHI
VandAI
DSt
ohel
pthem acceptt
hei
rst
atusandl
i
veposi
ti
vel
y.

THEI
MPACTOFRELI
GIONONFAMI
LYCOHERENCE

Whati
sfami
l
ycoher
ence?

Fami
l
ycoher
encei
sast
atewher
emember
soft
hef
ami
l
yar
euni
[Link]
k
t
oget
heri
nhar
monyandr
especteachot
her
’sr
ight
[Link]
oveandcar
eforeach
ot
her
.Theyhav
est
rongandi
nter
per
sonalr
elat
ionshi
psandst
rongbondsasa
f
ami
l
y.

Fact
orst
hathel
pbr
ingf
ami
l
ycoher
ence:

 Shar
ingofv
aluesi
nthef
ami
l
y,whi
chuni
tet
hef
ami
l
yasi
tst
ri
vesf
or
commongoal
s
 Fami
l
ieshel
poneanot
herandcomet
oget
herdur
ingspeci
aloccasi
ons
suchweddi
ngsandf
uner
als,
att
imesmoneyar
econt
ri
but
ed.
 Fami
l
iesof
ferorpr
ovi
deemot
ionalsuppor
t,especi
all
ywhenamemberi
s
i
l
lorsi
ck.
 Fami
l
iesr
arel
yhav
econf
li
cts,
andi
ftheseoccurt
heyar
eresol
ved
peacef
ull
y.
  Theposi
ti
vei
mpactofr
eli
giononf
ami
l
yonf
ami
l
ycoher
ence

 Rel
i
giont
eachesv
aluessuchasr
espectandcooper
ati
ont
othei
r
f
oll
ower
sandf
ami
l
iesadher
etot
heseandt
husuni
tyi
spr
omot
ed.I
fther
e
i
suni
tyt
hent
her
eisl
essl
i
kel
ytobeconf
li
[Link]
monywoul
d
bepr
omot
ed.
 Rel
i
gioust
eachi
ngsencour
agef
orgi
veness.I
fmember
sfor
giv
eeach
ot
her
,thenr
econci
l
iat
ionandpeacear
epr
omot
ed,
andt
hef
ami
l
yremai
ns
i
npeace.
 Rel
i
gioni
nst
il
sasenseofr
ightorwr
ongi
npeopl
ethr
oughr
eli
giousmor
al
codesofconductandv
[Link]
ami
l
ywhi
chbel
ongst
othesamer
eli
gion
andwhosev
aluesar
einf
luencedbyt
her
eli
gionar
eli
kel
ytohav
eshar
ed
v
aluesandt
heyr
emai
ntoget
heranduni
ted.
 Rel
i
giousr
it
ual
sandf
est
ival
sbr
ingf
ami
l
iest
oget
her
.Fami
l
ymember
s
of
tenmeetdur
ingcer
tai
nri
tual
ssuchaspi
l
gri
mages,
mant
shoangwana,
pr
ayerandf
uner
[Link]
l
iescanal
socomet
oget
herdur
ingcer
tai
n
f
est
ival
ssuchChr
ist
mas,
Dikgaf
elaandEi
d-Ul
-Fi
tr
,andal
soonspeci
al
occasi
onssuchasweddi
ngsandf
uner
als.

Thenegat
ivei
mpactofr
eli
giononf
ami
lycoher
ence

*
Rel
i
gious i
ntol
erance:I
fmember
s oft
he same f
ami
l
ybel
ong t
o di
ff
erent
r
eli
gions,t
her
emaybei
ntol
erance,aseachf
ami
l
ymembermi
ghtseehi
sorher
r
eli
gionast
het
ruef
ait
handmaynotacceptot
herf
ami
l
ymember
s’v
aluesand
bel
i
[Link]
scanbr
ingconf
li
ctsanddi
vi
sions.

*
Rel
i
gioust
eachi
ngs:Rel
i
gionshav
edi
ff
erentt
eachi
ngswhi
chmaybr
ingdi
vi
sion
amongf
ami
l
ymember
swhobel
ongt
odi
ff
erentr
eli
[Link]
esome
r
eli
gionsl
i
ke Chr
ist
iani
tyt
each t
hatsal
vat
ion can onl
ybe at
tai
ned t
hrough
f
oll
owi
ngt
het
eachi
ngsofJesusChr
ist
.Somemember
swhodonotbel
ongt
o
Chr
ist
iani
tymayf
eelot
her
wise.
RELI
GIONANDSEXUALI
TY

Sexual
it
ymeanshowpeopl
eexper
ienceandexpr
esst
hemsel
vesassexual
bei
ngs.
Sex
ual
i
tyi
ncl
udessex
ualact
ivi
ti
es,
genderi
dent
it
iesandr
oles,
sex
ualor
ient
ati
on,
aper
son’
ssex
ualbehav
iour
s,t
endenci
esandr
elat
ions.

One’
ssex
ual
i
tyi
sshapedbyt
hev
aluesandt
eachi
ngst
hatheorshel
ear
nsasa
chi
l
dandasay
oungper
son,aswel
lasot
heri
nfl
uencessuchasmedi
a,soci
ety
andr
eli
gion.

TEACHI
NGSONPOSI
TIVESEXUALRELATI
OSHI
PSI
NSOMERELI
GIONS

Asex
ualr
elat
ionshi
pinv
olv
espeopl
ewhor
egul
arl
yengagei
nsex
ualact
swi
th
eachot
hersuchassex
uali
nter
cour
se,
kissi
ngandf
ondl
i
ngi
nor
dert
osat
isf
y
t
hei
rsex
ualneeds.

Somer
eli
gionshav
eteachi
ngsonposi
ti
vesex
ualr
elat
ionshi
ps.

Af
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
igi
on

Peopl
ear
etaughtt
ohav
eposi
ti
vesex
ualr
elat
ionshi
psi
nmar
ri
[Link]
imes
t
hisi
sdonedur
ingt
her
it
ualwher
ethehusbandorwi
fei
staughthow t
otake
car
eofhi
sorherhusband,wi
feandf
ami
l
ydur
ingmar
ri
ager
it
ual(
ari
tualofgo
l
aya)
.Bot
h husbands and wi
ves ar
etaught how t
hey can sust
aint
hei
r
r
elat
ionshi
ps.
Someoft
hei
rteachi
ngsi
ncl
ude;

RELI
GION TEACHI
NGS
Af
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onal Car
ingDut
ies:Awi
feshoul
dwor
khar
dandt
akecar
e
Rel
igi
on ofherhusband,
chi
l
drenandi
n–l
[Link]
d
t
akecar
eofhousehol
dchor
essuchascooki
ng,
cl
eani
ngandwashi
ng.
*
Ahusbandi
staughtt
hathei
sthepr
ovi
derf
oral
lthe
basi
cneedsofhi
sfami
l
ysuchasf
ood,
shel
terand
cl
othi
ng.
*
Bei
ngl
ovi
ngandpr
otect
ive:Ahusbandi
sex
pect
ed
t
olov
eandpr
otecthi
sfami
l
y.
*
Bei
ngl
oyal
:Awomant
aughtt
obel
oyalt
oher
husbandatal
lti
mesandt
ogi
veconj
ugalr
ight
sany
t
imehewi
shes.
CHRI
STI
ANI
TY:Sex
ual *
Fai
thf
ulness-
Mar
ri
edpeopl
eshoul
dbef
ait
hfult
o
r
elat
ionsshoul
donl
ytake eachot
her
.
pl
acewi
thi
nthemar
ri
age *
Monogamy
-Chr
ist
iansshoul
dmar
ryonl
yone
andi
tshoul
dbe par
tner
.
monogamous *
Bei
ngl
ovi
ngandcar
ing-
Husbandsar
etaughtt
olov
e
andt
akecar
eoft
hei
rwi
ves.
*
Conj
ugalr
ight
s-Mar
ri
edpeopl
ear
etaughtt
ogi
ve
eachot
herconj
ugalr
ight
[Link]
ert
her
eshoul
dbe
consentf
rom bot
hpar
ti
es
I
SLAM:Accor
dingt
o *
Fai
thf
ulness:Husbandsandwi
vesshoul
dbef
ait
hful
I
slam,
sexasanat
ural t
oeachot
her
.InI
slam amanmaymar
ryupt
ofour
gi
ftf
rom Al
l
ahand wi
ves,
buthei
sex
pect
edt
obef
ait
hfult
ohi
swi
ves.
shoul
donl
ytakepl
ace Hecannothav
eanyot
hersex
ualr
elat
ionshi
psex
cept
wi
thi
nmar
ri
age.
Itshoul
d wi
thhi
swi
[Link]
veshav
etor
emai
nfai
thf
ult
othei
r
bedonef
orphy
sical [Link]
ait
hful
nessi
susual
l
yapuni
shabl
e
sat
isf
act
ionandf
or of
fense.
pr
ocr
eat
ion. *
Bei
ngl
ovi
ngandcar
ing:Husbandsar
etaughtand
ex
pect
edt
olov
eandcar
efort
hei
rwi
ves.
*
Showi
ngr
espectandobedi
ence-
Mar
ri
edpeopl
e
shoul
drespectandobeyeachot
her
.
*
Conj
ugalr
ight
s:Mar
ri
edpeopl
ear
etaughtt
ogi
ve
eachconj
ugalr
ight
sbutwi
theachot
her
‘sconsent
.
*
Modestdr
ess:Husbandsandwi
vesar
eex
pect
edt
o
dr
essmodest
[Link]
etowearl
oosecl
othi
ng,
whi
chcov
erst
hei
rwhol
[Link]
eto
keept
her
estoft
hei
rbodi
escov
eredex
ceptt
he
handsandf
acewhenwal
ki
ngi
npubl
i
cAr
[Link]
ng
soi
sbel
i
evedt
ohel
pav
oidt
empt
ati
oni
nbot
hsex
es.

UNACCEPTABLESEXUALBEHAVI
OURACCORDI
NGTOSOMERELI
GIONS

Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nsex
ual
behav
iour
swhi
char
econsi
der
edunaccept
abl
ein
di
ff
erentr
eli
gions.

AFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALRELI
GION
Unaccept
abl
esexualbehavi
our Whyi
tisunaccept
abl
e
Pr
e-mar
it
alsex Thi
sishav
ingsexbef
oremar
ri
age
.
Hav
ingasexualr
elat
ionshi
pis
v
iewedassacr
ed:t
her
efor
eiti
s
bel
i
evedt
hatsexshoul
donl
ytake
pl
acewi
thi
nmar
ri
age.
Hav
ingsex
bef
oremar
ri
agei
svi
ewedasv
iol
ati
ng
i
tssacr
edness.
Pr
omi
scui
ty Hav
ingmul
ti
plepar
tner
sisa
behav
iourwhi
chi
snotaccept
ed,
par
ti
cul
arl
yfr
om women.A
pr
omi
scuouswomanbr
ingsshamet
o
herpar
ent
sandi
tishi
ghl
yli
kel
yshe
woul
dnotbemar
ri
[Link]
shoul
dbeav
irgi
nunt
ilsheget
s
mar
ri
age.
Homosex
ual
i
ty Hav
ingsex
ualr
elat
ionshi
pswi
th
someoneoft
hesamesexi
sseenas
anabomi
nat
iont
otheancest
orsand
t
omodi
moandt
heancest
[Link]
s
i
ntendedf
orhav
ingchi
l
drenandt
his
cannothappeni
nahomosexual
r
elat
ionshi
p.
Rape Rapei
stheuseoff
orcet
ohav
esex
wi
thanot
herper
sonwi
thouthi
sorher
consent
.Thi
siswr
ongasi
tvi
olat
es
one’
sri
ght.
Sexshoul
dbedone
t
houghconsent
.
I
ncest I
ncesti
ssexbet
weenpeopl
ewhoar
e
cl
osel
yrel
atedbybl
ood,
forex
ampl
e
 bet
weenabr
otherandsi
sterora
f
atherandadaught
[Link]
sbehav
iour
i
sconsi
der
edat
[Link]
imesbabi
es
bor
noutofsuchr
elat
ionshi
psar
e
bor
nwi
thdef
ormi
ti
es.
Best
ial
i
ty Thi
siswhenaper
sonengagesi
nsex
wi
thanani
mal
,usual
l
yani
mal
sli
ke
goat
s,dogs,
cowsanddonkey
s.I
tis
unnat
uralasani
mal
scannotgi
ve
consent
.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Unaccept
abl
esexualbehavi
our Whyi
tisunaccept
abl
e
Pr
e-mar
it
alsex Thi
sist
heactofhav
ingsexbef
ore
mar
ri
age.I
tisunaccept
abl
ebecause
i
tisagai
nstt
het
eachi
ngsoft
heBi
ble
Adul
ter
y TheBi
blei
sagai
nstadul
ter
[Link]
booksofEx
odus20:
14andMat
thew
5:
27-
31t
eacht
hatadul
ter
yis
unaccept
abl
ebecausei
tgoesagai
nst
f
ait
hful
nesswhi
chshoul
dpr
evai
l
bet
weenamar
ri
edmanandamar
ri
ed
woman.
Pr
ost
it
uti
on Thi
sist
heactofhav
ingsexi
n
ex
changeofpay
ment
.Pr
ost
it
uti
oni
s
unaccept
abl
ebecauseChr
ist
ians
bel
i
evet
hatt
hei
rbodi
esar
ethe
t
empl
esofGodandshoul
dnotbe
def
iedt
hroughi
mmor
alact
s.
Homosex
ual
i
ty Thi
siswhenaper
soni
sat
tr
act
edt
o
anot
herper
sonoft
hesamesex
.The
Bi
blei
sagai
nsthomosexual
i
tyand
v
iewsi
tassi
nful
.

I
SLAM

Unaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour Whyi
tisunaccept
abl
e
Pr
e-mar
it
alsex Musl
i
msar
enotal
l
owedt
ohav
esex
bef
oremar
ri
agebecauset
heQur
’an
st
atest
hatsexshoul
donl
ytakepl
ace
wi
thi
nmar
ri
age.
Adul
ter
y Thi
sbehav
iouri
snotaccept
edi
n
I
slam becausei
tvi
olat
est
he
sacr
ednessofsexwhi
chshoul
donl
y
t
akepl
acewi
thi
nmar
ri
[Link]
e
caughtv
iol
ati
ngt
hisar
epuni
shed
accor
dingt
otheShar
iaLaw.
Cel
i
bacy Thi
siswhenonechoosesnott
o
mar
ryornott
ohav
esexf
orr
estofhi
s
orherl
i
fe.I
nIsl
am i
tisdi
scour
aged
becauseMusl
i
msr
egar
dsexas
pl
easur
abl
eandagi
ftf
rom Al
l
[Link]
Hadi
thsat
est
hatpeopl
eshoul
dget
mar
ri
edandenj
oysex
.
Mast
urbat
ion Thi
siswhenaper
sonr
ubshi
sorher
geni
tal
ssoast
ogetsexualpl
easur
e.
Thi
sacti
sunaccept
abl
einI
slam.
Musl
i
msar
edi
scour
agedf
rom
mast
urbat
ingandencour
agedt
ofast
i
nor
dert
oav
oidsuchbehav
iour
.
Homosex
ual
i
ty Musl
i
msar
etaughtt
hatr
elat
ionshi
ps
t
hati
nvol
vepeopl
eofsamesexi
s
har
am orf
orbi
dden.I
tisapr
act
ice
t
hati
ssev
erel
ypuni
shed.
Hav
ingsexwi
thawomandur
ingher I
tisunaccept
abl
eforsext
otake
menses pl
acewhenawomani
shav
ingher
mont
hlyper
iod(
menst
ruat
ion)
becausei
nIsl
am,
suchki
ndofwoman
i
sconsi
der
eduncl
eanf
ort
hatper
iod.

HOW RELI
GIONSHELPREDUCEUNACCEPTABLESEXUALBEHAVI
OURS

Rel
i
gionspl
ayav
eryi
mpor
tantr
olei
nreduci
ngunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iouri
n
t
hecommuni
ty.
Rel
i
giousr
ulesonsex
ualconductorbehav
iourwhenf
oll
owed
canhel
preduceunaccept
abl
ebehav
iour
.

Af
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
gion:cer
tai
nsex
ualbehav
iour
sar
efor
mal
l
ytaughtt
o
i
ndi
vi
dual
stohel
preduceunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
[Link]
omsand
t
radi
ti
onsar
eusedt
odi
ctat
eaccept
abl
eandunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
:

 Soci
ali
zi
ngofboy
sandgi
rl
swher
etheydi
spl
ayaf
fect
ionf
oreachot
heri
n
publ
i
cisunaccept
abl
e
 Boy
sandgi
rl
sar
enotex
pect
edt
ohav
esexbef
oremar
ri
age.
Gir
lsar
e
di
scour
agedt
ohav
echi
l
drenout
sidewedl
[Link]
ingachi
l
doutof
wedl
ockr
educesone’
schancesofmar
it
albl
i
ss.
 Sex
ualr
elat
ionsshoul
dbebet
weenpeopl
eofopposi
tesex
.Sex
ual
r
elat
ionsbet
weenpeopl
eoft
hesamesexar
edi
scour
aged.
 Sex
ualr
elat
ionswi
thacl
oser
elat
ivear
eseenast
aboo,
andchi
l
drenbor
n
f
rom t
heser
elat
ionsmaybebor
nwi
thdef
ormi
ti
es.
 Daught
ersar
etr
ainedf
ormar
ri
aget
obegoodwi
ves,
nur
tur
ingmot
her
s
 anddaught
eri
nlaw.
 Pr
over
bsandi
diomsar
eusedi
nconv
ersat
ionst
ohel
pdemonst
rat
e
desi
redsex
ualbehav
iour
s,qual
i
tiesandchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY
MostChr
ist
iandenomi
nat
ionst
eachchi
l
drenf
rom av
eryy
oungage,
the
i
mpor
tanceofkeepi
ngt
hemsel
vespur
e.

Teachi
ngs:Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nteachi
ngsf
rom Bi
blewhi
cht
eachpeopl
eto
pr
act
iceaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
sanddi
scour
aget
hem f
rom unaccept
abl
e
behav
iour
[Link]
ampl
e,Hebr
ew13:
4say
s:Honoury
ourmar
ri
ageandr
emai
n
f
ait
hfult
oanot
heri
nmar
ri
[Link]
steachi
ngdi
scour
agesadul
ter
yand
encour
agesf
ait
hful
nessi
nmar
ri
age.
Ot
hert
eachi
ngsi
nChr
ist
iani
tyi
nvol
ve:
 St
ayi
ngawayf
rom por
nogr
aphy
.Chr
ist
iansar
etaughtnott
owat
ch,
read
orl
i
stent
oany
thi
ngt
hatcanar
ouset
hei
rfeel
i
ngs
 Av
oidl
ust
fult
hought
sandsay
ingwor
dst
hatcoul
dar
ousesex
ual
emot
ions
 Dr
essi
ngmodest
lyandav
oidi
ngdr
essi
ngi
nsuchawayt
hatcoul
dar
ouse
sex
ualf
eel
i
ngs

Chr
ist
ianVal
ues
Thesear
eusedt
odi
scour
ageunaccept
abl
ebehav
iour
sbutencour
age
accept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
s:

 Abst
inence-
Thi
siswhenonedoesnotgeti
nvol
vedi
nsex
ualr
elat
ionshi
ps
bef
oremar
ri
[Link]
inenceasav
aluecanhel
preduceunaccept
abl
e
sex
ualbehav
iour
.
 Fai
thf
ulness-
Iti
swhenoneadher
esf
ir
mlyanddev
otedl
ytosomet
hingor
[Link]
aluei
tcanhel
preduceunaccept
abl
esexualbehav
iourby
encour
agi
ngsex
ualr
elat
ionshi
pswi
thonl
yonespouse.
  Pur
it
y-I
tisast
ateofbei
ngf
reef
rom har
mful
,ev
ilandi
mmor
alt
hought
s
andact
ions.I
nChr
ist
iani
tysexualpur
it
yisav
alue.I
tinv
olv
esabst
aini
ng
f
rom al
lsex
ualact
ivi
ti
es,
pract
ices,
thoughtanddesi
resconsi
der
ed
i
mmor
al,
impr
operorunl
awf
ul.I
fpeopl
est
aysex
ual
l
ypur
ethent
her
ewi
l
l
benounaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
.

I
SLAM
Thesear
eway
sthatcanbeusedt
ohel
preduceunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
s
i
nIsl
am.

Teachi
ngs:Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nteachi
ngsi
nIsl
am t
hatcanhel
preducesex
ual
behav
iour
s:
 Musl
i
msar
etaughtnott
obeal
onewi
thanunr
elat
edmemberoft
he
opposi
tesex
,whet
herathome,
school
,wor
korschoolorout
sidei
na
secl
udedar
[Link]
ophetMuhammadsai
d,whenamanandawomansi
t
t
oget
her
,Sat
ani
sthet
hir
dpar
ty.
 I
slam t
eachesi
tsf
oll
ower
sthatsex
ualr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenmal
esand
f
emal
esshoul
donl
ytakepl
acewi
thi
nmar
ri
[Link]
sidemar
ri
agei
s
t
otal
l
yfor
bidden.
 Musl
i
m womenandgi
rl
sar
etaughtaboutt
hedanger
soft
rav
eli
ngal
one
i
npubl
i
[Link]
sincl
udeget
ti
ngi
nvol
vedi
nunaccept
abl
esex
ual
behav
iourori
nawor
stcasescenar
io,
bei
ngr
aped.

PROHI
BITI
ONOFCERTAI
NPRACTI
CES

Musl
i
msbel
i
evesomepr
act
icescanl
eadt
ounaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
sand
ar
enotal
l
owed.

 Mi
xi
ngf
reel
ywi
thmember
soft
heopposi
tesexi
snotal
l
owedasi
tcoul
d
l
eadt
ounaccept
abl
etempt
ati
[Link]
sincl
udessex
ualbehav
ioursuchas
r
ape,
adul
ter
yandf
orni
cat
ion.
  Adul
ter
yisnotal
l
owed.
Isl
am v
iewsadul
ter
yasav
eryser
iouscr
ime
becausei
tunder
minest
hev
eryf
oundat
ionoft
hef
ami
l
ysy
stem upon
whi
cht
hewhol
est
ruct
ureoft
hesoci
etyi
sbui
l
t.
 Phy
sicalcont
actbet
weenunr
elat
edmember
soft
heopposi
tesexi
snot
al
l
owedi
nIsl
am .
Condi
ti
onst
hatmayl
eadt
osexoutofmar
ri
agesuchas
shaki
nghands,
huggi
ng,
kissi
ngandadmi
ri
ngt
heopposi
tesexi
s
f
orbi
dden.

Ef
fect
ivenessofRel
igi
ousI
nfl
uenceonCur
bingUnaccept
abl
eSexualBehavi
our
i
nSoci
ety.

Mostwor
ldr
eli
gionsdi
scour
ageunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
s,f
orexampl
e;
pr
e-mar
it
alsex
,homosex
ual
i
ty,adul
ter
yandpr
ost
it
uti
[Link]
ff
erentr
eli
gionsdo
hav
edi
ff
erentway
s(t
eachi
ngsandpr
act
ices)t
heyusei
nthei
rrel
i
gionst
ohel
p
r
educe unaccept
abl
e sex
ualbehav
iour
sint
he soci
ety
.Int
his way
,itcan
t
her
efor
ebesai
dthatt
heposi
ti
vei
nfl
uencet
hatr
eli
gioni
mpactonf
oll
ower
scan
ef
fect
ivel
yhel
ptost
opt
heunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
sinsoci
ety
.

Ont
heot
herhand,somer
eli
gionsdonotsayany
thi
ngabouthowt
hei
rfol
l
ower
s
shoul
dsex
ual
l
yconductt
hemsel
vesandt
hiscancont
ri
but
etot
hei
ncr
easeof
unaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
sint
hesoci
ety
.Somer
eli
giousl
eader
sar
enot
goodr
olemodel
[Link]
act
icewhatt
heypr
eachandf
oll
ower
swoul
d
notconsi
dert
hei
rteachi
ngsser
iouse.
[Link]
ri
edpast
ormayhav
esex
ual
r
elat
ionshi
pswi
thot
herwomen.

Ef
fect
sofUnaccept
abl
eSexualBehavi
ouri
nSoci
ety.

Di
ff
erentunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
sinsoci
etyhav
edi
ff
erentef
fect
[Link]
ow
ar
eex
ampl
esofsomeunaccept
abl
ebehav
iourandt
hei
ref
fect
sinsoci
ety
.

UNACCEPTABLE SEXUAL EFFECTSI

NSOCI
ETY
BEHAVI
OUR
Adul
ter
y Conf
li
ctsi
nthef
ami
l
y,l
ossoft
rust
bet
weencoupl
es,di
vor
ce,spr
eadof
STI
s and may ev
en af
fectchi
l
dren
emot
ional
l
y.
For
nicat
ionandPr
omi
scui
ty Unpl
anned pr
egnanci
es, abor
ti
on,
i
ncr
easeofsi
ngl
epar
entf
ami
l
iesand
spr
eadofSTI
s.
Por
nogr
aphy Di
stor
tspeopl
e’
svi
ewsonsex
,peopl
e
canbecomeaddi
ctedt
osex
,sex
ual
of
fencese.
g.r
apeandi
tcanr
educe
pr
oduct
ivi
tyatt
hewor
kpl
ace.
Rape Cr
eat
esf
ear
,lackoft
rust
,spr
eadof
STI
s, unwant
ed pr
egnanci
es and
abor
ti
[Link]
ound gui
l
tywi
l
lbe
sentt
ojai
l
.
Homosex
ual
i
ty Lower
sbi
rt
hrat
[Link]
ual
sface
r
eject
ioni
nmostsoci
eti
es.

TheBenef
it
sofAccept
abl
eSexualBehavi
our
.

Accept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
scanbenef
itbot
hthei
ndi
vi
dualandt
hesoci
ety
.
1.I
ndi
vidualBenef
it
sincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Heal
th:chancesofspr
eadi
ngSTI
sar
[Link]
l
lbef
reef
rom
sex
ual
l
yact
ivewor
ri
essuchasunpl
annedpr
egnanci
es.

 Respect
:when onef
ocuseson hi
s/herpr
ior
it
iesand notengagesi
n
sex
ualr
elat
ionshi
ps,
theper
songai
nssel
f-
respect
.

 St
abl
erel
ati
onshi
ps:t
hequal
i
tyofone’
srel
ati
onshi
pisi
mpr
[Link]
ual
 i
nfect
ions can be pr
event
ed and peopl
e can enj
oy sex i
n a st
abl
e
r
elat
ionshi
p.

[Link]
alBenef
it
sincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Heal
th:chancesofspr
eadi
ngSTI
sar
ereduced.

 ReducedCr
ime:cr
imescausedbyunaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iour
scanbe
r
educede.
[Link]
onki
l
li
[Link]
ti
onandchi
l
dabandonmentwi
l
lal
sobe
r
educed.

 LowerDi
vor
ceRat
e:t
her
ewoul
dbest
abl
emar
ri
agesandf
ami
l
iesi
nthe
soci
ety
.

 Fi
nances:mor
e money i
s spenti
fone has mor
ethan one par
tner
.
Medi
cat
ionandt
reat
mentofi
l
lnessescausedbyunaccept
abl
esex
ual
behav
iour
sar
ecost
ly.

GLOBALI
SSUES
BUSI
NESSETHI
CS

 Et
hics:i
nvol
veknowi
ngwhati
smor
all
yri
ghtorwr
ongandt
hendoi
ngt
he
r
ightt
hing.

 Ar
emor
alpr
inci
plest
hatcont
rolori
nfl
uenceaper
son’
sbehav
iour
?

Busi
nessEt
hics:ar
ewr
it
tenorunwr
it
tenpr
inci
plesorcodesofconductt
hat
gui
det
hedeci
sionsandact
ionsofabusi
nessandar
ebasedonmor
alv
alues.
Thi
shel
pst
hebusi
nesst
odowhati
smor
all
yri
ghtwhent
heyconductt
hei
r
busi
nessact
ivi
ti
esusi
ngsuchv
aluesashonest
y,t
rust
,conf
ident
ial
i
ty,f
air
ness
andequal
i
ty.

ATTI
TUDESOFDI
FFERENTRELI
GIONSTOWARDSMATERI
ALPROSPERI
TY

Mat
eri
alpr
osper
it
y:i
stheweal
tht
hatonehasaccumul
atedoracqui
red.I
tist
he
st
ateofbei
ngsuccessf
uli
nfi
nance,
busi
nessandbel
ongi
ngs.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

 Chr
ist
iansdo notcondemn weal
tht
her
efor
etheydo notsee hav
ing
mat
eri
alpr
osper
it
yasbad.I
tcanonl
ybebadwhenpeopl
ebecomegr
eedy
,
sel
fi
shandar
rogantast
hebi
blesay
sinJer
emi
ah9:
23-‘
l
etnott
her
ich
manboastofhi
sri
ches,butl
ethi
m whoboast
,boastaboutt
his:t
hathe
under
standsandknowsmet
hatIamt
hel
ord….
’

 Chr
ist
iansal
soseemat
eri
alpr
osper
it
yasGod’
sbl
essi
ngbecauseGod
hi
msel
fappr
ovesofi
tasst
atedi
ntheBi
ble:3John2:‘
Behol
d,Ipr
ayt
hat
youpr
osperi
nal
lthi
ngsandbei
nheal
th,j
ustasyoursoulpr
osper
s’.For
ex
ampl
etheBi
blegi
vesanex
ampl
eoft
hemanwhogothi
spr
osper
it
y
f
rom God.I s:‘
tsay aft
erJobpr
ayedf
orhi
sfr
iends,t
hel
ordmadehi
m
pr
osper
ousagai
nandgavehi
mtwi
ceasmuchashehadbef
ore.Job42:
10.
 Chr
ist
iani
tyemphasi
ses t
hatpeopl
e shoul
d notbe at
tached t
othei
r
weal
thsomucht
hatt
heyf
orgetaboutGod.(
2Ti
mot
hy6:
17)
.TheBi
ble
al
sot
eachesaboutt
hepar
abl
eoft
her
ichf
oolwher
eby
:ther
ewasar
ich
f
armerwhohadgoodhar
vestanddeci
dedt
obui
l
dbi
ggerbar
nst
ost
ore
hi
sgr
[Link]
tert
his,t
hef
armert
houghtt
hathecoul
dnowr
elax
,eatand
bemer
rybutt
hatni
ghtt
her
ichf
armerdi
ed:Luke12:
13-
21.

 Mat
eri
alpr
osper
it
yshoul
dbegai
nedi
njust
,lawf
ul,honestandf
airway
s.
Thei
rweal
thshoul
dnotbear
esul
tofcheat
ingorex
ploi
ti
ngot
herpeopl
e
and shoul
d notbe gai
ned t
hrough bad act
s such as gambl
i
ng and
pr
ost
it
uti
on.

I
SLAM

 Accor
dingt
oIsl
am,mat
eri
alpr
osper
it
yshoul
dbeshar
edbecausei
tis
gi
venbyAl
l
[Link]
i
msbel
i
evet
hatal
lbl
essi
ngscomef
rom Al
l
ahand
t
heycanonl
yshow gr
ati
tudebyenj
oyi
ngwhatt
heyar
egi
venand
shar
ingi
twi
thot
her
[Link]
ngt
heyar
epur
if
yingt
hemsel
vesf
rom
gr
eedandsel
fi
shness.

 Musl
i
msbel
i
evet
hatast
heypr
ospermat
eri
all
y,t
heyshoul
duset
hei
r
weal
tht
ohel
pot
her
sast
heQur
’ansay spendyourweal
s:‘ thf
ort
he
causeofAl
lahandbenotcastbyyourownhandst
orui
nanddogood.
Lo!Al
lahl
ovet
hthebenef
icent
’.Qur
’an2:
195.

 Musl
i
msar
etoear
nthei
rweal
thi
nanhonest
,lawf
ul,f
airandmor
all
y
goodway
.Theyshoul
dnotcheat
,gambl
eorst
ealt
ogai
nweal
the.
g.
t
heyshoul
dnotchar
gei
nter
est(
ri
ba)whent
heygi
veoutl
[Link]
sis
f
orbi
ddenasi
tisbel
i
evedt
obeawayofmaki
ngt
hepoor
,poor
erand
 t
her
ich,
richer
.

THETEACHI
NGSOFDI
FFERENTRELI
GIONSONTHERESPONSI
BILI
TYOFTHE
RI
CHTOWARDSTHEPOOR

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

JesusChr
istwasgener
ousandki
ndt
oal
lpeopl
eincl
udi
ngt
hepoorandt
he
needy
;ther
efor
eChr
ist
iansashi
sfol
l
ower
sar
eex
pect
edt
oref
lecthi
squal
i
ties
bycar
ingf
orot
her
sespeci
all
ythepoorandt
heneedy
.Ther
ear
esomet
eachi
ngs
i
ntheBi
blet
oemphasi
set
his:f
orex
ampl
e:

 Chr
ist
iansar
etaughtt
hatt
hosewhoar
eri
char
eex
pect
edt
ogi
vet
othe
poor
.TheBi
blesay
sindoi t
ngso,‘henwi
llyourbar
nsbef
il
ledwi
thnew
wi
neandyourvat
sover
fl
ow’
.Pr
over
bs3:
19.I
ftheydonotgi
ve,t
heyar
e
gui
lt
yofsi
nni
ngagai
nstGod.

 Chr
ist
iansar
etaughtt
ogi
vet
othepoorasi
tist
hroughgi
vi
ngt
hatt
hey
shal
lrecei
[Link]
etaughtnott
ogi
veex
pect
ingt
obegi
[Link]
t
heygi
ve,Godwi
l
lbl
esst
hem ast
heBi
bl s,‘
esay blessedi
sthehandt
hat
gi
vest
hanr
ecei
ves’
.

I
SLAM

Gi
vi
ngt
othepoori
sver
yimpor
tantt
oIsl
am andemphasi
sedbyt
heQur
’an:
‘
hav
eyouconsi
der
edhi
m whobel
i
esr
eli
gion:suchi
stheonewhot
reat
sthe
or
phanswi
thhar
shnessanddoesnotur
geot
her
stof
eedt
heneedy
.(Qur
’an
07:
3).Musl
i
mshowev
er,hav
eteachi
ngsaboutr
esponsi
bil
i
tiest
her
ichhav
e
t
owar
dst
hepoorandt
heyi
ncl
ude:
  Accor
dingt
oIsl
am 2.
5% oft
her
ichweal
thi
scol
l
ect
edandgi
vent
othe
poorandt
heneedy(
Zakat
).Thi
sisar
eli
giousobl
i
gat
ionf
ort
her
icht
o
hel
pthepoorandemphasi
sedbyt
heQur
’anasi
tsay
s:‘
Zakatar
eonl
yfor
t
hepoorandt
heneedyandt
hosewhocol
l
ectt
hem…’
(9:
60)
.

 Ther
ichar
eal
soex
pect
edt
ohel
pthepoorandmakesur
ethatt
heyhav
e
goodst
andar
dsofl
i
ving.

 Theweal
thycanal
sohel
pthepoort
hroughchar
it
abl
edeedssuchas
gi
vi
ngf
ood,cl
othi
ngandshel
ter
.Forex
ampl
e,t
heycanbui
l
dschool
sand
Mosquesf
ort
hem t
oacqui
reeducat
ionandhav
eapl
acet
owor
shi
p.

 Ther
ichshoul
dal
sot
reatt
hepoorwi
thhonourandr
espect
.

ETHI
CALANDUNETHI
CALBUSI
NESSPRACTI
CESUSEDBYSOMEPEOPLETO
MAKEMATERI
ALGAI
NS

Busi
nesspr
act
icest
omakepr
ofi
tsormat
eri
algai
nscanbeet
hicalorunet
hical
f
orex
ampl
e:

Et
hicalbusi
nesspr
act
ices:

Fai
rness

Busi
nessescanbef
airi
nev
ery
thi
ngt
heydoe.
g.t
reat
ingt
hei
rempl
oyeesf
air
ly
and humanel
y and pr
ovi
ding good wor
king condi
ti
ons.A good wor
king
env
ironmentmot
ivat
esempl
oyeest
owor
khar
d,pr
ovi
degoodser
viceandt
obe
l
oyalt
othebusi
[Link]
sint
urnmakest
hebusi
nessmor
epr
ofi
tabl
e.

Obeyi
nganduphol
dingt
hel
aw

Thi
siswhenbusi
nessesobeyt
hel
awsoft
hecount
rywi
thi
nwhi
cht
heyoper
ate
e.
g.r
espect
ing l
aws deal
i
ng wi
th wor
ker
s and consumerr
ight
s,cor
rupt
ion,
pol
l
uti
on,heal
thandsaf
etyoft
hei
rpr
oduct
sandser
[Link]
sensur
est
hatt
he
l
i
vesofbot
hthei
rempl
oyeesandcust
omer
sar
enotatr
iskandt
hebusi
ness
mayal
soav
oidpay
ingf
inesorbei
ngshutdownf
orbr
eaki
ngt
hel
[Link]
scan
hel
pthebusi
nesssav
emoneyandal
l
owi
ttocont
inuemaki
ngmoney
.

Avoi
dingcausi
ngunnecessar
yhar
m

Busi
nessesmustensur
ethatgoodsandser
vicest
heyof
ferf
orsal
eandt
he
met
hodsused t
o pr
oducet
hem ar
esaf
eand wi
l
lnothar
m t
heani
mal
sor
peopl
e’
sheal
th,
li
vesordamaget
heenv
ironment
.

Respect
inghumanr
ight
s

Compani
esmustr
espectt
her
ight
sofempl
oyees,
cust
omer
s,chi
l
drenandot
her
peopl
einsoci
ety
.Theyshoul
dnotusechi
l
dlabourt
opr
oducet
hei
rgoodsand
men and women ar
eto be pai
d equal
l
yforequalwor
[Link]
d not
di
scr
imi
nat
ethei
rcust
omer
slooki
ngatt
hei
rrace,r
eli
gion,genderorpol
i
tical
v
iews.

Bei
nghonestandt
rut
hful

Busi
nessesshoul
dbehonesti
nthei
rdeal
i
ngse.
g.i
nfor
mingcust
omer
sabout
f
aul
tygoodst
heymayhav
eunknowi
ngl
ysol
dtot
hem andaccept
ingt
orepl
ace
t
hem atnocost
.Whent
heyadv
ert
ise,t
heyshoul
donl
ytel
lthet
rut
handnot
mi
sleadcust
omer
saboutt
hei
rgoodsandser
vices.

Bei
ngsoci
all
yresponsi
ble

Thi
siswhenbusi
nessesgeti
nvol
vedi
nthecommuni
tybysuppor
ti
ngv
ari
ous
wor
thyact
ivi
ti
ese.
[Link]
ingt
ochar
it
abl
eor
gani
zat
ions,v
ulner
abl
egr
oupsor
i
ndi
vi
dual
[Link]
ivi
ti
escanat
tr
actt
hegoodwi
l
landsuppor
tofmanypeopl
e
whomaybecomenewcust
omer
[Link]
smayl
eadt
oani
ncr
easei
npr
ofi
tfort
he
busi
ness.

Unet
hicalbusi
nesspr
act
ices

Gi
vingandr
ecei
vingbr
ibes

Peopl
emaygi
vebr
ibest
owi
ntender
stosuppl
ygoodsandser
vicesf
ort
hei
r
mat
eri
algai
nwhi
chi
sver
ymuchi
l
legal
.

Over
char
gingcust
omer
s

Somebusi
nessesmayov
erchar
gecust
omer
swhi
chmayr
esul
tint
hebusi
ness
maki
ngex
cessi
vepr
ofi
tsatt
heex
penseofcust
omer
se.
[Link]
omermaybuy
apai
rofshoesf
orP400andmayf
indt
hesamepai
rofshoesbei
ngsol
dforP80
i
nanot
hershop.

Di
shonestadver
ti
sing

Mi
sleadi
ngadv
ert
isi
ngmaybeusedt
oat
tr
actcust
omer
sandi
ncr
easet
hei
r
pr
ofi
tse.
[Link]
ert
isi
ng pr
oduct
sto makepeopl
ebel
i
evet
hatt
heycanl
ose
wei
ghti
nashor
tti
[Link]
l
ypeopl
ewi
l
lbuyt
hesepr
oduct
shopi
ngt
heywi
l
l
wor
kfort
hem andonl
ytodi
scov
eraf
ter
war
dst
hati
tisnott
hecase.

Damagi
ngt
heenvi
ronment

Somebusi
nessesmayusenat
uralr
esour
cesasr
aw mat
eri
alsandpr
oduce
wast
ethatmay pol
l
utet
he env
ironment
.Some may ov
erhar
vestnat
ural
r
esour
cessuchast
rees,sandandwat
eri
nor
dert
omakehi
gherpr
ofi
tsev
eni
f
t
hisdamagest
heenv
ironment
.Somemayt
ryt
osav
emoneyt
hroughi
mpr
oper
di
sposalofwast
esuchasusedoi
l
.

Usi
ngunf
airt
act
icsandmet
hodst
odamagecompet
it
ors

Peopl
emayuseunscr
upul
oust
act
ics(
wit
houtmor
alpr
inci
ples)t
ogetr
idof
compet
it
orse.
[Link]
eadi
ngf
alser
umour
saboutcompet
it
ors,t
hei
rpr
oduct
sand
ser
vices,
[Link]
ngoneofcor
rupt
ion.

WARANDPEACE

 War
:isa st
ateofor
gani
sed,ar
med and open ended v
iol
entconf
li
ct
bet
weent
woormor
egr
oups.

 I
t’
sasi
tuat
ioni
nwhi
cht
woormor
egr
oupsofpeopl
efi
ghtagai
nsteach
ot
herov
eraper
iodoft
ime.

 Ast
ateofconf
li
ctbet
weencount
ri
esorbet
weenhost
il
eel
ement
sinsi
dea
count
ry.

TYPESOFWAR

 Ci
vilwar
:ist
heonet
hatoccur
sbet
weenpeopl
ewhobel
ongt
othesame
gr
oupsuchasacount
ry.

 Secul
arwar
:ist
heonet
hati
sdecl
aredorappr
ovedbyal
eaderoft
he
st
ateorcount
rye.
g.t
hepr
esi
dent
.

 Rel
igi
ouswar
:ist
heonef
oughtf
orr
eli
giousr
easonse.
[Link]
ween
Chr
ist
iansandMusl
i
ms(
thecr
usades)
.Thesewar
sinv
olv
eoner
eli
gion
agai
nstanot
herordi
ff
erentgr
oupswi
thi
nthesamer
eli
gion

 Regi
onalwar
:thi
sisanar
medconf
li
ctt
hati
nvol
vesmor
ethant
wost
ates
wi
thi
nthesamer
egi
on.I
tmayst
artasaci
vi
lwarandcanov
erf
low i
nto
adj
oini
ngcount
ri
esbecauset
heysuppor
toneorot
heroft
hewar
ri
ng
par
ti
es.E.
g.t
hewari
nDRC.

 I
nter
nat
ionalwar
:thi
sinv
olv
esar
medconf
li
ctamongmanynat
ionsi
.e.
nat
ionsf
rom ot
hercont
inent
se.
[Link]
ldwar
.
Thedi
ff
erencebet
weenRel
igi
ousWarandSecul
arWar

Secul
arwari
sawart
hati
snotf
oughtf
orr
eli
giousr
easons,
whi
l
erel
i
giouswari
s
f
oughtf
orr
eli
giousr
easons

CAUSESOFRELI
GIOUSCONFLI
CTSBETWEENDI
FFERENTRELI
GIONS

 Rel
igi
ousi
ntol
erance:t
hisi
swhenpeopl
edonotacceptt
hatot
her
shav
e
t
her
ightt
ofol
l
ow t
hei
rownr
eli
gionwhi
chi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom t
hei
[Link]
s
mayl
eadt
opr
ejudi
ceanddi
scr
imi
nat
ionwhi
chmayr
esul
tinconf
li
cts
bet
weenr
eli
gionse.
[Link]
li
ctbet
weenMusl
i
msandHi
ndus.

 Pr
otect
ionofhol
ypl
aces:f
oll
ower
shav
eal
way
sfoughtt
osecur
epl
aces
whi
ch t
hey bel
i
eve ar
e sacr
ed e.
[Link]
li
ctbet
ween Chr
ist
ians and
Musl
i
ms wher
eby Chr
ist
ians want
ed t
orecapt
uret
he hol
yland of
Jer
usal
em f
rom Musl
i
ms.

THE CONCEPT AND RULES OFJUST WARS ACCORDI

NG TO [Link]
AQUI
NAS

Justwari
sthet
heor
ythatwari
sonl
yaccept
abl
eifcer
tai
nmor
alcondi
ti
onsar
e
met
.Hesay
saj
ustwari
sfoughti
nthei
nter
estofj
ust
iceandf
oughtaccor
ding
t
ojustr
ules.

Rul
esofj
ustwar
saccor
dingt
oSt
.ThomasAqui
nas

Ther
ear
ethr
eer
ulesofj
ustwarnamel
y:i
tshoul
dhav
eaj
ustcause,pr
oper
aut
hor
it
yandr
ighti
ntent
ion.

 Thewarmustbef
oraj
ustcauseandnoti
ncl
udegr
eed,r
evengeor
pr
ide.

Acount
ryshoul
dgot
owaronl
yift
her
eisav
ali
dreasonf
ordoi
ngso.
Thi
sincl
udes:

Sel
fdef
enceagai
nstanactofaggr
essi
on.

Pr
otect
ionofi
nnocentpeopl
e.

Pr
event
ionofagr
eat
erev
il
.

 Warmustbecont
rol
ledbyt
hepr
operaut
hor
it
yofast
ate:

Thi
smeanst
hatt
hewarshoul
dbedecl
aredbyt
heHeadofst
ateor
gov
ernment
.Indi
vi
dual
s orgr
oups ofpeopl
e cannotex
erci
se t
his
aut
hor
it
yther
efor
eci
vi
lwarwoul
dnotbecl
assi
fi
edasj
ustbyAqui
nas.

 Thewarmustbef
oughtwi
tht
her
ighti
ntent
ion:

Thi
smeanst
hatwarmustbewagedt
orest
orepeace,l
awandor
der
.
Al
lfi
ght
ingmaybest
oppedi
mmedi
atel
yoncet
her
easonsf
orgoi
ngt
o
warhav
ebeenachi
[Link]
eshoul
dnotf
ightt
ofur
thert
hei
rown
i
nter
estort
oinf
li
ctsuf
fer
inguponahat
edenemy
.

 TheRomanCat
hol
icChur
chst
atest
her
ulesofaj
ustwaras:

 Thewarmustbedecl
aredast
hel
astr
esor
t:t
hati
sbef
oredecl
ari
ng
war
;al
ltheot
herpossi
bil
i
tiesofsol
vi
ngt
heconf
li
ctpeacef
ull
yshoul
d
bet
ri
edandf
ail
ed.

 Thewarmustbepr
opor
ti
onal
:thi
scanbedonei
ntwoway
s:

i
) Thebenef
it
sofgoi
ngt
owarmustbegr
eat
ert
hant
henegat
ive
ef
fect
s.
 i
i
) Themi
nimum f
orcer
equi
redt
oachi
evet
heobj
ect
ivesofaj
ust
warshoul
dbeused.

 Thepr
obabi
li
tyofsuccessmustbehi
gh:t
her
emustbesome
l
i
kel
i
hoodofsuccessmeani
ngt
hatt
hechancesofi
tachi
evi
ngi
ts
ai
msmustbesi
gni
fi
cant
.E.
g.i
tcannotbej
ustf
oragov
ernmentt
o
f
ightanopponentwi
thsuper
iormi
l
itar
ypower
,knowi
ngt
hati
t
cannotwi
nthewar
.

HOW SOMEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSCHARTERAGREEWI
[Link]
NAS
RULESOFAJUSTWAR

TheUni
tedNat
ionsChar
teronHumanRi
ght
s

TheUNChar
t gnedon26th June1945wi
erwassi th50count
ri
esi
nvol
[Link]
adopt
edt
heUNDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
[Link]
i
stedal
lri
ght
s
t
hatal
lhumansar
eent
it
ledt
[Link]
ight
swer
emeantt
oensur
ethathuman
bei
ngsar
etr
eat
edequal
l
y.

Someoft
hear
ti
clesoft
heUDHRwhi
chagr
eewi
tht
heSt
.ThomasAqui
nas
r
uesofaj
ustwarar
e:

Ar
ti
cle51(
1)oft
heUNChar
ter
,condemnsgoi
ngt
owarofcount
ri
[Link]
er
goi
ngt
owarbecauseofsel
f-
def
encei
sseenasl
egi
ti
mat
ereasonf
ort
henat
ion
t
oresor
ttomi
l
itar
yfor
ce.I
tagr
eeswi
thSt
.ThomasAqui
nascondi
ti
onofaj
ust
warwhi
chst
atest
hatf
ort
hewart
obef
ought
,itmustbef
oraj
ustcause,
e.g.f
or
sel
fdef
enceagai
nstanyactofaggr
essi
on.
Ar
ti
cle2(
3):st
atest
hatpeopl
eshoul
dsol
vet
hei
rdi
sput
espeacef
ull
yi.
e.t
hewar
mustbedecl
aredast
hel
astr
esor
[Link]
efor
ebef
oredecl
ari
ngwar
,al
lot
her
possi
bil
i
tiesofsol
vi
ngt
heconf
li
ctpeacef
ull
yshoul
dbet
ri
ed.

Ar
ti
cle33(
1):st
atest
hatanat
ionmayr
esor
ttowaronl
yifi
thasex
haust
edal
l
pl
ausi
ble,peacef
ulal
ter
nat
ivest
oresol
vi
ngt
heconf
li
cti
nquest
[Link]
.Thomas
Aqui
nasagr
eest
hatbef
oredecl
ari
ngwar
,al
lot
herpossi
bil
i
tiesofsol
vi
ngt
he
conf
li
ctshoul
dbet
ri
[Link]
sincl
udespeacef
ulnegot
iat
ions.

PEACE

 Peace:canmeananabsenceofnoi
se,
dist
urbanceorf
ear
.

 I
swhent
her
eisnohost
il
it
y,v
iol
enceorconf
li
ct.
RELI
GIOUSTEACHI
NGSTHATPROMOTEPEACEI
NDI
FFERENTRELI
GIONS

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Chr
ist
iani
tyt
eachi
ngsonpeacear
ebasedont
hebi
ble,f
orexampl
e:

 Psal
m 34:
14say
s,‘
str
ivef
orpeacewi
thal
lyourhear
t’
.Itt
eachest
hat
peacedoesnothappenoni
tsown.I
trequi
respeopl
etomaket
heef
for
t
andwor
khar
dtoachi
evei
t.

 Jesust
aughtpeopl
enott
obev
iol
entbutpeacef
[Link]
thew 5:
9say
s,
‘
blessedar
ethepeacemaker
s,f
ort
heyshal
lbecal
l
edt
hechi
l
drenofGod’
.
Thi
steachi
ngdi
scour
agedpeopl
etoav
oidconf
li
ctsandl
i
vei
npeace.

 Mat
thew5:
38-
39say
s,‘
aney
eforaney
eandat
oot
hforat
oot
h’.ButIt
ell
y
ou,
donotr
esi
stanev
ilper
son.I
fsomeonest
ri
kesy
ouont
her
ightcheek
t
urnt
ohi
mtheot
[Link]
steachi
ngi
sagai
nstt
aki
ngr
evengeand
r
espondi
ngt
ovi
olencewi
thv
iol
encebecausei
twi
l
lonl
yleadt
omor
e
v
iol
ence.

 Jesusf
orbadev
iol
[Link]
sdi
sci
plescutofoneearoft
hesol
dier
s
whoar
rest
edhi
m butJesusputt
heearbackandsai
d,‘
puty
ourswor
d
backi
nit
spl
ace……f
oral
lwhodr
awswor
dswi
l
ldi
ebyt
heswor
d’(
Mat
thew
26:51-
52)t
huspr
omot
ingpeace.

 Jesusl
efthi
sdi
sci
pleswi
thagi
ftofpeacewhenheascendedt
oheav
en
ashewant
edt
hem t
oli
vepeacef
ull
yandpr
omot
epeaceamongpeopl
e
j
ustt
hewayhet
aughtt
hem.(
John14:
27)

BUDDHI
SM

Buddhi
sts’
teachi
ngsandbel
i
efsar
ebasedonpeaceandnon-
viol
[Link]
f
oll
owi
ngt
eachi
ngspr
omot
epeace:
  Buddhat
aughtt
hathat
redi
snev
erappeasedbyhat
redbuthat
redi
s
appeasedbyl
[Link]
aughtt
hatBr
ahmi
nisonewhoi
sfr
iendl
yamong
t
hehost
il
e,hewhoi
speacef
ulamongt
hev
iol
ent
,hewhoi
sunat
tached
amongt
heat
[Link]
sencour
agespeopl
etof
orgi
veoneanot
herand
r
econci
l
etopr
omot
epeace.

 Theyar
etaughtt
obecompassi
onat
etopeopl
eandal
ll
iv
ingcr
eat
ures-
ev
ent
oanex
tentofki
l
li
ngani
nsect
.Wi
thcompassi
on,
peacecanbe
possi
ble.

 Al
lvi
olence,
hat
e,har
m andi
njur
ycamef
rom l
oveofsel
[Link]
f-
lov
eisat
t
her
ootofal
lquar
rel
s,cont
ent
ionsandst
ri
ves.I
fpeopl
ecoul
dav
oid
bei
nghat
efulandst
opv
iol
enceatal
ll
iv
ingt
hings,
peacecanbepr
omot
ed.

 Buddhat
aughtt
hatone’
smi
ndf
indsnopeace,
norenj
oyspl
easur
eor
del
i
ght
,norgoest
osl
eep,
norf
eel
ssecur
ewhi
l
edar
tofhat
redi
sst
rucki
n
t
hehear
t.

 Buddhi
sts ar
etaughtt
hatal
lvi
olence comes f
rom human l
ack of
under
standi
ng,
mut
ualt
rustandl
ackofmut
ualr
espectbasedonki
ndness
andl
ovef
oral
lbei
[Link]
smeans,i
fpeopl
ehav
emut
ualr
espect
,lov
e
andki
ndnesst
owar
dsal
lbei
ngspeacewi
l
lpr
evai
l
.

Baha’
iFai
th

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
eachespr
omot
epeacei
nBaha’
iFai
th:

 Peacei
sonl
ypossi
blei
fpeopl
ear
euni
[Link]
ear
eequalbef
oret
he
ey
esofGodr
egar
dlessoft
hei
rrel
i
gion,
class,
nat
ional
i
ty,
orr
[Link]
e
canonl
yex
per
iencepeacewhent
hepr
inci
pleofuni
tyandonenessi
s
 pr
act
[Link]
eshoul
dbeequal
i
tybet
weenmenandwomen.

 Wari
sdi
scour
agedasi
tdoesnotsol
vepr
obl
[Link]
eshoul
dnotf
ight
butconsul
toneanot
herandengagei
npeacef
ulnegot
iat
ions.

 Peopl
eshoul
ddemandandst
ri
vef
[Link]
epeace,
peopl
e
shoul
dov
ercomeal
lki
ndsofpr
ejudi
cessuchasr
eli
giousi
ntol
eranceand
r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

Hi
ndui
sm

 Hi
ndusar
etaughtt
othatt
hev
irt
ueofAHI
[Link]
chmeansav
oidi
ng
v
iol
enceandabst
aini
ngf
rom causi
ngpai
norhar
mtoanyl
i
vingt
hing.
Hi
ndusshoul
dav
oidcausi
ngphy
sicali
njur
y,butev
ilt
hought
s,hat
red,
unki
ndbehav
iour
,di
shonest
yandl
yi
ngt
oo.

 Hi
ndusbel
i
evei
nrei
ncar
nat
[Link]
etaughtt
hataf
terdeat
h,t
hesoul
doesnotdi
e,buti
tisbor
nint
oanot
herl
i
vingbody
.Hi
ndusbel
i
evet
hat
what
everhar
mtheydot
oot
herl
i
vingt
hingsmaybedonei
nthei
rot
herl
i
fe.
Thi
steachi
ngmakesHi
ndust
otr
ybyal
lmeanst
obeatpeacewi
thot
her
peopl
e.

 TheYaj
urVeda36/
37,
stat
est
hat
,‘
lett
her
ebepeacei
nheav
en,
lett
her
e
bepeacei
ntheat
mospher
e,maypeacef
il
lfourquar
ter
s,mayt
hewat
ers
andmedi
calher
bsbr
ingpeace,
maypl
anet
sgi
vepeacet
oal
lbei
ngs,
may
enl
i
ght
enedper
sonsdi
ssemi
nat
epeacet
oal
lbei
ngs,
mayt
heVedas
spr
eadpeaceev
ery
wher
e,mayal
ltheobj
ect
sgi
veuspeaceev
ery
wher
e
andmayt
hatpeacecomet
ousandr
emai
nwi
thusf
orev
er’
.Thi
steachi
ng
pr
omot
espeacet
oal
li
nthesoci
etyandt
hewhol
euni
ver
se.

 TheRi
gVedat
eachest
hatf
orpeacet
opr
evai
l
,peopl
eshoul
dhav
ea
 commonunder
standi
ngaboutcer
tai
nissuesandt
hisunder
standi
ngcan
onl
ybepossi
blewhent
heyv
aluet
het
rut
h.I
tsay
s,‘
comet
oget
her
,tal
k
t
oget
her
,letourmi
ndsbei
nhar
mony
.Commonbeourpr
ayer
,common
beourend,
commonbeourpur
pose,
commonbeourdel
i
ber
ati
ons,
commonbeouri
ntent
ions,
per
fectbeouruni
onamongus’
(RegVeda
10:
191-
192)

 TheVedasemphasi
zesont
hegl
obalbr
other
hoodi
nthatper
sonal
at
tachment
,sel
fi
shi
nter
estandambi
ti
onscausesor
rowandconf
li
cts.
Whenonei
sforal
lpeopl
eandal
lforone,
ther
ecanbenot
hingbutpeace.
‘
wheny
ouabandonev
erydesi
ret
hatar
iseswi
thi
nyouandwheny
ou
becomecont
entwi
tht
hingsast
heyar
e,t
heny
ouex
per
iencei
nnerpeace’
(
Veda23/
24)

 TheSut
rast
eacht
hatpeopl
eshoul
dcul
ti
vat
eat
ti
tudesoff
ri
endl
i
ness
t
owar
dsot
her
sandhav
ecompassi
ont
owar
dst
heunhappy
.Peopl
e
shoul
ddel
i
ghtt
owar
dst
hewi
ckedandshowt
hem l
oveandpeace.

 TheUpani
shadst
eachest
hatwheny
oucausepai
ntoot
her
s,t
hepai
nwi
l
l
comebackt
oyou,
butwheny
ougi
vepeacewi
thi
nyour
sel
f.‘
Allsuf
fer
ing
r
ecoi
l
sont
hewr
ongdoerhi
msel
[Link]
efor
e,t
hosewhodesi
renott
o
suf
ferr
efr
ainf
rom causi
ngot
her
spai
n’(
Upani
shads)
.

MAHATMAGANDHIANDTHEVI
RTUEOFAHI
MSA

Whoi
sMahat
maGandhi
?

 Hewasbor
nin2-
10-
1869i
nIndi
ato aHi
nduf
ami
l
y.H wasnamed
MohandasKar
amchandGandhi
.Hi
sfat
herwasKar
amchandGandhi
,hi
s
mot
herwasPut
li
baiGandhi
.Whenhewas14y
rsol
d,hemar
ri
ed13y
rol
d
Kast
urbaiandt
heyhadf
oursons.
  I
n1888,Gandhiwentt
ost
udyl
aw i
nEngl
andandaf
tergr
aduat
inghe
r
etur
nedt
oIndi
ain1891.I
n1893,
hewentt
oli
veandwor
kinSout
hAf
ri
ca.
Gandhibel
i
evedt
hatt
her
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nSout
hAf
ri
cawasunj
ust
.
Hepushedf
ort
her
ight
sofI
ndi
ansi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca. Het
ookpar
tin
assembl
i
es,made speeches and wr
ote ar
ti
[Link] a r
esul
t,he was
i
mpr
isonedsev
eralt
imes.

 Gandhir
etur
nedt
oIndi
ain1915andbecamei
nvol
vedi
nresi
sti
ngunj
ust
col
oni
all
awsandt
hest
ruggl
efori
ndependencef
rom Br
it
ishr
[Link]
gi
vent
het
it
le‘
mahat
ma’whi
chmeansgr
eatsoulbecauseofhi
snon-
v
iol
entst
ruggl
eforpeaceandj
ust
ice.

 Gandhiwasshotandki
l
ledonJanuar
y30,
1948whi
l
eonhi
swayt
opr
ay
f
orpeacebyNat
hrum Godse,
ayoungHi
nduf
anat
icwhowasagai
nst
Gandhi
’
smessageoft
oler
anceofal
lrel
i
gions.

MAHATMAGANDHIANDTHEVI
RTUEOFAHI
MSA

 Accor
ding t
o Gandhi
,ahi
msadi
d notsi
mpl
ymeannon-
kil
l
ing.I
tal
so
meantr
efr
aini
ngf
rom causi
ngpai
nori
njur
ytoorki
l
li
nganyl
i
fe,outof
angerorsel
fi
sh r
[Link] bel
i
eved peopl
e shoul
d notr
espond t
o
v
iol
encewi
thv
iol
enceasi
tleadst
omor
evi
[Link]
m,non-
viol
ence
wasbr
aver
ybecausei
tishar
dert
orespondt
ovi
olencewi
thnon-
viol
ence.

 Thev
irt
ueofahi
msai
nfl
uencedGandhit
ousenon-
viol
entr
esi
stance
met
hodshecal
l
edSat
yagr
ahawhi
chmeans‘
dev
oti
ont
otr
uth’
toachi
eve
pol
i
ticalandsoci
[Link]
i
evedt
hatSat
yagr
ahahol
dsont
othe
t
rut
[Link]
ngsat
yagr
ahameantt
hatpeopl
edi
dnothav
etousev
iol
enceon
ot
her
stoachi
evet
hei
rgoal
s,butper
suadet
hem t
hroughsy
mpat
hyand
pat
ience.
HOW MAHATMAGANDHIUSEDTHEVI
RTUEOFAHI
MSATOACHI
EVEPEACE

Bychoosi
ngt
ousenon-
viol
entmet
hodst
opol
i
ticswhenhepr
otest
edagai
nst
r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nSout
hAf
ri
caandr
esi
stI
ndi
aandl
aterdemand
i
ndependencef
rom Br
it
ain.

I
nSout
hAf
ri
ca
 I
n1970,
theTr
ansv
aalgov
ernmenti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca,
whi
chwasundert
he
cont
roloft
heBr
it
ishatt
hatt
ime,
publ
i
shedt
wol
aws.

 Thef
ir
stl
awwast
hatI
ndi
ansandbl
ackpeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nSout
hAf
ri
cahad
t
oregi
sterwi
tht
hepol
i
ceandbei
ssuedr
egi
str
ati
oncar
dswhi
cht
heyhad
t
ocar
rywher
evert
heywent
.
 Thesecondl
awdecl
aredt
hatonl
ymar
ri
agesoft
heChr
ist
ianf
ait
hlegal
.
Mar
ri
agesofot
herr
eli
gionswer
enotr
ecogni
[Link]
ernmental
so
passedal
awwhi
chdeni
edI
ndi
ansandbl
ackpeopl
ether
ightt
ovot
e.

I
nresponseGandhiconv
incedI
ndi
anpeopl
etor
esi
stt
hel
awst
hroughnon-
v
iol
entcampai
gnsorsat
yagr
[Link]
sfol
l
ower
sor
gani
zedpeacef
ul
demonst
rat
ionsandal
sor
efusedt
oregi
ster
.Gandhiandmanyofhi
sfol
l
ower
s
wer
eimpr
isoned,
butt
heycont
inuedwi
thpeacef
uldemonst
rat
ionsandnon-
cooper
ati
ont
oresi
stt
henewl
aws.

I
n1909,
ther
egi
str
ati
onl
awwasabol
i
[Link]
inuedwi
tht
hei
rpeacef
ul
demonst
rat
ionsandpr
otestmar
chesagai
nstdi
scr
imi
nat
orypol
ltaxand
mar
ri
agel
[Link]
otest
sandhar
shr
esponseoft
hepol
i
cel
edt
ocr
it
ici
sm of
t
hegov
ernment
.Thi
sfor
cedt
hegov
ernmentt
onegot
iat
eagr
eementwi
thGandhi
i
[Link]
eementl
edt
otheSout
hAf
ri
cangov
ernmentpassi
nganew
l
awwhi
chabol
i
shedt
hepol
ltax
,recogni
zedI
ndi
ant
radi
ti
onalmar
ri
agesand
madei
teasi
erf
orwi
vest
ojoi
nthei
rhusbandswhower
eli
vi
ngi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.
Gandhiandhi
sfol
l
ower
sendedt
hei
rmar
chesandnon-
cooper
ati
on.

 I
nJul
y1914,
Gandhil
eftSout
hAf
ri
caandwentt
oEngl
andbef
ore
r
etur
ningt
oIndi
ain1915.

I
ndi
a’sst
ruggl
efori
ndependence

Gandhiusednon-
viol
entmet
hodssuchaspeacef
ulpr
otest
s,non-
cooper
ati
on
andf
ast
ingt
opr
otestagai
nsti
njust
icesofBr
it
ishcol
oni
alr
ulei
nIndi
aandt
o
pushBr
it
aint
ogr
antI
ndi
[Link]
sousednon-
viol
entmet
hods
suchasnegot
iat
ionsandf
ast
ingt
oper
suadeMusl
i
mst
ost
opf
ight
ingeach
ot
herandt
oresol
vet
hei
rdi
ff
erencespeacef
ull
y.

Maj
orNon-
Viol
entandCooper
ati
onorCi
vilDi
sobedi
encePr
otest
sthatGandhi
or
gani
zedandl
ed.

1917Gandhil
edt
hef
ir
stsat
ygr
ahai
nChampar
an,
Bihar
.Poorl
andl
essl
abour
ers
andf
armer
swer
efor
cedt
ogr
owcashcr
opssuchasI
ndi
go(
ashr
ubt
hat
pr
oducesdy
e)i
nst
eadofcr
opsandt
osel
lthecr
opst
othem atav
eryl
owpr
ice
byweal
thyBr
it
ishl
andl
[Link]
gani
zedandl
edasat
yagr
ahaagai
nstt
he
ex
tremepov
ert
yandoppr
essi
onoft
hepoori
nthi
sar
ea.

1919Gandhihel
pedt
oor
gani
zenat
ionwi
depr
otest
sagai
nstt
heRowl
attAct
s,a
l
egi
slat
ionai
medatsuppr
essi
ngI
ndi
annat
ional
i
sm bybanni
ngt
her
ightt
o
publ
i
cor
gani
zat
ionandpr
otest
.Theyhel
dahar
tal
,oradayoff
ast
ingandpr
ayer
,
i
npr
otest
.

Br
it
isht
roopski
l
ledmor
ethan350unar
medI
ndi
answhohadgat
her
edout
side
t
heci
tyofAmr
it
sarf
oraSi
khr
eli
giouscel
ebr
ati
[Link]
otest
edagai
nstt
he
ki
l
li
ngsbyf
ast
ingf
ort
hreeday
s.
1920Heor
gani
zedanat
ionalboy
cot
tofgoodsmanuf
act
uredi
nBr
it
ainand
pay
mentoft
axest
othecol
oni
algov
ernment
.Thi
swast
opr
otectt
hewayBr
it
ain
wasex
ploi
ti
ngI
ndi
aforr
awmat
eri
alsandasamar
ketf
orBr
it
ishgoods.I
nst
ead
Gandhiencour
agedpeopl
etobuygoodspr
oducedi
nIndi
a.

1922Gandhiwasar
rest
edf
ori
nci
ti
ngpeopl
etor
ebelagai
nstt
hegov
ernment
(
sedi
ti
on)andi
mpr
[Link]
eleasedi
n1924.

1928Gandhior
gani
zedat
axst
ri
kei
ntheci
tyofBar
dol
i
.

1930Heor
gani
zedandl
edapr
otestmar
chagai
nstt
heSal
tAct(
1982)
,whi
ch
f
orbadeI
ndi
ansf
rom maki
ngt
hei
rownsal
[Link]
edagr
oupofhi
sfol
l
ower
son
320km mar
chf
rom Ahmedabadt
othecoast
alt
ownofDandiandmadesal
t.
ManyI
ndi
ansf
oll
owedhi
sex
ampl
eandwentt
othecoastt
omakesal
[Link]
andmanypr
otest
erswer
ear
rest
edf
orbr
eaki
ngt
hel
[Link]
hepr
otest
,the
Br
it
ishwer
efor
cedt
orel
easeGandhiandot
herpr
isoner
s.

1932Gandhiwasar
rest
edandi
mpr
isonedf
orsedi
ti
onagai
[Link]‘
fast
ing
unt
ildeat
h’t
opr
otestt
heBr
it
ishpr
oposalt
odi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstunt
ouchabl
e
cast
ebyt
reat
ingt
hem asasepar
ateel
ect
orat
[Link]
sfastwhenheand
t
heBr
it
ishagr
eedt
hatal
lIndi
answoul
dbet
reat
edasasi
ngl
eel
ect
orat
e
r
egar
dlessoft
hecast
etheybel
ongedt
[Link]
ebecamesy
mpat
het
ict
o
t
heunt
ouchabl
esduet
ohi
sex
ampl
e.

1940Dur
ingt
heSecondWor
ldWar
,theBr
it
ishgov
ernmentst
ri
ctl
ycensor
edany
cr
it
ici
sm oft
hewarbyI
ndi
ans.I
nresponset
ocensor
shi
p,Gandhil
aunched
anot
hersat
yagr
ahacampai
gn,
whi
chr
esul
tedi
nthear
restoft
housandsof
pr
otest
ers.

1942Br
it
ishpr
oposedt
ogi
veI
ndi
anaut
onomybutnoti
ndependence.I
ndi
ans
r
eject
edt
hepr
oposal
.TheI
ndi
anNat
ionalCongr
essdemanded
 i
[Link]
tdemandsf
ori
ndependence,
Gandhil
aunched
anat
ionalsat
yagr
ahacampai
gnwhi
chcamet
obeknownast
he‘
Qui
t
I
ndi
a’mov
ement
.Asar
esul
t,Gandhiandot
herI
ndi
anl
eader
swer
e
ar
rest
edandi
mpr
isoned.

1943Gandhif
ast
edwhi
l
eimpr
isoned,
topr
otestBr
it
ishr
ule.

1944Gandhiwasr
eleasedf
rom pr
[Link]
i
mleaguel
edby
MuhammedAl
iJi
nnahper
suadehi
mtol
etI
ndi
aremai
nasasi
ngl
e
count
ry.

1946 Tensi
onsbet
weenHi
nduandMusl
i
msi
ncr
easedandv
iol
ent
conf
li
cter
upt
edacr
ossI
ndi
abet
weent
wogr
oupsofpeopl
e.

1947 I
ndi
agai
nedi
ndependenceandt
hecount
rywaspar
ti
ti
onedi
nto
t
wosepar
atest
ates:I
ndi
a,wi
thal
argel
yHi
ndupopul
ati
onand|
Paki
stan,
wi
thl
argel
yMusl
i
m popul
ati
on.

1948 Gandhiwasassassi
nat
edbyNat
hrum Vi
nay
kGodse,
aHi
ndu
nat
ional
i
stonJanuar
y30,
1948.

FORGI
VENESSANDRECONCI
LIATI
ONI
NTHEPROMOTI
ONOFPEACE

Whati
sfor
giv
eness?
I
tiswhensomeonewhohasbeenwr
ongedl
etsgooft
hehur
tandr
esent
ment
andi
sabl
etomov
eonwi
tht
hei
rli
fe.

Not
ethatf
orgi
vi
ngsomeonedoesnotmeant
hat
:
 y
ouex
cuseorappr
oveofwhatt
heydi
dtoy
ou
 y
ouf
orgetwhatt
heyhav
edonet
oyou
 t
heof
fencedi
dnothar
myou
  t
hehar
m causedt
oyoudoesnotmat
ter

Anexampl
eoff
orgi
veness:Thest
oryofJosephandhi
sBr
other
s

Thest
oryofJosephandhi
sbr
other
sint
heBi
blet
alksabouthow Joseph’
s
br
other
sjeal
ousofhi
m becauset
hei
rfat
herl
ovedhi
mver
[Link]
ded
t
oki
l
lhi
m butendedupsel
l
inghi
m asasl
avet
otheI
shmael
i
[Link]
other
s
t
hendi
ppedj
oseph’
scl
othesi
nbl
oodandt
ookt
hem t
othei
rfat
her
.Theyt
old
hi
mthatt
heyhadf
oundJoseph’
scl
othesandassumedt
hatani
mal
smayhav
e
ki
l
ledhi
m.(
Genesi
s:37:
12)

WhenJosephmethi
sbr
other
smanyy
ear
slat
er,hef
orgav
ethem f
orwhatt
hey
di
dtohi
[Link]
dtohi
sbr
other
s,“
don’
tbeaf
rai
d,Iwi
l
lpr
ovi
def
ory
ouandy
our
chi
l
dren.
”

Whati
sReconci
li
ati
on?

Thewor
dreconci
l
iat
ioncanbesai
dtomean-‘
tobr
ingt
oget
her
’or‘
tomakea
r
elat
ionshi
pwor
kagai
n.’

Reconci
l
iat
ioni
sawaypr
ocess:

 Theper
sonwhohasbeenwr
onged(
thev
ict
im)shoul
dbewi
l
li
ngt
oaccept
anapol
ogyandf
orgi
vet
heper
sonwhohaswr
ongedhi
m/her
.
 Theper
sonwhohascommi
tt
edt
heof
fenceshoul
daccepthi
sorher
mi
stakeorwr
ongdoi
ngandapol
ogi
sef
orwhatt
heyhav
esai
dordone.

Exampl
esofr
econci
li
ati
on
Thest
oryoft
hepr
odi
galsoni
ntheBi
ble

Thest
oryi
sfoundi
n(Luke15:
11-
32)
.Iti
saboutasonwhoaskedhi
sfat
hert
o
gi
vehi
m hi
sinher
it
[Link]
ookwhatbel
ongedt
ohi
m andl
eft
.TheBi
ble
t
ell
sofhowt
hesonmi
susedal
lhehadandendedupwi
thnot
[Link]
ent
ual
l
y
deci
dedt
[Link]
blesay
s,‘
Thef
athersawhi
ssonwhi
l
ehewasa
l
ongwayof
[Link]
ant
ohi
m andembr
acedhi
m.’
Henev
erdemandedanapol
ogy
.
Hef
orgav
eandaccept
edhi
m backandor
der
edaf
easti
nhonourofhi
ssonf
or
hesai
d,‘
hi
ssonwasdeadbutnowhewasal
i
ve.
’

Tr
uthandr
econci
li
ati
onCommi
ssi
oni
nSout
hAf
ri
ca

Thet
rut
handReconci
l
iat
ionCommi
ssi
on(
TRC)i
nSout
hAf
ri
cawassetupi
n
t
er hePr
msoft omot
ionofNat
ionalUni
tyandReconci
l
iat
ionAct
,No.34of1995,
andwasbasedi
nCapeTown.I
tsai
m wast
ohel
ppeopl
edealwi
tht
hev
iol
ence
andhumanr
ight
sabusesper
pet
rat
edbyt
hewhi
temi
nor
it
ygov
ernmentagai
nst
peopl
eoft
hei
rraci
algr
oups,
especi
all
ybl
acks.

TheCommi
ssi
onencour
agesper
pet
rat
orsofpol
i
ticalcr
imest
otel
lthet
rut
h
aboutwhatt
heydi
dandaskf
orf
orgi
venessf
rom t
hei
rvi
cti
[Link]
cti
mswer
e
al
sogi
venachancet
ospeakaboutt
hei
rpai
nandsuf
fer
[Link]
rybel
i
eved
t
hatt
hispr
ocesswoul
dhel
pbr
ingaboutr
econci
l
iat
ionbet
weenv
ict
imsand
per
pet
rat
orsofpol
i
ticalcr
imesandenabl
ethenat
iont
othr
iveasademocr
acy
.

THEBENEFI
TSOFFORGI
VENESSANDRECONCI
LIATI
ONI
NPROMOTI
NG
PEACE

For
givenessandr
econci
li
ati
on:

-
Promot
epeacebecausey
ousety
our
sel
ffr
eef
rom keepi
nggr
udges,
bit
ter
ness,
anger
,resent
ment
,host
il
it
yandev
env
engeance.I
tbr
eakst
heci
rcl
eofpai
nand
bl
ame,
bri
ngi
ngpeaceamongpeopl
e.I
naddi
ti
on,
wheny
ouar
efr
eef
rom t
hese
f
eel
i
ngsandemot
ions,
yourl
i
fecanbest
ressf
reeandy
ouwi
l
lbeabl
etol
i
vei
n
peace,
evenwi
tht
heper
sonwhowr
ongedy
ou.

-
All
owcompassi
onandki
ndnesst
[Link]
ether
eiscompassi
onand
ki
ndnessbet
weenpeopl
e,t
henpeacei
spr
omot
ed.

-
Tur
nshat
redi
ntol
oveandf
ri
endshi
[Link]
ether
eisl
oveandf
ri
endshi
p,peace
pr
evai
l
s.

-
Bri
ngsaboutpeaceamongstpeopl
efr
om di
ff
erentr
eli
gions,
raceanddi
ff
erent
nat
[Link]
e,i
nSout
hAf
ri
cat
hroughf
orgi
venessandr
econci
l
iat
ion
peopl
eofdi
ff
erentr
aci
algr
oupsar
eatpeacewi
theachot
her
.

-
Reconci
l
iat
ionr
est
oresr
elat
ionshi
ptowher
eitwasbef
oret
hehur
toccur
red.
Whenpeopl
ereconci
l
e,t
heymakepeacewi
thoneanot
her
.Anof
fenderi
s
accept
edbacki
ntoone’
sli
fe.

-
Reconci
l
iat
ionhel
psr
e-i
ntegr
ateof
fender
sint
oaf
ami
l
yorcommuni
[Link]
smay
hel
ppeopl
enott
ore-
off
endandi
nst
eadl
i
vei
npeacewi
thot
hermember
soft
he
gr
oup.
HI
V/AI
DS

HI
V:HumanI
mmuno-
def
ici
encyVi
rus

AI
DS:Acqui
redI
mmuneDef
ici
encySy
ndr
ome

PRACTI
CESI
NA.
T.R.I
NBOTSWANATHATEXPOSEMENANDWOMENTOHI
V

ANDAI
DS

PRACTI
CES

SEANTLO/
WIFEI
NHERI
TANCE/
LEVI
RATE

Wher
ebyamani
sal
l
owedt
omar
ryhi
swi
fe’
ssi
steraf
tert
hedeat
hofhi
swi
feor

wher
ebyawomani
sal
l
owedt
obemar
ri
edbyherhusband’
sbr
otheraf
tert
he

deat
hoft
hehusband

Thi
sencour
agest
hespr
eadHI
Vincaseswher
ethepar
tnermi
ghthav
edi
ed

becauseofAI
DSandt
heonel
efti
sal
soi
nfect
[Link]
hedi
sease
t
othenex
tper
sont
heygetmar
ri
edt
o.

TRADI
TIONALHEALI
NGPRACTI
CES

Pr
act
icessuchasgodupa,
wher
ebyat
radi
ti
onalheal
ercut
sacl
i
entwi
thashar
p

obj
ectanduseshi
smout
htoex
tractaf
orei
gnobj
ectt
hati
sbel
i
evedt
ohav
e

beenputi
nthatper
sont
hroughwi
tchcr
aft
.

Thi
sisadanger
ouspr
act
icebecausei
tput
sthel
i
feoft
hecl
i
entatr
iskof

i
nfect
ioni
ftheheal
eri
sinf
ect
edort
hel
i
feoft
heheal
eratr
iski
fthecl
i
enti
s

i
nfect
ed.

BOTSETSE/CONFI
NEMENT

Apr
act
icewher
ebybot
hthemot
herandt
hechi
l
dar
econf
inedi
nahousef
ora

l
ongerper
iodoft
ime,
evenupt
oay
ear
.

Thi
smaycausei
mpat
iencei
nsomemenwhomayendupget
ti
ngi
nvol
vedi
n

adul
ter
ousbehav
iour
sinor
dert
oseeksex
ualsat
isf
act
[Link]
smayi
ncr
easet
he

spr
eadofdi
seasessuchasHI
V

GOTLHATSWADI
ROPE/SURROGACY

Thi
sisapr
act
icewher
ebyi
fthecoupl
eisnotabl
etobearchi
l
dren,
themancan

hav
echi
l
drenwi
thhi
swi
fe’
ssi
sterandt
hewi
fewi
l
ltakecar
eoft
hosechi
l
dren

asherown.I
tcanal
sohappeni
fthehusbandi
sunabl
etobearchi
l
dren,
thenhi
s
br
othercanbearchi
l
drenf
orhi
m wi
thhi
swi
[Link]
sisdonet
ocov
ert
hef
ami
l
y’s

shame.

Thi
sencour
agest
hespr
eadofHI
V/AI
DSi
nawayt
hati
foneper
soni
s

i
nfect
ed,
ther
estwi
l
lbe

SAYI
NGSTHATEXPOSEMEN&WOMENTOHI
V/AI
DS

 Monnagankeabot
swakwaat
swangt
eng:Thesesay
ingsgi
ve

ment
hef
reedom doast
heypl
easei
ncl
udi
ngbei
ngf
ait
hful
.Thi
s

mayputt
hei
rpar
tner
satr
iskofHI
Vinf
ect
ion

 Monnaphaf
anaoaf
apaanel
wa/
Monnasel
epeoaadi
gwana:Thi
s

say
ingsay
samancanbeshar
ed,
thusencour
agi
ngment
obe

pr
omi
scui
tywhi
chput
speopl
eatr
isk.

 Monnapoogaaagel
wel
esaka:Thi
ssay
ingdescr
ibesamaasa

bul
lwhi
chcanmat
edi
ff
erentcowsi
ndi
ff
erentkr
aal
s.I
t

encour
agesment
obepr
omi
scuous

 Monnat
hot
seoanama:Thi
smeanst
hatamani
scompar
edt
oa

seedt
hataf
terbei
ngpl
ant
edmul
ti
pli
es.I
tsuggest
sthati
tis

accept
abl
eforamant
ohav
easmanysex
ualpar
tner
saspossi
ble

t
husi
ncr
easi
ngt
her
iskofHI
Vinf
ect
ion

HOW RELI
GIONSI
NBOTSWANAUSETHEI
RRESOURCESI
NRESPONSETOTHE
HI
VANDAI
DSSCOURGE/
PANDEMI
C

Al
lrel
i
gionsbel
i
evet
hatbehav
iour
alchangei
snecessar
ytof
ightt
heHI
Vand

AI
DSpandemi
c

MATERI
ALRESOURCES

 Theypr
ovi
def
ood,
clot
hing,
medi
calsuppl
i
esandbookst
othe

i
nfect
edandt
hei
rfami
l
ies

 Mostr
eli
gionshav
eor
gani
sat
ionswhi
chuset
hei
rresour
cest
o

hel
pincont
rol
l
ingt
hescour
[Link]
ehomebasedcar
e

f
aci
l
iti
eswher
ethesi
ckar
etakencar
eof
.Someaccommodat
ethe

si
ckf
oracer
tai
nper
iodoft
imeunt
ilt
heyr
ecov
er

 Somer
eli
gionshav
ebookswhi
chhel
ptoi
nfor
m peopl
eaboutHI
V

andAI
[Link]
omot
eachangeofmi
ndandbehav
iour

FI
NANCI
ALRESOURCES
  Theof
ferdonat
ionsi
nter
msofmoneyt
ohel
ptakeoft
hei
nfect
ed

andaf
fect
ed

 Theyt
akecar
eoft
hosewhohav
ebeendi
sadv
ant
agedbecauseof

HI
VandAI
DS

EMOTI
ONAL/PSYCHOLOGI
CALHELP

 Theyof
ferspi
ri
tualsuppor
ttot
hei
nfect
edandaf
fect
ed,
giv
ing

t
hem hopet
hroughpr
ayer

 Theyof
ferpr
ofessi
onalcounsel
l
ingwhi
chhel
pspeopl
etof
eel

accept
edadgi
vest
hem t
hest
rengt
handhopet
ofacel
i
fe

RELI
GIOUSTEACHI
NGSTHATCANHELPYOUTHTOACQUI
RESAFESEXUAL

BEHAVI
OURAGAI
NSTHI
V/AI
DS

SAFESEXUALBEHAVOI
UR:Engagi
ngIsex
ualconductt
hatr
educest
her
iskof

passi
ngt
ransmi
ssi
onofv
ener
ealandsex
ual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
eddi
seases

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Abst
inence:Youngshoul
dnothav
esexbef
oremar
ri
age;
ift
heydot
his,
theywi
l
l
notbeatt
her
iskofbecomi
ngpr
egnantorbei
ngi
nfect
edwi
thHI
V

 Monogamousr
elat
ionshi
p:Thi
sshoul
dbewi
thi
namar
ri
ageandt
he

coupl
ehast
obef
ait
hfult
ooneanot
her

 Pur
ethought
sandwor
ds:Theyshoul
dav
oidl
ust
fult
hought
sandusi
ng

sex
ual
l
yar
ousi
[Link]
smaykeept
hem f
rom t
empt
ati
onst
oget

i
nvol
vedi
nact
ivi
ti
est
hatmayl
eadt
oHI
VandAI
DS

 Modestdr
essi
ng:I
twi
l
lhel
pthem nott
oappearseduct
iveorsex
ual
l
y

appeal
i
ngwhi
chmayputt
hem underpr
essur
etobesexual
l
yact
ivead

t
huscont
ractHI
V

I
SLAM

 Nosexbef
oremar
ri
age:t
heyar
eencour
agedt
okeept
hemsel
vespur
e

unt
ilmar
ri
age

 Not
ouchi
ngandf
ondl
i
ngoneanot
her
:unmar
ri
edpeopl
ear
enotal
l
owed

t
otouchandf
ondl
eoneanot
herorbei
nti
mat
einawayt
hatmyputt
hem

i
ntempt
ati
ont
oengagei
nsex
ualact
ivi
ti
es

 Bei
ngf
ait
hful
:Mar
ri
edcoupl
esshoul
dal
way
sbef
ait
hfult
ooneanot
her

andcul
ti
vat
etr
usti
nthei
rrel
ati
onshi
ps

 Fast
ingandpr
ayer
:itmaybeusedt
ofi
ghtagai
nstsex
ualdesi
resand

t
empt
ati
ons

 Shoul
dnott
akei
ntox
icant
s:Theyr
educeone’
sabi
l
ityt
othi
nkcl
ear
lyand

endupbehav
ingi
mmor
all
ysuchasget
ti
ngi
nvol
vedi
nunaccept
abl
e
 pr
act
icesl
i
kesexbef
oremar
ri
age

BAHA’
IFAI
TH

 Nosexbef
oremar
ri
age:onl
ymar
ri
edpeopl
ear
eal
l
owedt
oengagei
nsex

bef
oremar
ri
age

 Theyemphasi
zet
othey
out
hthatsexi
sthebi
ggestwayt
hroughwhi
ch

peopl
egeti
nfect
edsot
heyt
eacht
hem t
oav
oidi
t

 Baha’
u’
ll
ah’
steachi
ngwhi
chsay
s“Youar
efor
biddent
ocommi
tadul
ter
y,

sodomyandl
echer
y”encour
agest
hey
oungpeopl
etol
i
vemor
all
i
ves

 Theyar
etaughtt
oav
oidi
ntox
icant
ssuchasal
coholanddr
ugswhi
chmay

l
eadt
oimmor
albehav
iour
.

HOW GENDERI
SSUESI
NA.
T.R.I
NBOTSWANAANDI
SLAM I
NFLUENCETHE

SPREADOFHI
VANDAI
DS

GENDERI
SSUES:t
heyi
ncl
udet
hedi
ff
erencesi
nthest
atusofmenandwomen,

andt
hepowert
hatmenandwomenhav
eaccor
dingt
odi
ff
erentr
eli
gions.

Genderi
ssuescanbot
hbesoci
alandbi
ologi
cal
.

A.
T.R.I
NBOTSWANA
  Leader
shi
pisst
ri
ctl
yformen:al
ldeci
sionmaki
ngi
nthehomei
sformen,

i
nthi
scase,
theydeci
dewhenandhowt
ohav
esex.I
ftheyhav
eex
tra

r
elat
ionshi
ps,
thent
heycanputwomenatr
iskofcont
ract
ingHI
V

 Equal
i
tybet
weenmenandwomen:pat
ri
archyi
sdomi
nant
;menar
eseen

assuper
iort
[Link]
enott
reat
edt
hesameandt
heyar
e

ex
pect
edt
obehav
edi
ff
erent
[Link]
epar
tner
sisseeas

manl
yadgoodwher
easwi
thawomani
tisseenasshamef
[Link]
sput
s

t
hel
i
vesofwomenatr
iskofsex
ual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
eddi
seasesi
fmenhav
e

mor
esex
ualpar
tner
s.

 Pay
ingoft
hebr
idepr
ice:t
hismaygi
vement
hepowerov
erwomenand

maket
hem t
hinkt
heyownt
hem,
ther
ebydoast
heypl
[Link]
nst
ance,

i
ftheydeci
denott
ousecondomsandt
heyar
einf
ect
ed,
thent
heywi
l
l

spr
eadt
hedi
seaset
othei
rwi
vesandev
enex
trar
elat
ionshi
psi
ftheyhav
e

t
hem

 Womenar
ecar
etaker
s:t
hismakeswomenv
ulner
abl
etoHI
VandAI
DS

si
ncet
heyar
etheoneswhot
akecar
eoft
hesi
ck

 Pol
ygamy
:Hav
ingmul
ti
plesex
ualpar
tner
sal
way
sput
speopl
eatr
iskof

cont
ract
ingHI
Vifoneoft
hem i
sal
readyi
nfect
ed

I
SLAM

 Pol
ygamy
:aMusl
i
m mancanmar
ryupt
ofourwi
[Link]
scaneasi
l
y
 i
nfl
uencet
hespr
eadofHI
Vincaseswher
eonepar
tneri
sal
readyi
nfect
ed

 Leader
shi
pisr
est
ri
ctedt
omen:t
heyar
ethedeci
sionmaker
s,t
heydeci
de

howandwhent
ohav
esexandwomendonothav
easay
.Thi
sput
s

womenatr
iskofHI
Vinf
ect
ionespeci
all
yift
hemar
ri
agei
spol
ygamous

HOW BUDDHI
STTEACHI
NGSCABEUSEDTOPROMOTESEXUAL

BEHAVI
OURALCHANGE

THEFI
VEPRECEPTS

Thr
eeoft
hesepr
ecept
scanbeusef
uli
nbehav
iour
alchange

 Donotgeti
nvol
vedi
nsex
ualmi 3rdpr
sconduct[ ecept
]

Thesemi
sconduct
sincl
uder
ape,
adul
ter
y,pr
omi
scui
tyandsex
ualper
ver
sion.

I
tcov
ersal
li
mpr
operbehav
iourwi
thr
egar
dtosex
.Itai
mst
opr
omot
epr
oper

sex
ualbehav
iourandasenseofsoci
aldecency

 Donott
elll
i 4thpr
es[ ecept
]

I
tencour
agespeopl
etobet
rut
hfulandhonestt
othemsel
vesandot
her
s.
 Thi
scanur
gepeopl
etochanget
hei
rsex
ualbehav
iour
[Link]
elll
i
es

br
eedanunt
rust
wor
thyenv
ironment

 Donott
akei
ntox
icant
s[5thpr
ecept
]

Theyar
etaughtaboutt
hedanger
soft
aki
ngi
ntox
icant
swhi
chmaydi
stor
t

t
hei
rsensi
bil
i
tyandcauset
hem t
olacksel
f-
cont
rolandj
udgementpower
.

Thi
smayputt
hem athi
ghr
isk.I
fpeopl
emayr
efr
ainf
rom t
aki
ngi
ntox
icant
s,

t
heymayhav
ebehav
iour
alchange

THEEI
GHTFOLDPATH

 Ri
ghtv
iew:suf
fer
ingi
scausedbydesi
re,sex
ualdesi
rei
ncl
uded.

Peopl
e shoul
d under
stand t
hati
l
li
citsex
ualbehav
iourcauses

unhappi
ness,
ther
efor
etheyshoul
dav
oidi
t

 Ri
ghti
ntent
ion/
thought
:ev
ery
oneshoul
dhav
egoodi
ntent
ionsi
n

ev
ery
thi
ng t
[Link]
steachi
ng encour
agespeopl
etor
efr
ain

f
rom sex
ualdesi
reswhi
chmaybr
ingbadr
esul
ts.

 Ri
ghtspeech:honest
yis encour
aged atal
lti
mes.I
thel
ps i
n

behav
iour
alchangebecausedi
shonestway
sandl
i
escausepeopl
e

t
oengagei
nex
tramar
it
alr
elat
ionshi
ps.
 Ri
ghtact
ion:unaccept
abl
esex
ualbehav
iouri
snotar
ightact
ion,

t
her
efor
epeopl
eshoul
dref
rai
nfr
om i
t

 Ri
ghtl
i
vel
i
hood:t
hist
eachi
ngencour
agespeopl
etoear
nal
i
vingi
n

upr
ightmanner
s.I
tther
efor
edi
scr
edi
tshav
ingmul
ti
plepar
tner
s

anddoi
ngpr
ost
it
uti
onf
orpr
ovi
sion.

 Ri
ght ef
for
t:i
t di
scour
ages peopl
efr
om ev
ili
mpul
ses,but

encour
agest
hem t
ohav
esel
f-
cont
rol
.Sel
f-
cont
rolassi
stspeopl
e

t
ohav
eachangeofbehav
iour
.

 Ri
ghtmi
ndf
ulness:i
tencour
agespeopl
enott
ogi
vei
ntodi
ctat
es

ofdesi
resi
nthought
s,speech ad act
[Link]
ract
ionsshoul
d

al
way
sbei
nli
newi
tht
hei
rthought
[Link]
scoul
dhel
ppeopl
eto

av
oidev
ilt
hought
sandsexualdesi
res.

 Ri
ghtconcent
rat
ion:i
tencour
agespeopl
etoconcent
rat
eandt
rai
n

t
hei
rmi
ndst
othi
nkposi
ti
vel
y.I
tcoul
dhel
ppeopl
eini
ssuesof

behav
iour
alchangeasi
twi
l
lassi
stpeopl
etoav
oidi
mmor
al

t
hought
swhi
chi
ntur
nleadt
oimmor
alsex
ualact
s.
THENATURALENVI
RONMENT

Thenat
uralenv
ironmenti
sthesur
roundi
ngsi
nwhi
chal
ll
iv
ingt
hingssuchas
ani
mal
s,pl
ant
sandal
lpeopl
eli
veanddependonf
orsur
viv
al.

Somer
eli
gionshel
pinf
luencepeopl
etopr
eser
vet
heenv
ironmenti
nmanyway
s.

RELI
GIOUSBELI
EFS–Rel
i
giousbel
i
efshel
pinf
luencepeopl
etopr
eser
vet
he
env
ironment
.Forex
ampl
e,

 Chr
ist
iansbel
i
evet
hatt
heSupr
emeBei
ngcr
eat
edt
heenv
ironmentand
ev
ery
thi
ngi
nit
.Musl
i
msal
sobel
i
eveAl
l
ahi
sthecr
eat
oroft
he
env
ironment
.Thi
sbel
i
efi
nfl
uencespeopl
etot
akecar
eandpr
eser
vet
he
env
ironment
.

 Rel
i
gionssuchasChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam bel
i
evet
hatt
hecr
eat
orhasgi
ven
peopl
ethepowert
orul
eov
ert
heenv
ironment
.Ther
efor
etheyhav
emade
i
tthei
rresponsi
bil
i
tyt
olookaf
tert
heenv
ironment
.Musl
i
msbel
i
evet
hat
Al
l
ahhasi
nst
ruct
edt
hem nott
odest
royt
heenv
ironmentbutt
olookaf
ter
i
t.
  Musl
i
msandChr
ist
iansbel
i
eveet
hatev
ery
thi
ngi
nthewor
ldwascr
eat
ed
f
ormanandmanhascont
rolofal
lthati
sint
hewor
[Link]
efor
eiti
s
uponr
eli
gionst
otakecar
eofandpr
eser
vet
heenv
ironmentandusei
tina
wayt
hatcanbenef
itpeopl
e.

 Hi
ndusbel
i
evet
hatev
ery
thi
ngi
ntheuni
ver
sei
samani
fest
ati
onof
Br
[Link]
vi
nit
yinev
ery
thi
ng,
li
ningandnon-
li
vi
[Link]
bel
i
evenat
urei
ssacr
edandt
her
efor
eshoul
dbecar
edf
orandpr
otect
ed.
Thi
sbel
i
efhasi
nfl
uencedHi
ndusnott
odest
royordamaget
he
env
ironmentandt
husi
tispr
eser
ved.

RELI
GIOUSPRACTI
CES

 Hi
nduspr
act
iceahi
msawhi
chi
snon-
viol
encet
oal
lli
vi
ngornon-
li
vi
ng
t
[Link]
spr
act
icepr
event
sfol
l
ower
sofHi
ndui
sm f
rom dest
roy
ingt
he
env
ironment
.MostHi
ndusar
epur
elyv
eget
ari
ansandhav
eputschemes
i
npl
acet
hatt
ryandhel
pthem pr
eser
vet
heenv
ironment
.

 I
n Af
ri
can Tr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
gion i
n Bot
swana,cer
tai
n pl
ant
s,t
rees and
ani
mal
sint
heenv
ironmentar
erespect
edast
otemsf
ordi
ff
erentet
hni
c
gr
[Link] pl
ant
sand t
reescannotbecutoreat
[Link]
mal
sal
so
cannotbeki
l
ledunnecessar
il
yandar
enotbei
ngeat
en.

TEACHI
NGSTHATPROMOTETHECONSERVATI
ONOFNATURALRESOURCES
I
NSOMERELI
GIONS

Nat
uralr
esour
cesar
esubst
ancesormat
eri
alsorpl
acest
hathumanbei
ngsuse
i
nthei
rev
ery
dayl
i
fef
ort
hei
[Link]
uralr
esour
cesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 For
est
s

 Land

 Wi
l
dani
mal
s

 Wat
er

 Mi
ner
alr
esour
cessuchasdi
amonds,
gol
d,coal
,oi
l
,copperandni
ckel
.

Toconser
vet
heenv
ironmentornat
uralr
esour
cesmeanst
heactofnotwast
ing,
dest
roy
ingorhar
mingt
hem,
butr
athert
opr
otectt
hem anduset
hem saf
ely
.Iti
s
v
eryi
mpor
tantt
opr
eser
vet
heenv
ironmentornat
uralr
esour
cesbecauset
hey
hel
psust
ainbot
hwi
l
dli
feandhumans.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
het
eachi
ngsofdi
ff
erentr
eli
gionspr
omot
ingt
he
conser
vat
ionoft
heenv
ironmentornat
uralr
esour
ces.

AFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALRELI
GIONI
NBOTSWANA

Af
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
giont
eachest
hat
:
 Modi
moi
sthecr
eat
orofev
ery
thi
ngonear
[Link]
mocr
eat
edani
mal
s,
wat
er,
air
,pl
ant
sandf
orest
.Theset
her
efor
ear
eGod’
scr
eat
ionand
shoul
dber
espect
ed.

 Humanbei
ngshav
ebeengi
venpowerov
eral
lot
hert
hingsonear
th.I
tis
t
her
efor
ethei
rresponsi
bil
i
tyt
olookaf
terwhatt
heyhav
ebeengi
[Link]
shoul
dpr
otectandt
akecar
eoft
henat
uralr
esour
cest
hatt
heyhav
e.
  Theyar
eal
sot
aboost
hatar
etaughtt
ohel
pconser
vet
heenv
ironment
.
Mostoft
hem ar
eonani
mal
sandpl
ant
[Link]
oll
owi
ngar
eex
ampl
esof
t
hoset
aboos;

 Apy
thonshoul
dnotbeki
l
leddur
ingt
hepl
oughi
ngseasonsbecausei
tcan
causedr
ought
.

 Fr
uitt
reesshoul
dnotbecut
.

 One’
stot
em shoul
dnotbeeat
en.

 Acr
ocodi
l
eshoul
dnotbeki
l
leddur
ingsummer
.

 Tr
eessuchasmor
etl
wa,
mor
ulaandmokgal
oshoul
dnotbecut
.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY
Chr
ist
iani
tyt
eachest
hat
:
 Godcr
eat
edt
heuni
ver
seandev
ery
thi
ngi
nit
.Iti
sther
efor
ethei
rdut
yto
r
espectandt
akecar
eoft
henat
uralr
esour
cesav
ail
abl
eandt
heyshoul
d
pr
eser
vei
t.

 Chr
ist
iansar
eGod’
sst
ewar
dsonear
[Link]
eadut
ytomakesur
e
t
hatnat
uralr
esour
cesar
eshar
edequal
l
yandar
epr
eser
[Link]
e
cer
tai
nresponsi
bil
i
tiest
owar
dsal
ll
iv
ingt
hingsbecauseGodpl
acedt
hem
i
ntheposi
ti
onofst
ewar
dsofhi
scr
eat
[Link]
dingt
heBi
blet
heGod
t
ookmanandputhi
mint
heGar
denofEdent
owor
kini
tandt
akecar
eof
i
t.(
Genesi
s2:
15)

 Chr
ist
iansshoul
dal
way
sleav
etheear
thabet
terpl
acet
hant
heyf
oundi
t
becausei
ftheydonotf
ulf
ilt
hei
rresponsi
bil
i
ties,
theywi
l
lbej
udgedby
God.
  Chr
ist
ianshav
ebeengi
vent
heaut
hor
it
ytor
uleov
ert
heenv
ironment
,the
ear
thwasmadebyGodandst
il
lbel
ongst
oGodnotHumans.

 Theear
thi
stheLor
d’sandev
ery
thi
ngi
nit
,thewor
ldandal
lwhol
i
vei
nit
.
Chr
ist
ianshav
enor
ightt
opol
l
ute,
expl
oit
,dest
roy
,ki
l
lori
nanyway
di
srespectGod’
scr
eat
ion,
incl
udi
ngnat
uralr
esour
ces.

BUDDHI
SM
Buddhi
stsar
etaughtt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Nott
oki
l
l,butr
athercher
ishal
ll
if
[Link]
sist
hePr
ecepti
nBuddhi
sm t
hat
emphasi
zeont
hepr
otect
ionofnat
uralr
esour
[Link]
otecthumanl
i
fe
i
stopr
otectt
heenv
ironmentornat
uralr
esour
cesi
nwhi
cht
hosehumans
l
i
vei
[Link]
eachi
ngshel
pBuddhi
stst
oact
ivel
ytr
yto
pr
eser
vet
henat
uralr
esour
cesandt
oensur
ethatact
sofnegl
ector
dest
ruct
iondonotoccur
.

 Lov
eandcompassi
onhel
ppeopl
etocar
efort
heenv
ironment
.Buddhi
sts
ar
eencour
agedt
oenj
oyl
i
vingi
napur
elandwhi
chi
sbeaut
if
uland
har
moni
ous,
wher
ether
eisnohar
mtoanyot
herl
i
vingt
hing,
from t
he
l
argestmammalt
othesmal
l
esti
nsectandnat
uralr
esour
ces.

 Theyar
etaughtandencour
agednott
odest
royanypl
antort
ree.I
nthi
s
waynat
uralr
esour
cesar
epr
eser
ved.

 Car
ingf
ort
heenv
ironmentbegi
nswi
thcar
ingf
oronesel
[Link]
efor
ethe
 wayBuddhi
stst
akecar
eoft
hemsel
vesshoul
dber
efl
ect
edont
heway
t
heyt
akecar
eofnat
uralr
esour
ces.

BAHAIFAI
TH
Baha’
ifol
l
ower
sar
etaught
:
 Tor
espectandpr
otectt
heenv
ironmentt
heyl
i
vei
n.I
ndoi
ngsot
hey
pr
otectandconser
vet
henat
uralr
esour
ces.

 Thatal
lofGod’
scr
eat
ioni
sint
er-
rel
[Link]
herf
ormsofl
i
fecannott
hink
orr
eason,
iti
suponmant
opr
otectt
hem.

 Thatki
ndnesst
otheenv
ironmenti
sgoodf
orspi
ri
tualdev
elopment
.By
pur
sui
ngspi
ri
tualdev
elopmenti
nawayconser
veandpr
otectnat
ural
r
esour
ces.

 Toencour
agechi
l
drenatay
oungaget
opr
otectt
heenv
ironmenthence
cont
inualconser
vat
ionofnat
uralr
esour
ces.

I
SLAM
Musl
i
msar
etaught
:
 Thatt
heuni
ver
seandev
ery
thi
ngi
nitwascr
eat
edbyAl
l
[Link]
i
msar
e
t
her
efor
eex
pect
edt
orespectandt
akecar
eoft
heenv
ironmentbecausei
t
i
sagi
ftf
rom Al
l
aht
opeopl
e.

 Thatt
heenv
ironmentshoul
dbeusedi
nagoodwayandshoul
dnotbe
wast
[Link]
’anst
atest
hat
,‘
Peopl
eshoul
denj
oyt
hef
rui
toft
heear
th
andnotwast
eit
,forAl
l
ahdoesnotl
ovewast
ers’
.I
fMusl
i
msf
oll
owt
his
t
eachi
ngt
hennat
uralr
esour
ceswi
l
lbeconser
ved.

 Thatt
heQur
’anandt
heShar
iaLawhav
esetpr
inci
plesonhowpeopl
e
 shoul
dtakecar
eoft
heenv
ironment
.Theyshoul
dtakecar
eofwat
er,
they
shoul
donl
yhuntani
mal
sforf
oodnotf
orpl
easur
eandwhenev
erat
reei
s
cutanot
hershoul
dbepl
ant
ed.

 Thatt
heyar
einher
it
orsoft
heear
[Link]
rresponsi
bil
i
tyt
her
efor
eIst
o
l
ookaf
terev
ery
thi
ngcr
eat
edbyAl
l
ahbecauseev
ery
thi
nghasbeenpl
aced
i
nthei
rcar
eandt
rust
.

 Thatl
i
fei
sat
estf
rom Al
l
[Link]
esti
sthatt
heyshoul
dlookaf
tert
he
env
ironmenti
nawayofI
[Link]
ailwi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
ybepuni
shed.
Musl
i
mst
her
efor
etr
ytor
educepol
l
uti
onandconser
vet
heenv
ironment
byal
[Link]
sot
ryt
oshar
etheear
th’
sresour
cesequal
l
yand
al
way
str
ytouset
hem t
oimpr
ovet
hei
rli
vi
ngcondi
ti
ons.

RELI
GIOUSVI
EWSONTHECONSERVATI
ONOFTHEENVI
RONMENT.

Di
ff
erentr
eli
gionshav
edi
ff
erentv
iewsorr
egar
dsont
heconser
vat
ionoft
he
env
ironment
.
AFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALRELI
GIONI
NBOTSWANA
 I
nAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
gioni
nBot
swanal
andi
ssacr
edandbel
ongs
t
oModi
[Link]
eisacer
tai
nlandt
hati
snott
[Link]
l
andi
sconser
vedi
nAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
gion,
thef
oll
owi
ngcannot
bedoneoni
t:

i
. i
tcannotbet
il
led

i
i
. t
reesandot
herv
eget
ati
oncannotbecut

i
i
i. ani
mal
scannotgr
azeoni
t

i
v. Fol
l
ower
sofAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalr
eli
gioni
nBot
swanav
iewt
hemsel
vesas
car
etaker
soft
heenv
ironmentandassuch,
iti
sthei
rtaskt
oensur
ethat
 t
heenv
ironmenti
stakencar
eofandpr
eser
ved.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY
 Thewhol
ewor
ldi
sapr
oductofGod’
scr
eat
ionandcr
eat
ivi
[Link]
cr
eat
edt
heenv
ironmentasagi
ftf
orhumanbei
ngsandt
her
efor
ethey
hav
eadut
ytot
akecar
eofi
[Link]
dtakepar
tint
heconser
vat
ion
oft
heenv
ironment
.Theyal
sohav
etoal
l
owt
hel
andt
orestaf
tersome
cont
inuousy
ear
sofusage.

 Godgav
ehumanbei
ngsaut
hor
it
yov
erani
mal
sandpl
ant
s–t
hey
shoul
dcar
efori
t.

 Al
lhumanbei
ngsshoul
drespectandt
akecar
eoft
heenv
ironment
becauseGodcr
eat
edi
tassomet
[Link]
ngsshoul
d
makesur
ethatt
heenv
ironmentr
emai
nsaswhatGodi
ntendedi
ttobe.

I
SLAM
 Theenv
ironmenti
sGod’
scr
eat
ionandmustber
espect
[Link]
our
th
Cal
i
ph,
Ali
-Abi
-Tal
i
boncesai
dconcer
ningt
heenv
ironment
,‘
par
takes
ofi
tgl
adl
y,sol
ongasy
ouar
eabenef
act
or,
notadespoi
l
er,
a
cul
ti
vat
or,
notadest
roy
er’
.

 Musl
i
msv
iewt
aki
ngcar
eoft
heenv
ironmentandi
tsnat
uralr
esour
ces
asadut
ythatev
eryMusl
i
m [Link]
dnotuseorov
eruset
he
env
ironment
.Usi
ngt
heenv
ironmentex
trav
agant
lyandl
uxur
iousl
yis
 f
orbi
ddeni
nIsl
am.

 Al
lpeopl
eshoul
dli
vei
nhar
monywi
tht
heenv
ironment
.Landandt
he
nat
uralr
esour
cesshoul
dbepr
otect
edf
rom mi
suseandabuse.

THEI
MPACTOFRELI
GIOUSACTI
VITESONTHEENVI
RONMENT

Al
ll
iv
ingt
hingsdependont
heenv
ironmentf
orsur
viv
al.I
tist
her
efor
ever
y
i
mpor
tantt
otakegoodcar
eoft
heenv
ironment
.Rel
i
giousf
oll
ower
stakepar
tin
v
ari
ousr
eli
giousact
ivi
ti
es,
someofwhi
chhav
eani
mpactont
heenv
ironment
.
Bel
owar
esomeoft
heseact
ivi
ti
esandhowt
heyaf
fectt
heenv
ironment
:

RI
TUALS-Somer
eli
giousact
ivi
ti
eshav
eani
mpactont
heenv
ironment
.
 SomeChr
ist
ianchur
chesbapt
izet
hei
rfol
l
ower
sinr
iver
[Link]
smayl
eadt
o
wat
erpol
l
uti
on.

 I
nHi
ndui
sm,
bat
hingi
nsacr
edr
iver
ssuchast
heGangesi
sver
yimpor
tant
.
Theashesoft
hedeadwhohav
ebeencr
emat
edar
eal
sot
hrowni
ntot
he
r
iver
.Theser
it
ual
scont
ri
but
etopol
l
uti
onoft
heGangesRi
ver
.

Dur
ingGanevUst
avandNav
rat
ri
sfest
ival
,thei
dol
sofLor
dGaneshand
goddessDur
gaar
eimmer
sedi
nlakesi
nBophal
,Indi
[Link]
dol
sar
e
madeofpl
ast
erofpar
isorcl
ayandcl
othessuppor
tedbysmal
lir
onr
ods.
Thesear
epai
ntedi
nbr
ightcol
our
sandv
arni
[Link]
hepai
nts
cont
aint
oxi
cmet
alssuchasl
eadandmer
cur
[Link]
chhasshownt
hat
t
hisr
eli
gious act
ivi
ty has r
esul
ted i
n det
eri
orat
ion ofwat
erqual
i
ty,
accumul
ati
onoft
oxi
cchemi
cal
sandsedi
ment
sandshr
inkageoft
hel
ake
 ar
ea.

I
nBot
swana,
disposewast
eandper
for
mri
tual
ssuchascol
oncl
eansi
ngal
ong
Kol
obengRi
ver
.Theyar
enotsupposedt
odot
hissoast
opr
eser
vei
tspr
ist
ine
nat
ureandt
our
istat
tr
act
[Link]
sri
tualofcol
oncl
eansi
ngcancont
ri
but
eto
wat
erpol
l
uti
on.

Theuseofpl
antmedi
cines
I
nAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalr
eli
gion,t
radi
ti
onalheal
ersof
tenusemedi
cinef
rom pl
ant
s
t
ohealv
ari
ousi
l
lnessesandcondi
ti
[Link]
smeanscer
tai
npl
ant
sar
ecutor
upr
oot
[Link]
erhar
vest
ing ofmedi
cinalpl
ant
scan r
esul
tin pl
ant
sbecomi
ng
ex
tinctandl
ossofbi
odi
ver
sit
y.

VI
RTUESTHATCOULDBEPUTI
NTOPRACTI
CETOPROTECTTHE
ENVI
RONMENT
Val
uescanbeusedt
ohel
ppr
otectt
heenv
ironment
.Weal
lhav
ear
esponsi
bil
i
ty
t
opr
otectt
heenv
ironmentsot
hatf
utur
egener
ati
onscanal
sobenef
itf
rom
r
esour
ces i
nit
.The f
oll
owi
ng v
irt
ues ofRespect
,Compassi
on,Car
ing and
Ki
ndnesscanbeputi
ntopr
act
icet
ohel
ppr
otectt
heenv
ironment
.
RESPECT
Respecti
shonour
ingandv
alui
ngsomeoneorsomet
hing.I
fwer
espectt
he
env
ironmentasasour
ceofev
ery
thi
ngweneedt
oex
istandhav
eacomf
ort
abl
e
l
i
fe,
wewi
l
lpr
otecti
[Link]
espectt
oourenv
ironmentbymanagi
ngand
usi
ngnat
uralr
esour
cesi
nasust
ainabl
eway
.
COMPASSI
ON
Compassi
oni
stheabi
l
ityt
ofeelsy
mpat
hyordi
str
essf
orsomeoneorsomet
hing
el
se.I
tinv
olv
eshav
ingt
hedesi
ret
ohel
pandt
aki
ngact
iont
oshowonecar
es.
Peopl
ecanshowcompassi
ont
otheenv
ironmentbyt
aki
ngcar
eoft
rees,
plant
s
andani
mal
s.
CARI
NG
Car
ingi
saf
eel
i
ngofconcer
nori
nter
estandempat
hyf
orot
her
sort
hings.A
car
ingper
sonav
oidshar
mingt
hatwhi
chheorshecar
esf
or.I
fwecar
eabout
t
heenv
ironment
,wewi
l
ltakegoodcar
eofi
tandpr
otecti
tbyt
ryi
ngt
okeepi
t
cl
ean,
conser
vingwi
l
dani
mal
sandpl
ant
s,av
oidpol
l
uti
ngoursur
roundi
ngsand
r
educeourconsumpt
ionofnat
uralr
esour
ces.

KI
NDNESS
Ki
ndnessmeansbei
ngwar
m-hear
ted,
tender
,consi
der
ateandshowi
ngconcer
n
f
orot
her
[Link]
ndnesst
otheenv
ironmentcanbeshownt
hroughcar
ingf
orour
domest
icani
mal
spr
oper
[Link]
dgi
vet
hem f
ood,
andmedi
calcar
e.

FRANCI
SOFASSI
SIASAMODELFORSUSTAI
NINGECOLOGI
CALBALANCE
St
.Fr
anci
sofAssi
siwasbor
ninapl
acecal
l
edAssi
sii
nIt
alyi
[Link]
wasbor
nGi
ovanniFr
ancescodiBer
nar
[Link]
sfat
herwasPi
etr
oBer
nar
done,
a
weal
thyAssi
siancl
othmer
chant
,andhi
smot
herwasPi
caBour
lemont
.Hi
sfat
her
gav
ehi
mtheni
ckname‘
Franci
s’becauseofhi
slov
eforFr
ancewher
ehewas
i
nvol
vedi
nagr
eatdealoft
rade.

BYSHOWI
NGRESPECTFORALLLI
VINGTHI
NGS

Fr
anci
sofAssi
siwaswel
lknownf
orhi
slov
eofnat
[Link]
aughtpeopl
eto
r
espectal
lcr
eat
ures,
nomat
terhowi
nsi
gni
fi
cantt
heymi
ghtbeorl
ookbecause
t
heywer
eal
lcr
eat
[Link]
l
edani
mal
shi
sbr
other
sandsi
ster
sand
r
egar
dedt
hem asmember
sofonef
ami
l
[Link]
dpr
eacht
othebi
rdsabout
t
hegr
eat
nessofGodaski
ngt
hem t
ogl
ori
fyhi
m.I
tissai
dthatwhenhewas
pr
eachi
ngt
othebi
rdst
heywoul
dst
opandl
i
stent
ohi
m asi
ftheyunder
stood.
Hewoul
dwal
kamongstt
hebi
rds,
toucht
hem andshowt
hem al
ll
ove.
BYCARI
NGFORPLANTSORANI
MALS

Heal
way
str
ied nott
o har
m anypl
ant
sorani
mal
[Link]
edf
orev
ent
he
smal
l
estcr
eat
[Link]
dpi
ckwor
msupf
rom t
her
oadandputt
hem i
na
saf
epl
acesot
hatt
heywoul
dnotbecr
ushedbyt
hef
eetofpeopl
eusi
ngt
her
oad.

I
nwi
nterhehadhoney
,ort
hebestwi
neputoutf
orbeessot
hatt
heywoul
dnot
di
efr
om l
ackoff
oodandt
hecol
d.I
nhi
sveget
abl
egar
den,heal
way
slef
tspace
t
opl
antf
lower
ssot
hatev
eryseasont
heycoul
dpr
oduceseedsf
ormor
efl
ower
s
t
obegr
[Link]
anci
slov
edf
lower
sbecauset
heybr
oughtbeaut
ytohi
smi
ndand
hel
ovedt
hei
rsweetscent
.Henev
ercutev
enabl
adeofgr
assorabr
anchof
fa
t
ree.

BYPROTECTI
NGWI
LDANI
MALS
Whenpeopl
efai
l
edt
oki
l
lorchaseawayt
hewol
f,t
heyi
nvi
tedStFr
anci
stohel
p
t
hem.I
nst
eadofki
l
li
ngt
heani
mal
,heappr
oachedt
heani
malunar
medand
t
alkedt
oit
.Heaskedt
hewol
ftor
epentf
ort
hehar
mthathehadcausedand
pr
omi
senott
oat
tackt
hepeopl
eort
hei
rli
vest
ockagai
n.

ANI
MALLI
FE
Ani
mal
spl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthel
i
vesofpeopl
[Link]
mal
sar
eusedf
or
f
ood,
wor
kandcompani
onshi
[Link]
eli
gionshav
est
ori
eswher
ecer
tai
n
ani
mal
sar
esuedt
oteachmor
all
[Link]
mal
sar
eof
tent
akencar
eofand
pr
otect
edi
ndi
ff
erentr
eli
gions.

THESI
GNI
FICANCEOFSOMEANI
MALSI
NAFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALRELI
GION
I
NBOTSWANA
I
nAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
gion,
ani
mal
sar
eimpor
tanti
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:
 Theyar
eusedast
otems(
dir
eto)–t
hisi
sabel
i
eft
hatt
her
eisa
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenpl
ant
sandhumanbei
ngs.I
tisknownast
otemi
sm.
Forex
ampl
e,t
het
otem f
orBahur
utshei
sBaboon(
Tshwene)
,Bal
ete
Buf
fal
o(Nar
e)et
[Link]
mal
sar
eimpor
tanti
nAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onal
Rel
i
gionbecauset
heygi
vef
oll
ower
sasenseofsoci
ali
dent
it
yand
bel
ongi
ng.

 Someani
mal
sar
eusedaschar
act
ersi
nst
ori
est
oteachmor
all
essons–
Ani
mal
ssuchasr
abbi
ts,
har
es,
baboons,
tor
toi
sesandot
her
sar
eof
ten
usedi
ntr
adi
ti
onalst
ori
est
otr
yandi
nst
il
lmor
ali
tyi
npeopl
[Link]
t
aughtar
eusual
l
ygood,
theyencour
agegoodbehav
iour
,har
dwor
kand
mor
alv
aluessuchaski
ndness,
respect
,cooper
ati
onandl
ove.

 Somear
easi
gnofweal
th–Ani
mal
ssuchascat
tl
ear
ebel
i
evedt
oshow
weal
thandpr
est
[Link]
ami
l
ywi
thmanycat
tl
eisr
espect
edandhonour
ed.
Somecat
tl
ecanbeusedt
opaybr
idepr
icewhi
l
esomecanbesl
aught
ered
f
orsuchcer
emoni
esasmar
ri
agesandf
uner
als.

 Somear
esacr
if
icedt
otheAncest
ors–Thi
sisdonet
oappeaset
he
ancest
[Link]
ngcanbedonet
othankancest
orsf
ordoi
nggood
t
hingsi
nli
vesofpeopl
eorasawayofaski
ngt
hem f
orbl
essi
ngs.
HI
NDUI
SM
 Theyar
eusedi
nHi
ndumy
thsandl
egends.I
nthesemy
thsandl
egends,
t
heyar
eusual
l
yusedt
oex
plai
nhowt
hingsshoul
dbedoneandt
heyal
so
t
eachmor
alv
alues.

 Theyar
eamodeoft
ranspor
tformanygodsandgoddesses–Theycan
beusedbydi
ff
erentgodsandgoddessesasv
ehi
cles.

 Somear
ewor
shi
ppedasdei
ti
es–SomeHi
ndui
sm godsandgoddesses
ar
ebel
i
evedt
ohav
eani
malchar
act
eri
sti
[Link]
mal
sassoci
atedwi
th
t
hesedei
ti
esar
ether
efor
erespect
edandr
ever
ed.

 Somear
easour
ceoff
oodandmedi
[Link]
malpr
oduct
ssuchasmi
l
k,
ghee,
cur
dsf
rom ani
mal
scanbeeat
enf
orsur
viv
[Link]
her
scanbeused
f
orpur
if
icat
ioncer
emoni
es,
forexampl
e,t
heur
[Link]
iedand
powder
edcowdungi
spl
acedonchi
l
drenpossessedbyev
ilspi
ri
ts.

 Somear
econsi
der
edsacr
ed–Theyar
edi
vi
neandhol
y,f
orex
ampl
e,t
he
[Link]
eal
l
owedt
owanderi
nst
reet
sunhar
medandki
l
li
ngofacow
i
sat
[Link]
i
eveLor
dKr
ishnal
ovedcowsandspentmostofhi
s
l
i
feasacowher
[Link]
dcowsar
eof
tenputi
nret
ir
ementhomescal
l
ed
goshal
as.

MORALSTORI
ESRELATEDTOANI
MALS

AFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALRELI
GIONI
NBOTSWANA

Someani
mal
sar
eusedaschar
act
ersi
nst
ori
est
oteachmor
all
essons–
Ani
mal
ssuchasr
abbi
ts,
har
es,
baboons,
tor
toi
sesandot
her
sar
eof
tenusedi
n
t
radi
ti
onalst
ori
est
otr
yandi
nst
il
lmor
ali
tyi
npeopl
[Link]
aughtar
eusual
l
y
good,
theyencour
agegoodbehav
iour
,har
dwor
kandmor
alv
aluessuchas
ki
ndness,
respect
,cooper
ati
onandl
ove.
Someoft
hemor
all
essonsf
rom st
ori
esi
nvol
vi
ngani
mal
sincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 I
ntel
l
igenceorwi
tcandef
eatphy
sicalpowerorst
rengt
h

 Asel
fi
shactusual
l
yorof
tengoeswr
ong.

 Thosewhol
i
eandboastendupi
ntr
oubl
e

 Donotcounty
ourchi
ckensbef
oret
heyar
ehat
ched

 Onegoodt
urndeser
vesanot
her

I
nthest
oryofi
ntel
l
igenceorwi
tcandef
eatphy
sicalst
rengt
h,wel
ear
nthatwhen
y
ouar
esmal
landhel
pless,
youcanusey
ourbr
ainst
odef
eatpower
fulpeopl
eor
t
hings.

HI
NDUI
SM

Ther
ear
eal
sosomest
ori
esi
nHi
ndui
sm whi
char
erel
atedt
oani
mal
s.I
nsuch
st
ori
es,
ani
mal
ssuchasr
abbi
ts,
elephant
s,bi
rds,
frogs,
crocodi
l
es,
monkey
sand
manyot
her
sar
eusedt
oteachmor
all
[Link]
ori
esar
ecal
l
edPanchat
ant
ra
andt
heyal
way
shav
eamor
all
essonatt
[Link]
hemor
all
essonsf
rom
st
ori
esr
elat
edt
oani
mal
sincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Gr
eedcanbehar
mful

 St
ayawayf
rom at
hingt
hatdoesnoti
nvol
vey
ou.

 Donotbedecei
vedbyappear
ances

 Donotf
indf
aul
tswi
thot
her
s.

 Donotr
etur
nki
ndnesswi
thev
il
.

I
nthest
oryofst
ayawayf
rom at
hingt
hatdoesnoti
nvol
vey
ou;
wel
ear
nhowt
he
monkeygotki
l
ledbecausehewasi
nvol
vi
nghi
msel
fwher
ehewasnotneeded.

WAYSI
NWHI
CHANI
MALLI
FECANBEPROTECTED

AFRI
CANTRADI
TONALRELI
GIONI
NBOTSWANA
 Ani
mal
swhi
char
eregar
dedast
otemsar
enotki
l
ledorhar
medi
n
any
way
.Thi
shel
pspr
otectani
mall
i
fe.

 Ther
ear
ecer
tai
ntabooswhi
char
eusedt
opr
otectcer
tai
nani
mal
s.
Suchani
mal
sar
enotki
l
ledaspeopl
efearwhatmi
ghthappent
othem
i
[Link]
ampl
e,i
nBot
swanat
her
eisat
aboowhi
chsay
s
t
hatani
mal
ssuchast
hepy
thon(
tl
hwar
e)shoul
dnotbeki
l
leddur
ing
pl
oughi
ngseasonast
hiscanbr
ingst
ormsandst
rongwi
nds.

 Cer
tai
nbel
i
efsi
nAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalRel
i
gioni
nBot
swanaar
eusedt
o
pr
otectani
mal
[Link]
ampl
e,t
her
ear
eani
mal
swhi
char
eassoci
ated
wi
thr
oyal
[Link]
mal
sar
eel
and(
phof
u),
leopar
d(nkwe)and
gemsbok(
kukama)

HI
NDUI
SM
Thepr
act
iceofahi
[Link]
sist
hepr
act
iceofki
ndnessandnon-
viol
encet
oal
l
l
i
vingt
hingsi
ncl
udi
ngani
mal
s.
 Thepr
act
iceofahi
[Link]
sist
hepr
act
iceofki
ndnessandnon-
v
iol
encet
oal
ll
iv
ingt
hingsi
ncl
udi
ngani
mal
s.I
tpr
ovi
desacodeof
conductonhunt
ing,
but
cher
y,meateat
ingandt
heuseofani
mal
pr
oduct
spr
ovi
dedbyv
iol
[Link]
act
icei
sver
yusef
uli
nthe
pr
otect
ionofani
mall
i
fei
nHi
ndui
sm.I
tpr
event
sHi
ndusf
rom causi
ng
har
mtoanyl
i
vingcr
eat
ure.
 Thepr
act
iceofday
[Link]
smeansHi
ndusshoul
dshowcompassi
on
t
owar
dsal
lbei
[Link]
dbeki
ndt
oani
mal
[Link]
ear
ecer
tai
n
ani
mal
swhi
char
eregar
dedassacr
edi
nHi
ndui
[Link]
mal
ssuchas
eagl
es,
swans,
cows,
mice,
peacocks,
elephant
sandt
iger
sar
e
r
egar
dedashol
[Link]
efor
etheyar
enotki
l
ledandt
hei
rmeati
snot
eat
en.

 Cer
tai
nbel
i
efsandt
eachi
ngshel
ppr
otectani
mall
i
fei
nHi
ndui
sm.
Thesebel
i
evesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

i
. Thebel
i
efi
nthecy
cleofr
e-bi
rt
hhel
pHi
ndust
opr
otectani
mal
s
ast
heybel
i
evei
nthecy
cleofr
e-bi
rt
hisdet
ermi
nedbyt
hei
r
act
ions.

i
i
. Thebel
i
eft
hatt
heSupr
emeSpi
ri
t,Br
ahmanmani
fest
sit
sel
fin
l
i
vingt
hingsi
nfl
uencesHi
ndust
opr
otectani
mal
sast
heybel
i
ef
t
heypossesst
hespi
ri
tofBr
ahman.

i
i
i. Hi
ndusbel
i
eveani
mal
scanbeusedbydei
ti
esasv
ehi
[Link]
s
meansgodandgoddessescansomet
imesappearatcer
tai
n
ani
mal
s

i
v. Hi
ndur
eli
giont
eachesi
tsf
oll
ower
stor
espectot
herl
i
ving
bei
ngssuchasani
mal
sandt
oli
vet
oget
herwi
tht
hem
peacef
ull
y.