Metals

Mechanic III

Module 3.3
Rigging a Load

Saudi Aramco Training

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 3: Rigging

Module 3.3

Rigging a Load

TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets

Exercise A 10

Exercise B 15

Exercise C 26

Exercise D 31

Task Aid 33
 INFORMATION SHEET

Enabling Objectives
Terminal Objective
3.3.1 Given tools equipment and
Unaided, the trainee will correctly identify basic material, the trainee will
hitches. select appropriate rigging
hardware and hitch
3.3.2 arrangements for lifting a
Unaided, the trainee will correctly select the correct load in accordance with
hitch arrangement for a load. relevant Saudi Aramco GIs.

3.3.3
Given appropriate tables, the trainee will correctly
calculate arrangement capacity.

3.3.4
Unaided, the trainee will correctly determine
appropriate sling size for hitch arrangements.

INTRODUCTION

In Module 3.2, you learned about different rigging

and lifting devices. However, before you use any of
these devices, you must learn how to attach slings to The process of attaching slings
loads and lifting devices (hoists), and what to connectors is called hitching.

configuration of lifting equipment to use.

In this module you will learn how to hitch, lift and,

move a load safely. You will then bring together all
that you have learned so far by hitching and rigging
a load yourself.

If you are ever in any doubt

In this module, you will use the Handbook for about the strength or the
Riggers to help you rig, hitch, lift and move a load condition of a rigging or lifting
device, do not use it.
safely.

Module 3.3 1
 INFORMATION SHEET

PART I OBJECTIVE 3.3.1

Identify Basic Hitches

A hitch is a sling arrangement used to attach a load

to a lifting device. To perform rigging tasks you
must be able to identify hitches. There are four (4)
basic hitches that you will use. They are:
Note: You use these hitches
with synthetic-fiber slings and ❏ single vertical hitch
wire rope slings. This means that
a hitch is made the same way: ❏ bridle hitch
with either a wire sling or a
synthetic- fiber sling. ❏ basket hitch
❏ choker hitch

To select a sling, you must first select a hitching

arrangement.

Single Vertical Hitch

In rigging terms, ‘leg’ means a

A single vertical hitch supports a load using a single
length of sling-wire or rope. leg. This means the total weight of the load is
A balanced load is one that will carried on a single leg. The lift angle is 90° and the
remain stable when lifted.
load weight can equal the safe working load (SWL)
of the sling and fittings.

You must use single vertical hitches only:

❏ On balanced loads.
❏ On items equipped with lifting eye-bolts or
shackles.

Never use a single vertical hitch for lifting loose

material, lengthy (long pieces) of material, or any
load that is difficult to balance.
Figure 1
Single Vertical Hitch

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 INFORMATION SHEET

Always remember that vertical hitches provide no

control. This is because they permit the load to
rotate (turn around).

Bridal Hitch

Two, three, or four slings can be used together to

form a bridle hitch. These are used for hoisting an
object that has the necessary lugs or attachments.
Bridal Hitches can be used with a wide assortment
of end fittings. They provide excellent load stability
when the:

❏ load is distributed equally among the legs

❏ hook is directly over the center of gravity of
the load LEG LENGTH CAN
BE ADJUSTED WITH
❏ load is raised level TURNBACKLES

Note: To distribute the load equally, you may have to

adjust the leg lengths with turnbuckles.

When using a bridle sling, you must carefully Figure 2

Bridle Hitches
determine sling angles. You do this to ensure that
individual legs are not overloaded.

Unless the load is flexible (can bend), do not assume LOAD MAYBE
SUPPORTED ON
that a 3 or 4 leg hitch will safely lift a load equal to ONLY TWO LEGS
WHILE THIRD LEG
the capacity (SWL) on one leg multiplied by the BALANCES IT.

number of legs. This is because you can not know

that each leg is carrying its share of the load. With
slings that have more than 2 legs and a rigid (non
bendable) load, it is possible for two of the legs to
take almost the full load, while the others only
balance it. (See Figure 4.) Figure 3
3- Leg Bridle Hitch

Module 3.3 3
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THESE SLING LEGS ARE THESE LEGS ARE

CARRYING THE FULL LOAD ONLY BALANCING
THE LOAD

ON A RIGID OBJECT BEING HOISTED WITH A

4-LEG BRIDLE HITCH (OR 3-LEG HITCH) IT IS
POSSIBLE FOR THE TOTAL WEIGHT TO BE TAKEN
BY ONLY 2 LEGS WHILE THE OTHER LEGS ONLY
SERVE TO BALANCE THE LOAD.

Figure 4
4-Leg Bridal Hitch

Basket Hitch

A basket hitch can be single or double hitch type.

Single Basket Hitch

A single basket hitch is a method of supporting a

load by hooking one end of a sling to a hook,
A B wrapping it around the load, and securing the other
end back to the hook.

Never use this hitch on a load that is difficult to

balance. This is because the load can tilt and slip
PADDING
out of this sling.

Some loads will automatically equalized with each

leg supporting half the load (as shown in Figure 5).

You must ensure that the load does not turn or slide
A B
CAPACITY OF BASKET HITCHES ARE
along the rope during a lift; otherwise both load
AFFECTED BY THEIR SLING ANGLES and rope will be damaged.
Figure 5
Single Basket Hitch

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Double Basket Hitch

A double basket hitch consists of two single basket Single basket hitches
hitches passed under the load. must be placed under the
load. This ensures correct
balance.
The legs of these hitches must be kept far enough
apart to provide balance. But, they must not be so
far apart that the angles are excessive or cause the
legs to be pulled in toward the center.

On smooth surfaces, snub both sides of the hitches

against a step or change of load contour (shape). This
prevents the rope from slipping as load is applied.
Also to avoid slippage, make sure that the angle
between the load and the sling is 60° or greater.

RIGHT TO PREVENT
LEGS FROM
SLIPPING

WRONG LEGS WILL

SLIDE
TOGETHER

TO PREVENT
SLIPPAGE KEEP
ANGLE 60%
OR MORE

WHERE A LARGE LOAD IS TO BE LIFTED,

A FOUR-LEG BRIDLE SLING CAN BE MADE 60% OR
INTO A LARGE DOUBLE BASKET SLING MORE

Figure 6
Double Basket Hitch

Module 3.3 5
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Choker Hitches

Like the basket hitch, a choker hitch can be single

or double hitch type.

Single Choker Hitch

A single choker hitch forms a loop in the rope. As

the load is lifted the loop tightens. However, it does
not provide full 360° contact with the load;
therefore, never use this hitch to lift loose bundles
from which material can fall, or to lift loads that are
difficult to balance.

The single choker can also be doubled up (not to be

CHOKERS DO NOT PROVIDE FULL
SUPPORT FOR LOOSE LOADS - confused with double choker hitch). When doubled
MATERIAL CAN FALL OUT
up, this provides twice the capacity and can be used
Figure 7 to turn a load. When you need to turn a load,
Single Choker Hitch
make the choker by placing both eyes of the sling
on top of the load, with the eyes pointing in the
direction opposite to the direction of turn. Pass the
DOUBLED UP center of the sling around the load, through both
CHOKER
(USED TO eyes, and up to the hook.
TURN LOADS)

Doubled up, this hitch provides complete control

over the load. In addition, the load automatically
CORRECTLY equalizes between the load and the sling.
PLACED

Note: take care when making a doubled up single choke

hitch. If the two eyes are placed on the crane hook, the
length of the supporting legs may not be equal. This
means that the load weight may be applied on one leg
only.
INCORRECT!

You usually use choker hitches in pairs. This way,

the load is suspended from two widely separated
Figure 8
points. This provides more stability.
Doubled Single Choker Hitch

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Double Choker Hitch (Two-Leg Hitch)

A double choker hitch consists of two single chokers.

These are attached to the load and spread to provide
stability. The two-leg hitch does not completely grip
the load. But, because the load is less likely to tip,
the two-leg hitch is better suited for handling loose
bundles, pipes, rods, etc.

THE DOUBLE WRAP CAN ALSO BE USED FOR A CHOKER HITCH.

THIS HITCH COMPRESSES
THE LOAD AND PREVENTS
IT FROM SLIPPING OUT Figure 9
OF THE SLING. Double Choker (Two-Leg) Hitch

PAIR OF DOUBLE WRAP CHOKERS

Figure 10
Double Wrap Choker Hitch

A double wrap is when a sling is wrapped

completely around the load rather than just
supporting it. Double wrap provides 360° grip but
does not affect capacity. This makes a double wrap
useful for handling loose materials such as pipe,
rods, or smooth cylindrical loads.

Module 3.3 7
 INFORMATION SHEET

SINGLE DOUBLE WRAP

CHOKER HITCH

PAIR OF DOUBLE WRAP

BASKET HITCHES
PAIR OF DOUBLE WRAP CHOKERS

Figure 11
Examples of Double Wrap Hitches
Shackle to Make a Choker Hitch

When making a choker hitch, you must take care to

attach the shackles correctly. That is, in such a way
that the pull of the rope cannot turn the shackle pin.

Figure 12A shows the correct way to fit the shackle.

Figure 12B shows why any other connection is
dangerous.

PULL PULL

PIN TURNS AND

GETS TOO TIGHT

PULL

PIN TURNS
AND COMES OUT

NO ROTATION
CAUSED BY SLING INCORRECT -
ROPE CAUSES PIN
CORRECT TO MOVE - UNSAFE

Figure 12
Safe and Unsafe Use of Shackles

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SUMMARY

In this part, you have learned that there are 4 basic

hitches you will use to lift and move loads. You also
learned why these different hitches are required. In
the next part, you will learn how to select the most
appropriate hitch to use for a load.

Module 3.3 9
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EXERCISE A
Directions: Refer to figure 13. Identify each of the hitches
shown and write your answers in the appropriate space.

Figure 13

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

10 Metals Mechanic III

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PART II OBJECTIVE 3.3.2

State the Correct Hitch Arrangement for a Load

Earlier, you learned about the different types of

hitch arrangements used to lift loads. In this part
you will learn how to select the best hitch
arrangement for a specific load.

SELECTING HITCH

To select a hitch arrangement for a rigging job you

must make a choice. You must decide between
alternate techniques, taking into account:

❏ Weight and balance of the load.

❏ Load dimensions.
❏ Clearances required moving the load.

Some loads may be rigged in more than one way.

However, as you will learn, usually one way is better
than another.

Load Weight

When planning a rigging job, the first piece of Remember: the weight
information you need is the weight of the load. that a piece of rigging
equipment can safely
support is called its Capacity or
Weight is important - it determines the maximum Safe Working Load (SWL). If
equipment is subjected to a load
load that each piece of rigging equipment must be greater than its capacity, it may
able to handle. fail.

NOTE: When in the field, your supervisor, Rigger

II or Rigger I, will always tell you the load weight.

Module 3.3 11
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Load Balance

The second piece of information you need to know

SLING is load balance.
COG

UNSTABLE Every object has a point where it will balance

perfectly. This point is called the object’s ‘center of
gravity’ (COG).
SLING

COG If a load is lifted from a point directly above its

center of gravity, it remains stable. But, if a load is
lifted from any other point, it will tilt until its
STABLE center of gravity is directly beneath the load hook.
Figure 14
Unstable and Stable Lifts When you determine the balance of a load, you
must find the center of gravity. You can then lift the
load from the correct lifting point.

Load Clearance

The third step in planning a rigging job is checking

clearances.

Before moving a load, you must compare the load size

to the road or passage it must pass through. While it
seems obvious that a 5-foot load will not fit through
3-foot doorway, such a simple fact is often overlooked!

The best way to avoid mistakes is to measure the

load and the path. Then you can be sure you have
sufficient clearance.

Hitch Selection

Some loads are fitted with lifting lugs, eyebolts, or

other attachments. If these are fitted, it makes your
job of selecting the best hitch arrangement much

12 Metals Mechanic III

 INFORMATION SHEET

easier. For example, refer to figure 15. The load (A)

has four lugs attached; therefore, the best hitch
arrangement for this load is a 4-leg bridle hitch as
shown by B.

A B
Figure 15
4-Leg Bridle Hitch

Question: If you were tasked to lift the bundle of

loose pipes shown in figure 16, what hitch
arrangement would you use, and why?

The bundle of pipes could be rigged with a double

Figure 16
choker hitch, a double wrap choker hitch, or even a
Loose Load
double wrap basket hitch. For better stability, you
could use a pair of double wrap chokers or even a
double wrap basket hitch. However, a choker hitch
reduces the capacity of a sling by 25% - something
you must consider.

Therefore, the best hitch arrangement for loose

bundles, (pipes, rods, etc.) would be a pair of
double-wrap basket hitches (see figure 17). The
reason for this is that a double-wrap basket hitch
Figure 17
provides the best stability for this load. Double Wrap Basket Hitch

Module 3.3 13
 INFORMATION SHEET

When you must lift a large load, be aware that you

can use different combinations. For example, for the
load in Figure 18, a 4-leg bridle can be made into a
large double basket hitch.

To avoid slippage, the WHERE A LARGE LOAD IS TO

angle between the load BE LIFTED, A FOUR-LEG
and the sling must be BRIDLE SLING CAN BE MADE
INTO A LARGE DOUBLE
60° or greater. BASKET HITCH.

Figure 18
Double Basket Hitch

SUMMARY

In this part, you have learned that to be able to

select the correct hitch for a load, you must
consider: load weight and balance, dimensions, and
clearances. In the next part, you will learn how to
calculate hitch arrangement capacity.

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EXERCISE B
Directions: Refer to figure 19. Identify the correct hitch
arrangement for each of the loads shown. Write your
answers in the appropriate spaces.

Figure 19

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.

Module 3.3 15
 INFORMATION SHEET

PART III OBJECTIVE 3.3.3

Calculate Arrangement Capacity

So far, you have learned how slings form various

Sling capacities and sizes are
hitch arrangements to lift loads. In this part, you
given in sling tables. These sling will now learn how the capacity (SWL) of the sling
tables are printed in the
Handbook for Riggers.
changes when you make different hitches. To do
this, you will use sling tables.
Note: To use sling tables, you need to know the load
weight, sling type, hitch type, and sling angle, (if any).

SLING CONSTRUCTION/MATERIAL

Slings are made of wire rope, manila rope, and

various types of synthetic rope. Each type of sling
material has its own separate sling table. Therefore, it
is important that you check that the table you refer
to is correct for the sling material you wish to use.

For wire rope slings, you must know the

classification group, type of steel and type of core
used to make the rope.

16 Metals Mechanic III

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WIRE ROPE CLASSIFICATIONS

WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Fibre Core
6 x 37 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel,

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS

(Safety Factor = 5)
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Rope 6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core
Diameter
(Inches) MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS
(Safety Factor = 5)
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Rope 6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core
Diameter
(Inches) MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS
(Safety Factor = 5)
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Rope 6 x 37 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core
Diameter
(Inches) MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS
(Safety Factor = 5)

Rope Single Single Single 2-Leg Bridle Hitch &

Vertical Choker Basket Single Basket Hitch
Diameter Hitch
(Inches) Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined
(Vertical
Legs)

60 o 45 o 30 o

1/4 1,000 750 2,000 1,750 1,400 1,000

5/16 1,600 1,200 3,200 2,750 2,250 1,250
3/8 2,200 1,650 4,400 3,800 3,100 2,200
7/16 3,000 2,250 6,000 5,200 4,250 3,000
1/2 4,000 3,000 8,000 6,900 5,650 4,000
9/16 5,000 3,750 10,000 8,650 7,100 5,000
5/8 4,800 12,800 11,100 9,050
9 6,400
3/4 17,800 8,900
24,200

Figure 20
Wire Rope Classification

For web-type slings, you must know the type of

sling material and its capacity per inch of width.
(You will find this information stamped on the sling
end fittings or printed on the sling itself.)

WEB SLING MATERIAL AND STRENGTH

SLINGS
NYLON WEB
terial)
(5000 lb/in Ma
FACT OR = 5)
DS (SAFETY
LOADS POUN
FE WORKING
MAXIMUM SA

Figure 21
Synthetic Slings

Module 3.3 17
 INFORMATION SHEET

Note: natural fiber ropes (such Synthetic ropes are made from many materials.
as manila ropes) are less Nylon, polypropylene, and polyester are common.
common, but you may see them
used in the field.
To use the sling table, first find the correct table for
the sling being used. Then find the column listing
that matches your hitch type. Look down the middle
of the column until you find the first number
greater than your load weight. On the far left side of
Capacity of a single vertical the table, find the minimum required diameter or
hitch made with a 1/2” wire rope width of the sling you must use. (See sidebar for
sling (6 x 19 IWRC) is 4,700 lb.
example.)

Hitch Arrangement Calculations

Being able to read sling tables makes calculating

arrangement capacities a simple task.

For example, to find the capacities of, single vertical

hitches, single choker hitches, single basket (vertical
or inclined legs) hitches, or two leg bridle hitches
(60°, 45°, 30°), simply refer to the relevant columns
of the sling table – see figure 22.

18 Metals Mechanic III

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS

(Safety Factor = 5)

Rope Single Single Single 2-Leg Bridle Hitch &

Vertical Choker Basket Single Basket Hitch
Diameter Hitch
(Inches) Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined
(Vertical
Legs)

60 o 45 o 30 o

3/16 600 450 1,200 1,050 850 600

1/4 1,100 825 2,200 1,900 1,550 1,100
5/16 1,650 1,250 3,300 2,850 2,350 1,650
3/8 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,150 3,400 2,400
7/16 3,200 2,400 6,400 5,550 4,500 3,200
1/2 4,400 3,300 8,800 7,600 6,200 4,400
9/16 5,300 4,000 10,600 9,200 7,500 5,300
5/8 6,600 4,950 13,200 11,400 9,350 6,600
3/4 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,500 13,400 9,500
7/8 12,800 9,600 25,600 22,200 18,100 12,800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 16,700
11/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 21,200
11/4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200
13/8 32,400 24,300 64,800 56,100 45,800 32,400
11/2 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 38,400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 45,200
13/4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 52,000
17/8 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 67,600
21/4 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 84,000
21/2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 104,000
23/4 122,000 91,500 244,000 211,300 172,500 122,000
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by 3/4.

For Double Basket Hitch multiply above

values by 2.

Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes reduce loads according to table 1.11, page 47.
Eyes formed by cable clips reduce loads by 20%.

Figure 22
Wire Rope Sling Table

Module 3.3 19
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Calculating the capacity of a two leg choker hitch is

almost as simple. Refer to the chart listing for a two
leg bridal with the same sling angle. Then just
multiply this figure by 0.75. (See figure 23.)

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS

(Safety Factor = 5)

Rope Single Single Single 2-Leg Bridle Hitch &

Vertical Choker Basket Single Basket Hitch
Diameter Hitch
(Inches) Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined
(Vertical
Legs)

60 o 45 o 30 o

3/16 600 450 1,200 1,050 850 600

1/4 1,100 825 2,200 1,900 1,550 1,100
5/16 1,650 1,250 3,300 2,850 2,350 1,650
3/8 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,150 3,400 2,400
7/16 3,200 2,400 6,400 5,550 4,500 3,200
1/2 4,400 3,300 8,800 7,600 6,200 4,400
9/16 5,300 4,000 10,600 9,200 7,500 5,300
5/8 6,600 4,950 13,200 11,400 9,350 6,600
3/4 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,500 13,400 9,500
7/8 12,800 9,600 25,600 22,200 x18,100
0.75 = 16,550
12,800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 16,700
11/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 21,200
11/4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200
13/8 32,400 24,300 64,800 56,100 45,800 32,400
11/2 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 38,400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 45,200
13/4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 52,000
17/8 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 67,600
21/4 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 84,000
21/2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 104,000
23/4 122,000 91,500 244,000 211,300 172,500 122,000
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by 3/4.

For Double Basket Hitch multiply above

values by 2.

Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes reduce loads according to table 1.11, page 47.
Eyes formed by cable clips reduce loads by 20%.

Figure 23

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Again, calculating the capacity of a double basket

hitch is a simple operation. Refer to the chart for a
single basket with correct sling angle. When you
have this figure, multiply it by 2 and you have the
capacity for a double basket hitch. (See figure 24.)

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS

(Safety Factor = 5)

Rope Single Single Single 2-Leg Bridle Hitch &

Vertical Choker Basket Single Basket Hitch
Diameter Hitch
(Inches) Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined
(Vertical
Legs)

60 o 45 o 30 o

3/16 600 450 1,200 1,050 850 600

1/4 1,100 825 2,200 1,900 1,550 1,100
5/16 1,650 1,250 3,300 2,850 2,350 1,650
3/8 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,150 3,400 2,400
7/16 3,200 2,400 6,400 5,550 x2=
4,500 11,100
3,200
1/2 4,400 3,300 8,800 7,600 6,200 4,400
9/16 5,300 4,000 10,600 9,200 7,500 5,300
5/8 6,600 4,950 13,200 11,400 9,350 6,600
3/4 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,500 13,400 9,500
7/8 12,800 9,600 25,600 22,200 18,100 12,800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 16,700
11/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 21,200
11/4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200
13/8 32,400 24,300 64,800 56,100 45,800 32,400
11/2 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 38,400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 45,200
13/4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 52,000
17/8 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 67,600
21/4 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 84,000
21/2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 104,000
23/4 122,000 91,500 244,000 211,300 172,500 122,000
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by 3/4.

For Double Basket Hitch multiply above

values by 2.

Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes reduce loads according to table 1.11, page 47.
Eyes formed by cable clips reduce loads by 20%.

Figure 24

Module 3.3 21
 INFORMATION SHEET

If something is rigid, it does not To make a calculation to determine the capacity for
bend. a four leg bridle, you must first check if it is for a
If something is flexible it can rigid or flexible load.
bend or twist.

❏ For a rigid load: Calculate as for a two leg

bridle.
❏ For a flexible load: As for a two leg bridle,
then multiply by 2.

Hitches with Angled Legs, or Double

Choker Hitches

When bridle hitches, basket hitches, or double

choker hitches are attached to a single lifting hook,
the sling legs will not be vertical.

Sling angle is the angle resulting As you will learn, sling angle has an important effect
between the load and the sling. on the capacity of the sling. This is why when you
use any of these types of hitches, you must look in
one of the three columns at the far right in the sling
tables to find sling/hitch capacity (see figure 25).
First, you must use one of the methods discussed
below to determine the sling angle.

22 Metals Mechanic III

 INFORMATION SHEET

Figure 25
Angle Sling Columns

SLING ANGLES

Sling angles are always between 0° and 90°. Lifting

SWL (SLING)
capacity decreases as sling angle decreases. For SLING
ANGLE
example, the capacity of a basket hitch with 60° legs 60 O

is much lower than for the same hitch with vertical

(90°) legs. This is why, when possible, you must use
sling angles greater than 60° degrees.

LOAD

Never use a sling angle less than 30°! Figure 26

Sling Angle

Module 3.3 23
 INFORMATION SHEET

Sling angle depends on:

• Sling length.
• Vertical distance from load to lifting hook
(headroom).
• Horizontal distance between lifting hook and
sling attachment point.

When necessary, you can adjust the sling angle by

changing the sling lengths.

Adjustment of Sling Capacities

Sling table capacities are based on assumptions about

the type of slings or hitches used. The actual
capacity of the sling you use may be more or less
than shown on the table. It all depends on how the
sling is constructed, the hitch arrangement, and how
many slings will be used to lift the load. Notes at
the bottom of the sling tables tell you how to adjust
sling capacities.

SLING EFFICIENCIES
FOR HAND-TUCKED
EYE SPLICES

CORRECTIONS FOR
MULTIPLE SLINGS

NOTES

Figure 27
Adjusting Sling Capacities – Table
Notes

24 Metals Mechanic III

 INFORMATION SHEET

Determining Equipment Sizes

Sling diameters or widths are given on the left side Calculate the capacity of a ½”
of the tables. For a given load weight, find the sling wire rope with a hand-tucked eye
splice. Assume a single vertical
capacity shown on the table equal to or greater than hitch is used. (Classification 6 x
the load weight. 37, fiber core)
See figure 27, table 1.11. Lifting
Capacity = 4,000 x 90% =
If you must adjust sling/hitch capacity, recheck the 3,600 lb.
capacity of the sling after selecting a size. You must
be sure the sling size is strong enough to support the
load in the specified hitch arrangement. Compare
the adjusted capacity of the sling to the load weight.
If the adjusted capacity of the sling is less than the
load weight, try the next larger sling size. Adjust the
capacity of the larger sling size as required for the
hitch and check the capacity again until you find a
sling size with an adjusted capacity equal to or
greater than the load weight.

The capacity of the sling/hitch arrangement must be

equal to or greater than the load weight after all
required adjustments have been made.

SUMMARY

In this part, you have learned how the capacity

(SWL) of a sling changes when you make different
hitches. You then went on to learn how to use sling
tables to determine different hitch capacities, and
how to use sling tables and simple mathematics to
calculate the capacities of hitches with sling angles
not shown on the tables.

Module 3.3 25
 INFORMATION SHEET

EXERCISE C
Directions: Refer to your Handbook for Riggers 6x19 IPS
Sling Table. Identify the capacity for each of the following
hitches. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. Single vertical hitch with a rope diameter of ½"?

2. 2 leg bridle hitch with a sling angle of 45° and

rope diameter of ¾"?

3. Double choker hitch with a sling angle of 45°

and rope diameter of ¾"?

4. Double basket hitch with a sling angle of 60°

using 5/8" diameter wire rope slings?

5. 3 leg bridle hitch with a sling angle of 60° using

½" diameter wire rope slings on a rigid load?

6. 3 leg bridle hitch with a sling angle of 60° using

½" diameter wire rope slings on a flexible load?

26 Metals Mechanic III

 INFORMATION SHEET

PART IV OBJECTIVE 3.3.4

Determine Appropriate Sling Size for Hitch

Arrangements

When you have determined the load weight and Refer to the sling table on page
hitch arrangement, you must then select one or 22 of your Handbook for
Riggers. This identifies:
more slings of the correct size for the load. To assist
• Sling type (Wire rope sling)
you, sling tables are available.
• Sling construction (6X19)
• Type of sling core (Fiber core)
Sling tables are available for wire rope, belt, and
• Sling size (rope diameter)
chain slings. In this part, you will learn how to use
• Types of hitches (single
a sling table to find the correct size of wire rope vertical, etc.)
slings for a load and a given hitch arrangement. • Sling angle (60°, 45°, & 30°.)

Single Vertical Hitch

Figure 1 shows a 10,000 lbs. load with a single

vertical hitch attached

Refer to the sling table on page 22 of your handbook

for riggers. Locate the column for a single vertical
hitch. In this example, load weight is 10,000 lbs. So,
you must locate a sling size that can support at least
10,000 lbs. As there is no sling that will support
exactly 10,000 lbs, you must select a larger sling size.
In this case, select a 7/8" rope diameter sling with Figure 28
12,000 lbs. hitch capacity. Single Vertical Hitch

Sling Angle

An additional factor to consider when selecting

correct sling size is sling angle. If you refer to Figure
29, this shows the change in tension on the legs of a
sling as the angle is varied.

Module 3.3 27
 INFORMATION SHEET

1000 LBS.

1000 LBS.
30 O

S.

11
S. 1

LB
L 65 80O

55
LB S. 20
45O BS. 0 LB 00

55
50 LB 5760
5760

LB
00 S.

11
16 60 LBS
O
LBS.

S.
20 .

2000 LBS. 2000 LBS. 2000 LBS. 2000 LBS. 2000 LBS.

Figure 29
Sling Angle
As you can see in figure 29, the least amount of
tension is exerted on a vertical sling. When shorter
slings are used, their angle moves farther away from
vertical. This produces more tension. In extreme
cases, the tension on each leg can be more than the
total load weight. This is why, to prevent
overloading slings, their angle must be no greater
than 60° from vertical.

Note: When you must use flatter angles (because of

limited clearance or other reasons), slings must be of a
correspondingly greater capacity.

Double Basket Hitch

Refer to Figure 30. This shows a 17,000 lbs. load

with a double basket hitch attached and a sling
angle of 60°.

Refer again to the sling table. Locate the column for

a single basket hitch with legs inclined. To figure the
capacity for a double basket hitch, you must first
consult a note at the bottom of the table. This reads:
“For a double basket hitch multiply above values by 2”.
Figure 30
Double Basket Hitch
Looking down the column for 60°, 2 x 9200 is the
closest figure to the 17,000lbs load weight (2 x 9200
= 18,400 lbs.)

28 Metals Mechanic III

 INFORMATION SHEET

Therefore, in this case you would select two, 9/16"

diameter wire rope slings with a total hitch capacity
of 18,400 lbs.

2 Lee Bridle Hitch

Refer to Figure 31. This shows a 3500 lbs. load with

a 2 leg bridle hitch with a sling angle of 45°.

Refer again to the sling table. Locate the column for

a 2 leg bridle hitch. Looking down the column for
45°, 4500 lbs. would be the closest figure to the
3500 lbs. load weight. In this case, you would select
two 7/16" diameter wire rope slings with a hitch Figure 31
capacity of 4500 lbs. 2 Leg Bridal Hitch
(45° sling angle)

Single and 2 leg choker hitches

As with a single vertical hitch, locate the column of

the single choker hitch and select a sling size that will
support the weight of the load. For example: a 10,000
lbs. load requires a 7/8" diameter wire rope sling.

2 Leg Choker Hitch

Refer to Figure 32. This shows a 12,000 lbs. load

with a 2 leg choker hitch and a sling angle of 45°.

Again refer to the sling table. For a 2 leg choker

hitch you must again read a note at the bottom of
the table. This states that, “If used with choker hitch,
multiply above values by 3/4”.

Looking down the column for 45°, 3/4 x 18,100 is Figure 32

2 Choker Leg Hitch
the only figure close to the 12,000 lbs load weight (45° sling angle)
in the example (3/4 x 18,100 = 13,575 lbs).

Module 3.3 29
 INFORMATION SHEET

Therefore, in this case, you would select two 7/8"

diameter wire rope slings with a total hitch capacity
of 13,575 lbs. to support the load.

SUMMARY

In part I, you learned the 4 basic hitches you will

use to lift and move loads, and why these different
hitches are required.

In part II, you learned that find the correct hitch

for a load, you must consider: load weight and
balance, dimensions, and clearances.

In part III, you learned that a slings capacity

changes for different hitches and how to use sling
tables and simple mathematics to determine different
hitch capacities.

In this part, you learned how to use a sling table to

find the correct size of wire rope slings for a load
and hitch arrangement.

30 Metals Mechanic III

 INFORMATION SHEET

EXERCISE D
Directions: Refer to your Handbook for Riggers 6x19 IPS
FC Sling Table. Identify the size (diameter) of wire rope/
sling required for each of the following situations. Write
your answers in the spaces provided.

1. What diameter wire rope is required for a

single vertical hitch used for a load weighing
2500 lbs?

2. What diameter sling is required for a double

choker hitch at 60° lifting a load of 5060lbs?

3. What diameter slings are required for a double

basket hitch at 45° lifting a load of 15,500lbs?

4. What diameter slings are required for a 3 leg

bridal hitch at 60° lifting a rigid load of
19,000lbs?

5. What diameter sling is required for a single

choker hitch lifting a load of 11,400lbs?

Module 3.3 31
32 Metals Mechanic III
 TASK AID

OBJECTIVE

Given tools equipment and material, the trainee

will select appropriate rigging hardware and hitch
arrangements for lifting a load in accordance with
relevant Saudi Aramco GIs.

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND MATERIAL

❏ Voith gearbox (10 ton)

❏ Selection of appropriate rigging equipment
(Slings, Shackles)
❏ Tag lines
❏ Safety cones
❏ Handbook for Riggers (each trainee)
❏ Tape measure 50'

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Select and use all personal protective equipment

If in doubt about any
required. This includes hard hats, safety gloves, safety aspect of safety –
glasses, and safety shoes. ask your instructor
for clarification. Safety is your
responsibility.
Use the correct tools for the task and always use safe
working practices.

Note: failure to follow safe working practices while

performing this task aid will result in an immediate fail.

Module 3.3 33
 TASK AID

TASK INTRODUCTION

In this task aid, you will follow the procedure

outlined in the task steps to correctly and safely
prepare a Voith gearbox for lifting and moving.

These tasks must be performed The task will be performed by a working group
correctly and safely in full
accordance with safe working assigned by your Instructor. To complete the task
procedures. successfully, you must:

❏ Inspect and prepare the work areas.

❏ Select and inspect equipment - ensuring it is
safe and of the required capacity.
❏ Select the most appropriate hitch arrangement
– one that provides the required capacity and
stability for the load.

Watch your instructor’s demonstration carefully. Ask

him to explain any part of this task you do not
understand.

IMPORTANT
Any person who deliberately or through
incompetence threatens safety at the work area
during this task will immediately be failed,
removed from the work site, and have disciplinary
action taken against them.

34 Metals Mechanic III

 TASK AID

RIG A LOAD

1. Gather your instructions, Handbook for Riggers,

Follow all workshop
and tape measure. safety rules when
performing these tasks.

2. Inspect the job site and the load (including the

load's lifting points).

3. Measure load dimensions and then identify

appropriate hitch arrangement.

4. Using your Handbook for Riggers tables to

estimated hitch capacity, select and inspect
appropriate equipment for task.

5. Position safety cones/warning tape around the

work area.

6. Attach the rigging equipment to load hook, and

then attach equipment to the load.

7. Measure distance from the load hook to the

Note: Voith Gearbox weight is
load. 10 Tons.

8. Calculate the capacity of the hitch arrangement

for exact capacity.

Module 3.3 35
36 Metals Mechanic III