Tracing the Hazy Air 2025

Progress Report on National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

01/2025

Authors
Manojkumar N and Niveditha Muruganandam

Editors
Nandikesh Sivalingam, Badri Chatterjee, and Jonathan Seidman
About CREA
The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) is an independent research
organisation focused on revealing the trends, causes, and health impacts, as well as the
solutions to air pollution. CREA uses scientific data, research, and evidence to support the
efforts of governments, companies, and campaigning organisations worldwide in their
efforts to move towards clean energy and clean air, believing that effective research and
communication are the keys to successful policies, investment decisions, and advocacy
efforts. CREA was founded in Helsinki and has staff in several Asian and European
countries.

Disclaimer

CREA is politically independent. The designations employed and the presentation of the
material on maps contained in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the official policy or position, or represent the views or opinions, of the
Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), or its members and/or funders. CREA
assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this
publication.
Contents
List of abbreviations 4
Summary 6
Introduction 10
National Clean Air Programme 11
Purpose and scope of this report 13
Materials and methodology 13
Institutional strengthening 14
Awareness programmes and capacity building 14
Air information centers 15
Institutional Framework 15
Certification Scheme 17
Forecasting System 17
Mitigation measures 18
Financial support 20
Knowledge network and augmentation 24
Air quality monitoring network 24
Source apportionment 26
Air Quality levels in 2024 32
PM10 status in NCAP cities 32
PM10 analysis 34
Ranking of Indian cities based on PM10 concentration 37
PM2.5 analysis 38
Ranking of Indian cities based on PM2.5 concentration 42
References 43
Annexure 48
List of abbreviations
AMRUT - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

AQI - Air Quality Index

AQMC - Air Quality Management Committees

CAQM - Commission for Air Quality Management

CAAQMS - Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

CBG - Compressed Biogas

CNG - Compressed Natural Gas

CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board

DALYs - Disability Adjusted Life Years

EV - Electric Vehicles

FAME - Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

GBD - Global Burden Disease

GOBAR - Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources

IITM - Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology

MoES - Ministry of Earth Sciences

MoEF & CC - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

MoP - Ministry of Power

MoPNG - Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAMP - National Air Quality Monitoring Programme

NCR - National Capital Region

NCAP - National Clean Air Programme

NKN - National Knowledge Network

OCEMS - Online Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems

PNG - Piped Natural Gas

PM - Particulate Matter

PLI - Productive Linked Incentive

PRANA - Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities

RVSF - Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facility

SAFAR - System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research

SATAT - Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation

SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission

SLMIC - State Level Monitoring Implementation Committees

SPCB - State Pollution Control Board

TPP - Thermal Power Plant

ULB - Urban Local Bodies

UTs - Union Territories

WHO - World Health Organization

XV-FC - Fifteenth Financial Commission

Summary
The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was launched in 2019 to improve air quality in
India by reducing particulate matter (PM) concentrations by 20-30% by 2024. It was later
extended to 2026 with a revised target of a 40% reduction in PM10 levels compared to 2017
(NCAP, 2019). The programme has faced challenges and shortcomings, as highlighted in
the preceding 'Tracing the Hazy Air 2022, 2023 and 2024' reviews by the Centre for
Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA). This latest report assesses the progress made
under NCAP and analyses ambient air quality trends for 2024. It is crucial to examine how
the current progress aligns with the initial goals, which serve as interim milestones toward
achieving the 40% reduction target by 2026. The report highlights various NCAP actions
across the categories listed below:

Air quality progress in NCAP cities:

● Out of 130 cities, 28 still do not have continuous ambient air quality monitoring
stations (CAAQMS). Among the 102 cities that do have monitoring stations, only 97
cities reported 80% or more PM10 data coverage.
● Of these 97 NCAP cities, 29 recorded an increase in PM10 concentrations. Only 41
cities out of the 97 achieved the initial NCAP target of a 20-30% reduction in PM10
levels.
● Also, 61 of the 68 cities that reported a reduction still had PM10 concentrations
exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

Air quality across India

● PM10 concentration:
○ In 2024, out of 253 cities in India with 80% or more PM10 data, 206 cities
exceeded the NAAQS for PM10, while 47 cities met the standard.
○ Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, was the most polluted city in India, with an
annual average PM10 concentration of 236 µg/m³, followed by Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh (226 µg/m³), and Delhi (211 µg/m³).
○ Out of the 76 cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) with CAAQMS, 74 exceed
the NAAQS. Similarly, in the National Capital Region (NCR), all 28 cities
exceed the NAAQS.
○ Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Bihar, Haryana, Odisha, Punjab, West Bengal,
Gujarat and Uttarakhand states had all the monitored cities exceeding PM10
NAAQS.
 ● PM2.5 concentration:
○ Out of 256 cities with 80% or more PM2.5 data, 150 cities exceeded the
NAAQS for PM2.5, while 106 cities met the standard.
○ Byrnihat (Assam), Delhi, and Gurgaon (Haryana) ranked as the top three
most polluted cities in India, with annual PM2.5 concentrations of 126
µg/m³, 105 µg/m³, and 91 µg/m³, respectively.
○ Out of 78 cities in the IGP, 64 exceed the NAAQS, while 14 comply with the
standard. In the NCR, 27 out of 29 cities exceed the NAAQS, with only 2
meeting the standard.
○ State level analysis showed that all 8 monitored cities in Punjab exceeded
PM2.5 NAAQS. Also, the exceedance was high in Haryana (22 cities exceed
NAAQS out of 24 monitored cities), Bihar (20 out of 23), Odisha (14 out of
16), Rajasthan (26 out of 36), Maharashtra (18 out of 31), Uttar Pradesh (13
out of 20), Madhya Pradesh (8 out of 14), West Bengal (5 out of 7), and Assam
(4 out of 6).

Monitoring network:

● In 2024, India had 1,524 air quality monitoring stations, including 558 CAAQMS and
966 manual stations, covering 550 cities across 28 states and 7 UTs. This marks an
increase of 62 stations compared to 2023.
● However, the NCAP target of 1,500 manual stations by 2024 remains unmet, with a
shortfall of 534 stations.
● Despite the increased installation of CAAQMS, data quality remains a concern due
to poor maintenance and non-compliance with CPCB siting guidelines.
● The integration of CAAQMS and NAMP data for NCAP reports raises concerns about
data integrity, as the continuous, high-quality CAAQMS data may be compromised
by the sporadic and less reliable NAMP data, necessitating a comparison to
evaluate its influence.

Source apportionment:

● According to the NCAP implementation committee's minutes of meeting, only 6

cities completed source apportionment studies in 2024, bringing the total to 50 out
of 130 cities compared to 44 last year.
● However, the Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment cities
(PRANA) indicates that only 40 cities have reported completion of their studies, with
the rest yet to update their databases. Among these, only 17 cities have published
detailed reports, while the others have not uploaded their results.
Awareness and capacity building:

● Between 2019 and 2024, 1,400 public awareness programs were conducted, but
media sensitisation and consistent outreach faced challenges. On capacity
building, only 62 programs were implemented during this period, reflecting gaps in
institutional readiness. In the current financial year, the pace of such efforts has
further slowed, highlighting the need for more robust initiatives.

Air information centre:

● No progress was observed in 2024, with the situation remaining unchanged from
the previous year. The only centralized air information system is the CPCB's PRANA
portal.

Certification scheme:

● The National Physics Laboratory - India Certification Scheme emphasises

cost-effective testing and certification for air pollution monitoring systems.
However, even after six years of NCAP, certified laboratories are established in only
43 out of 130 cities.

Forecasting Systems:

● Despite plans for city-level and hotspot-based forecasting systems, no progress has
been made in 2024. Currently, System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And
Research (SAFAR) provides forecasts for only four cities viz., Delhi, Mumbai, Pune,
and Ahmedabad.

Funding:

● Despite ₹11,211 crore (approximately USD $1.3 million) being released under NCAP
and Fifteenth Finance Commission (XV-FC) funds during 2019-2025, only 68%
(₹7,594 crore) has been utilised.
● The NCAP funds have a utilisation rate of just 63% (₹1,011 crore of ₹1,615 crore),
while XV-FC grants show a marginally better, yet suboptimal, 69% rate (₹6,582 crore
of ₹9,595 crore).
● A disproportionate 67% of funds have been allocated to road dust management,
while industries, domestic fuel, and public outreach each received just 1%.
Capacity building and monitoring, crucial for long-term solutions, accounted for
only 4%. This skewed prioritization highlights the lack of a holistic strategy, with
key contributors like industries and biomass burning remaining underfunded.
Recommendations

● Prioritise PM2.5 over PM10: While PM2.5 is more harmful and should be
prioritised, present NCAP is focused on PM10. This highlights a lack of focus on
health-driven priorities and delayed efforts to tackle PM2.5 pollution. NCAP 2.0
must address this oversight and should shift its primary focus to PM2.5. This would
ensure targeted interventions to address the pollutant with the most severe health
and environmental impacts. PM10 data may still be collected for broader air quality
assessments, but policy and actions should prioritise PM2.5 control.
● Revise the list of non-attainment cities: With a growing number of cities
exceeding air quality standards, NCAP 2.0 should revise and update the list of
non-attainment cities every two years. The current static list, unchanged since
NCAP’s inception, fails to capture emerging non-attainment cities and does not
allow successful cities to graduate from the program.
● Enforce load reduction through stricter emission standards: As fuel
consumption continues to rise across sectors, NCAP 2.0 must enforce stricter
emission standards and mandate robust penalties for non-compliance. The weak
enforcement mechanisms under the current NCAP and delays in implementing
critical measures, such as Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) at thermal power plants,
have allowed unchecked emissions to persist. Stronger regulatory oversight is
essential to achieve significant reductions at the source.
● Allocate funding based on source apportionment studies: Funding decisions in
NCAP 2.0 should be guided by insights from source apportionment studies, which
are critical for identifying key pollution sources and designing targeted
interventions. However, after six years of NCAP, only 50 out of 130 cities have
completed these studies, reflecting poor planning and inefficiency. Accelerating
these studies and mandating their completion for all non-attainment cities will
ensure evidence-based actions and effective utilisation of resources.
● Adopt an airshed approach for regional clusters: If non-attainment cities are
concentrated within specific regions, an airshed-based governance model should
be adopted to promote inter-state and regional collaboration. Recognizing the
transboundary nature of air pollution, this approach enables coordinated
interventions across the affected airshed. The Apex Committee under NCAP has
already recommended the preparation of a Regional Action Plan for IGP States/UTs,
and the Ministry has initiated discussions with eight IGP States/UTs. NCAP 2.0 must
ensure these plans are implemented effectively, with clear accountability
mechanisms and adequate funding, to address transboundary pollution challenges
comprehensively across the region.
Introduction
India faces a severe air pollution crisis, with particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)
concentrations regularly exceeding both national and international guidelines. Even
India's less stringent 24-hour PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 60
µg/m³ is often exceeded. The World Health Organization's (WHO) 24-hour PM2.5 limit of 15
µg/m³, intended to be breached no more than 3-4 times annually, is consistently
surpassed across Indian cities (CREA, 2024a).

Over 67% of the population lives in areas exceeding India’s PM2.5 annual national air
quality standard of 40 µg/m³, while the entire population resides in regions surpassing the
annual WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³ (AQLI, 2023). Even below India’s limit of 40 µg/m³, the
risk of death doubles with every 10 µg/m³ increase ( Bont et al., 2024). As the world’s
second most polluted country, India witnessed a 68% rise in average annual particulate
matter pollution in the last two decades. Also, particulate matter reduces the average life
expectancy in India by 5.3 years (AQLI, 2023).

PM2.5 contributed to 3.8 million deaths (5% of total mortality) under India's air quality
standards and 16.6 million deaths (25% of total mortality) under WHO guidelines (Suganthi
et al., 2024). The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study highlights that air pollution-related
premature deaths and morbidity led to economic losses of $36.8 billion, equivalent to
1.36% of India’s GDP, in 2019 (GBD, 2021).

Air pollution causes both acute and chronic health effects, with vulnerable groups such as
children and the elderly being at the highest risk (SOGA, 2024). Acute exposure triggers
immediate issues like eye irritation, asthma attacks, pneumonia, bronchitis, and
arrhythmias (Thangavel et al., 2022; Muruganandam et al., 2023; EPA, 2024). On the other
hand, chronic exposure leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer,
congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive
decline, stroke and dementia (WHO, 2018; Livingston et al., 2020; DoSAAH, 2024).

This range of PM effects is due to its complex mixtures of solids and liquid particles, acids,
organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust, and allergens. The main sources of PM2.5 include
human-made activities like the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) for energy
production, transportation, industrial processes, and residential uses. Other contributors
are the secondary PM, burning of solid fuels for cooking and heating, agricultural activities,
waste incineration, and natural sources like dust (Mukherjee & Agrawal, 2017).
National Clean Air Programme
National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was launched by the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) in January 2019 with the objective of improving air
quality in 131 non-attainment and million plus cities/urban agglomerations across 24
states/union territories, by engaging all relevant stakeholders. NCAP aims for a reduction
of 20-30% in PM10 concentrations by 2024-25 compared to the baseline year of 2017-18
(CPCB, 2024; PQRS Q.NO-381,2024)

The target has been revised to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet
PM10 NAAQS (60 μg/m³) by 2025-26. City-specific targets ranging from 4-15% have been
given for reduction in annual PM10 concentrations by implementing city-specific action
plans. In addition, an annual target of 15% improvement in good days (air quality index
<200) has been prescribed for 49 million plus cities/urban agglomerations (PIB, 2023; PQRS
Q.NO-1966, 2024).

This annual report serves as a follow-up to the 'Tracing the Hazy Air: Progress Report on
National Clean Air Programme' released by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean
Air (CREA) in January 2022, January 2023 and January 2024 (CREA, 2022, CREA, 2023, and
CREA, 2024b). The 2022 report highlighted sluggish progress in formulating state action
plans, regional action plans, and the transboundary action plan. The report also
emphasised the fact that only 15 out of all non-attainment cities had completed the source
apportionment studies by December 2022, which were initially planned to be completed
by 2020. While the source apportionment studies were at least initiated in most
non-attainment studies, none of the cities completed carrying capacity studies. The report
also highlighted that against a target of installing 1,500 manual ambient air quality
stations, only 818 stations were present (till December 2021) while the PM2.5 monitoring
capability was only available at 262 stations against a target of all manual stations to be
covered by 2024. The report recommends making NCAP legally binding, setting interim
and long-term targets aligned with WHO guidelines, and improving transparency through
platforms like the PRANA web portal developed by CPCB.

In the 2023 report, we assessed the progress of NCAP and found that after four years of
NCAP being in force, only 37 of 131 non-attainment cities had completed source
apportionment studies by December 2022 and almost all of them lacked availability in the
public domain, raising questions on the purpose of conducting these studies and limiting
their effectiveness in playing a significant role in pollution reduction.
Between 2019 and 2022, India added only 45 air quality monitoring stations annually,
totalling 883 stations by December 2022. The report stressed that India will be required to
install more than 300 manual air quality monitoring stations per year under NAMP to reach
the NCAP goal of 1,500 monitoring stations by 2024. The review identified shortcomings
such as a lack of emissions reduction-based approaches, transparent air quality data
sharing, and integration of management plans. The absence of a cap on fossil fuel
consumption, integration of monitoring infrastructure, and collaboration with forecasting
mechanisms were also noted. The report recommended expediting airshed identification,
and setting stratified ambient air quality standards with the aim to move towards WHO
interim targets first, and then to the WHO guideline levels.

Last year's report highlighted that NCAP committees have faced challenges in
functionality, transparency, and public access to information. By November 2023, only 40%
of the INR 1,253 crore allocated to 82 non-attainment cities was utilised, while 62% of the
INR 9,610 crore allocated to 49 million-plus cities was spent, indicating significant
underutilisation.

As of December 2023, only 931 manual air quality monitoring stations were operational,
falling short of the target of 1,500 by 2024, though progress on Continuous Ambient Air
Quality Monitoring Stations (CAAQMS) has been positive, with 531 stations functioning
beyond the target of 150. The rural monitoring network, however, remains limited with
only 26 stations, and efforts to set up 100 rural stations by 2024 are struggling to meet the
target. By December 2023, only 44 out of 131 non-attainment cities had conducted source
apportionment studies.

Recommendations include reassessing the list of non-attainment cities to address the

widespread pollution levels, particularly in cities with recent monitoring showing pollution
above prescribed standards. A penalisation mechanism should be established for
authorities and sectors failing to meet NCAP timelines, especially for essential research
studies. Public access to national air quality data should be facilitated through a
user-friendly platform linked to the PRANA portal.

The future NCAP roadmap should prioritise airshed-based air quality management and
tighten NAAQS, aiming for WHO guideline levels in the long term. A national emissions
database should be created to track emissions reduction targets, while resource allocation
should focus on emission load reduction at the source. Finally, efforts to expand the air
quality monitoring network, including rural areas, should be accelerated, integrating
satellite data and forecasting systems.
Purpose and scope of this report
The current report is a continuation of previous reports ‘Tracing the Hazy Air: Progress
Report on National Clean Air Programme’ released by CREA in January 2022, January 2023,
and January 2024 (CREA, 2022, CREA, 2023, and CREA, 2024a). This report endeavours to
assess the implementation and progress of India’s NCAP in reducing air pollution levels
since its initiation in January 2019. The aim of this analysis is to assist policymakers, civil
society organisations, researchers, and citizens in realigning actions and priorities for the
effective use of resources and energy in air quality improvement.

Focusing on governance and management of ambient air quality in the country until
December 2024, this review specifically evaluates the flagship NCAP, concentrating on key
areas such as institutional strengthening, finance, mitigation measures, source
apportionment studies, and air quality trends.

The scope of this study is limited to tracking the indicators at the national level
coordinated or implemented by national institutions. An in-depth analysis of the actions
by non-attainment cities and their respective states or union territories is not included in
the current study.

Materials and methodology

The methodology employed to monitor the implementation of the NCAP involved the
comprehensive examination of both primary and secondary sources. Valuable information
was gathered from various government ministries, including but not limited to the Indian
government’s Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), and the Ministry of Power (MoP). Additionally, data
were extracted from parliamentary sessions in both the Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
and Lok Sabha (House of the People), regarding questions posed during different sessions.
The research process extended to the inclusion of reports from non-governmental
organisations, articles from diverse news agencies, and the submission of several Right to
Information applications (RTIs) to pertinent government ministries and departments. The
compiled data from these diverse sources was systematically organised using Google
Sheets, with a focus on quantifiable parameters.
Institutional strengthening
Awareness programmes and capacity building
Under the NCAP, public awareness and capacity-building programs were introduced as key
measures to enhance air quality management. Public awareness programs aimed to
engage stakeholders such as the general public to raise awareness about preventing the
adverse effects of air pollution. Media sensitisation programs were also proposed to
ensure accurate reporting of data and communicate government actions effectively, but
implementation has been inconsistent. Between 2019 and 2024, a total of 1400 awareness
programs were conducted.

In terms of capacity building, programs were designed to address manpower and

infrastructure requirements while providing training to integrate national and
international best practices. However, efforts have been inadequate, especially in earlier
years, reflecting a significant gap in institutional readiness. Between 2019 and 2024, only
62 capacity-building programs were conducted.

In the current 2024-25 financial year, with only few months remaining, both awareness and
capacity-building programs have fallen significantly short, with the numbers conducted so
far not even reaching one-fourth of the previous year's totals, highlighting a notable
slowdown in efforts and emphasising the urgent need for a more robust and targeted
approach to strengthen institutional capabilities.

Table 1: Number of awareness programmes and capacity building programmes conducted

Year Awareness Programmes Capacity Building Programmes

2019-20 132 1
2020-21 223 1
2021-22 581 10
2022-23 136 17
2023-24 263 28
2024-25* 65 5
*Data as of December 1, 2024
Air information centers
Air information centers were one of the components under institutional strengthening and
it aims to establish at central and state levels to handle data analysis, dashboard creation,
geographical information system (GIS) based dissemination, issuing bulletins, tracking
international developments, and updating policies. However, no progress was observed in
2024, with the situation remaining unchanged from the previous year. The only centralised
air information system is the CPCB's ‘Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in
Non-Attainment Cities (PRANA)’ portal (PRANA, 2024a).

Delhi-NCR has a monitoring dashboard, ‘Central Control Room for Air Quality
Monitoring-Delhi-NCR’ which provides air pollution data, and AQI bulletin but lacks
information on policies, guidelines, or directives (CPCB-CCR, 2024). The region also
benefits from the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), which coordinates air
quality governance and hosts a repository of relevant policies and guidelines (CAQM,
2024). No equivalent institution exists for other states, cities, or regions in India.
Additionally, real-time AQI is available for 288 cities via the SAMEER mobile app.

Institutional Framework
The NCAP established several committees at the national level such as Apex Committee,
Steering Committee, Monitoring Committee, and Implementation Committee to oversee
the coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of action plans aimed at improving air
quality in 130 cities. Additionally, the NCAP has state-level Air Quality Management
Committees (AQMCs), State Level Monitoring Implementation Committees (SLMICs), and
steering committees to enhance regional governance.

CPCB nodal officers have been designated to conduct field verifications of city action plan
implementation. Additionally, SPCB and city-level nodal officers have been nominated to
support and oversee the execution of these plans. To strengthen accountability, a
framework for third-party audits of activities implemented by cities has been developed.

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) has been set up to build local technical capacities
and create a larger pool of institutes to support NCAP activities. Institutes of Repute have
been assigned to cities to provide technical expertise to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) for
implementing city-specific action plans. Project Management Units (PMUs) have also been
established to assist ULBs in executing the program effectively (PQLS Q.NO-2119, 2024).
Till 31st December 2024, a total of 41 meetings have been held at the national level,
including 4 by the Apex Committee, 7 by the Steering Committee, 13 by the Monitoring
Committee, and 17 by the Implementation Committee. At the state and city levels, 534
meetings were conducted in 2023-24, comprising 31 State Steering Committee meetings,
67 AQMC/SLMIC meetings, and 436 District-Level Monitoring Implementation Committee
(DLMIC) meetings.

Table 2: Meetings held by centre levels committees between 2019 to 2024

Committee Name Number of Meetings so far Date of Latest Meeting

Apex Committee 4 07.09.2024
Steering Committee 7 25.07.2024
Monitoring Committee 13 04.07.2024
Implementation Committee 17 10.10.2024

The Apex and Implementation Committees convened twice in 2024, while the Steering and
Monitoring Committee convened once during the year. The discussions and actions taken
during each committee meeting throughout 2024 are summarized below

During the 2024 Apex Committee meetings, it was emphasised that cities should utilise at
least 75% of the funds released. The committee decided to engage with best-performing
cities, such as Surat and Firozabad, to replicate their successful practices across other
NCAP cities. Additionally, a coordination committee for air quality management in the IGP
region was established. From FY 2024-25 onwards, a reform-based challenge method was
proposed, with pre-qualification criteria and performance-based challenges set to
continue. Cities/urban local bodies will need to achieve a minimum score of 60% under
this reform-based challenge (PRANA, 2024b).

During the Steering Committee meeting, Patancheru was merged with Hyderabad,
reducing the total number of NCAP cities from 131 to 130. The CPCB was tasked to conduct
regular meetings with cities showing no progress in air quality improvement. States were
directed to submit SLMIC recommendations for the release of funds and ensure weekly
reports by cities and monthly reports by states are updated on the PRANA portal.
Additionally, the need for capacity building of NCAP consultants to sensitise them on
central government schemes was emphasised (PRANA, 2024c).

In the Monitoring Committee meeting, physical and financial progress under NCAP was
reviewed, with a focus on expediting targeted actions and regularly updating the PRANA
portal for effective implementation and fund utilisation. The committee mandated that
75% fund utilisation is a prerequisite for the release of funds (PRANA, 2024d).

During the Implementation Committee meeting, discussions centered around the status of
annual action plans, fund utilisation, and cities with low PM10 improvement. Poor
performance cities were directed to submit explanations for their lack of progress. All 130
cities were instructed to update annual plans, physical and financial progress, expedite the
submission of source apportionment studies, and refine their action plans based on these
findings. The committee also emphasised that funds should not be used for irrelevant
activities that do not directly impact air quality (PRANA, 2024e).

Certification Scheme
Under the NCAP certification scheme, the CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has
proposed the NPL-India Certification Scheme to meet the country’s needs for online air
pollution monitoring. The scheme focuses on certifying systems such as Online
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (OCEMS), Continuous Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring Systems (CAAQMS), and PM2.5/PM10 samplers. It aims to provide cost-effective
solutions for testing, calibration, and certification to both Indian and international
manufacturers.

Certified laboratories or AQM Cells have been established in the following cities:
Ahmadabad, Angul, Asansol, Balasore, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Cuttack,
Damtal, Dehradun, Devangere, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Firozabad, Gorakhpur, Gwalior, Haldia,
Jhansi, Kalinga Nagar, Kala Amb, Kohima, Kolkata, Kurnool, Nagpur, Nagaon, Nellore,
Patiala, Patna, Paonta Sahib, Parwanoo, Pune, Raipur, Rishikesh, Rourkela, Sangli, Silchar,
Sibsagar, Sunder Nagar, Surat, Talcher, Thane, Ulhasnagar, Varanasi, Vishakhapatnam.
However, certified laboratories are not established in 87 out of 130 cities.

Forecasting System
NCAP also outlined that all NCAP cities will have forecasting systems and hotspot-based
forecasting to be taken up moving ahead from city-specific forecasting in all NCAP cities.
No progress has been made in 2024 in this regard. Currently, Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology (IITM), Pune, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), is the apex body,
which runs the System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) as a
programme to forecast air pollution trends in Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, and Ahmedabad. Also,
none of NCAP cities have hotspot-based forecasting systems.
Mitigation measures
This section offers a detailed overview of key initiatives implemented and progress
reported during committee meetings by various ministries, including the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the Ministry of
Power, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the Ministry of Heavy Industries and
the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is involved in the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM
2.0), Smart City Mission, and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(AMRUT), focusing on waste management, urban mobility, and green spaces.

Under SBM 2.0, action plans worth Rs. 12,155 crore have been approved in NCAP cities
with an objective of solid waste processing, remediation of legacy waste, construction and
demolition waste processing facilities, and procurement of mechanical sweepers.

130 NCAP cities have 42,500 tonnes per day (TPD) of solid waste processing facilities and
7300 TPD of construction and demolition waste processing facilities. Also, 93 cities are
undertaking 11.19 crore tonnes of legacy waste remediation. About 29,000 kilometres of
roads are being swept through 588 mechanical sweepers funded under SBM 2.0.

Under AMRUT 2.0, it is reported that ₹1768 crore was allocated to 107 NCAP cities for
developing green spaces and parks, and ₹1436 crore for non-motorised urban transport.
Also, 735 parks have been developed, adding 3702 acres of green space across 106 cities,
with an additional 28 parks planned. Further, 83 kilometres of non-motorized urban
transport infrastructure have been completed in 13 NCAP cities.

It is reported that 80 NCAP cities are covered under the PM e-Bus Sewa scheme to avail
e-buses, part of the 10,000 e-buses provisioned under the initiative. Furthermore, 46
cities have participated, securing a total of 3989 e-buses.

The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is leading Sustainable Alternative Towards
Affordable Transportation (SATAT), City Gas Distribution Network, and GOBARdhan to
promote biogas usage and expand gas infrastructure. Under the SATAT Scheme to
generate CNG from biomass, and to reduce air pollution. 3213 CNG stations and 97,89,820
PNG (Domestic) connections have been established in districts associated with 131 NCAP
cities. 34 CBG projects have been commissioned so far and 31 CBG projects are under
construction in 131 NCAP cities.
 Table 3: Progress of action taken by various ministries under NCAP
Ministry Scheme Area focused Progress
o Solid waste processing facilities (130 cities): 42,500 TPD
Ministry of Housing and o C&D Waste processing facility (130 cities): 7300 TPD
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM 2.0) Waste management
Urban Affairs o Legacy waste remediation (93 cities): 11.19 crore tonnes
o Mechanical road sweepers: 588 nos.

o Smart Roads: 731 km (37 Cities);

Ministry of Housing and
Smart City Mission Urban Mobility o Creation of Footpath: 1248 km (36 Cities);
Urban Affairs
o Parks/ Green Spaces: 744 hectares (37 Cities);

Ministry of Housing and Atal Mission For Rejuvenation And Green Spaces & Parks and Non-Motorised o Green Spaces and Parks (106 cities): 735 parks (3702 acres)
Urban Affairs Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Urban Transport o Non-motorized transport (13 cities): 83 km
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
Ministry of Heavy Industries Support to Electric Mobility E-buses: 76 NCAP cities eligible for 6889 buses.
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME II)
Sustainable Alternative Towards o 34 CBG projects (184 TPD) commissioned in 24 cities
Set up 5,000 Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG)
Ministry of Petroleum and Affordable Transportation (SATAT), o 31 CBG projects (209 TPD) under construction in 19 cities
production plants. CBG for use in
Natural Gas City Gas Distribution Network and o 3213 CNG stations established and 97,89,820 Domestic PNG
automotive fuels
GOBARdhan connections given

Ministry of Environment, Targets the creation of 1000 Nagar o 121 Nagar Van/ Nagar Vatikas sanctioned in 64 cities involving 3876
Nagar Van Yojana
Forest and Climate Change Vans/Vatikas hectares
Aims to address the air pollution due to
o 11 Thermal Power Plants (TPPs) in NCR co-fired Biomass of 6.04
Ministry of Power National Mission on Biomass farm stubble burning and to reduce the
lakh Tonne with coal in FY 2024-25
carbon footprint of thermal power
Installing Flue-Gas Desulfurization and Reducing emissions from thermal power
Ministry of Power o Only 8% of total installed capacity have FGD
Pollution Control measures. plants
Phasing out of old vehicles and the
Ministry of Road Transport o RVSF: 22 operational and 11 sanctioned
Vehicle Scrapping Policy implementation of the vehicle scrapping
and Highways o ATS: 18 operational and 42 sanctioned
policy
The Ministry of Power is engaged in biomass utilisation and emission reduction measures
from thermal power plants. 11 Thermal Power Plants (TPPs) in NCR have started co-firing
of biomass pellets. Biomass co-fired by NCR TPPs in current FY 2024-25 (till 31.08.24) is
around 4,04,359 Metric Tonnes (MT), which is 1.5 times more than the total biomass
co-fired in the whole FY 2023-24 (i.e. 2,58,773 MT). While some progress has been made in
these areas, the critical sectoral intervention needed to reduce emissions from thermal
power plants remains insufficient. Despite the 2015 notification and four subsequent
deadline extensions, less than 8% of thermal power plants have complied with the
requirement to install flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology.

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways' Vehicle Scrapping Policy aims to phase out
old vehicles, contributing to sustainable transportation practices. 64 cities out of 131
have set targets to create Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facility (RVSF) and against the
target 33 RVSF have been created in which 22 RVSF are functional. 60 Automated Testing
Station (ATS) out of 131 ATS in 131 cities have been approved and only 18 are functional.

The Ministry of Heavy Industries is driving the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme to incentivise electric vehicle adoption and
boost domestic manufacturing. FAME II scheme for providing incentives for electric
vehicles, which has an enhanced outlay of Rs. 11,500 crore till March 2024 for supporting
Rs. 17.43 lakh electric vehicles. Also, 20 states have claimed 13,11,681 electric vehicles (2,
3, and 4-wheelers), whereas the productive linked incentive (PLI) auto scheme has an
outlay of ₹25,938 crore for providing supply-side incentives to original equipment
manufacturer and the PLI advanced chemistry cell scheme has an outlay of Rs. 18,100
crore for developing an energy storage capacity of 50 GWh.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change's Nagar Van Yojana targets the
creation of green spaces. A total of 121 Nagar Van/ Nagar Vatikas sanctioned in 64 cities
involving 3876 ha.

Financial support
Under NCAP, an amount of ₹19614.44 crores have been earmarked to 131 cities during the
period FY 2019-20 till FY 2025-26 out of which 49 million plus cities/urban agglomerations
are funded under fifteenth finance commission (XV-FC) air quality grant and remaining 82
cities are funded by NCAP.
Financial year wise funds allocated and utilised are shown in below Figure. Under the
NCAP, a total of ₹11,211 crore has been released under NCAP and XV-FC funds from its
inception until now (PQLS Q.NO-2080, 2024; PQLS Q.NO-17, 2024). Of this, ₹7,594 crore has
been utilised, reflecting an overall utilisation rate of 68%. Breaking this down:

● Under the NCAP fund, ₹1615 crore was released, of which ₹1011 crore was utilised,
resulting in a utilisation rate of 63% .
● Under the XV-Finance Commission grants, ₹9595 crore was released, with ₹6582
crore utilised, indicating a utilisation rate of 69% (PQRS Q.NO-376, 2024).

While the XV-FC funding shows slightly better utilisation, both streams reflect suboptimal
fund usage, leaving significant room for improvement. While the utilisation rate for
million-plus cities improved in recent years, the overall trend underscores persistent
delays and gaps in implementing planned interventions. The low utilisation rate for 82
non-attainment cities is particularly concerning, given the pressing need to address air
quality issues.

These trends raise critical questions about administrative bottlenecks, the readiness of
local bodies to execute projects, and the adequacy of planning and monitoring
mechanisms. With the current financial year nearing its end, the limited progress made so
far further emphasises the urgent need for strengthened accountability and efficient fund
utilisation to ensure timely action against air pollution.
State-level fund utilisation under NCAP is shown in the below figure. Tamil Nadu has the
highest of 94% fund utilisation, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Odisha at 90%. These top
three states, along with others like Chandigarh (86%) and Rajasthan (83%), have shown
substantial commitment toward improving air quality with efficient fund utilisation.

In terms of utilisation percentages, a few states have managed to exceed 75%, including
Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh (78%)
and Nagaland (77%). A significant number of states fall in the 50-75% fund utilisation
bracket, such as West Bengal (74%), Gujarat (74%), Uttar Pradesh (72%), Punjab (69%),
Telangana (66%), Maharashtra (63%), Bihar (60%), and Chhattisgarh (57%) indicating
moderate progress but leaving room for improvement. On the other hand, states like
Assam (50%), Jharkhand (49%), Uttarakhand (48%), Jammu & Kashmir (40%), Meghalaya
(40%), Haryana (39%), and Andhra Pradesh (35%) show concerning underutilisation, with
less than half of the allocated funds being used. In particular, Delhi (32%) and Karnataka
(30%) have extremely low utilisation rates.

City action plans to undertake various air quality improvement measures such as control
of road dust, vehicular emissions, biomass burning & waste management and industrial
pollution, are implemented through mobilisation of resources through convergence of
schemes of Central and State government as well as their own resources of ULBs and other
development authorities. Funds provided under NCAP are utilised to meet the critical gap
for implementing activities as part of the city action plan (PQRS Q.NO-1986, 2024).

The utilisation of funds under NCAP reflects an imbalanced allocation and limited focus on
key pollution sources. Of the ₹7594.28 crore spent so far, a disproportionate 67% has been
allocated to road dust management, while other critical sectors such as industries (1%),
domestic fuel (1%), and public outreach (1%) received minimal attention. Similarly,
capacity building and monitoring, essential for long-term air quality management,
accounted for only 4% of the expenditure.

This skewed prioritization indicates a lack of a comprehensive strategy to address

pollution holistically, with critical areas like industries and biomass burning remaining
underfunded despite their significant contribution to emissions. Furthermore, with only
68% of the total funds released utilised, the slow pace of fund disbursement and
implementation raises concerns about the efficiency and effectiveness of NCAP in
achieving its goals. The data prompts questions about the rationale behind these
allocations and the overall efficacy of the resource distribution strategy in
comprehensively addressing the prevailing high pollution levels across the country.
Knowledge network and augmentation
Air quality monitoring network
In 2024, India had a total of 1,524 air quality monitoring stations, comprising 558 CAAQMS
and 966 manual stations under the National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP). These
monitors cover 550 cities in 28 states and 7 UTs across the country. Compared to 2023,
when there were 1,462 stations, this marks an increase of 62 stations. Specifically, CAAQMS
expanded by 27 stations (from 531 in 2023 to 558 in 2024), while NAMP manual stations
grew by 35 (from 931 to 966). In the 130 cities under NCAP, 839 ambient air quality
monitoring stations have been set up, including 496 manual stations and 343 CAAQMS.
However, 28 NCAP cities still lack CAAQMS monitoring (PQRS Q.NO-381,2024).

NCAP had set an ambitious target to augment the number of manual air quality
monitoring stations under the NAMP to 1,500 by 2024. However, this target remains unmet,
with the number of manual stations reaching 966 in 2024, falling short by 534 stations.

CAAQMS provides real-time, continuous monitoring of various air pollutants offering

uninterrupted dataset throughout the year, allowing for accurate tracking of pollution
trends and swift responses to changes in air quality. Due to its real-time nature, CAAQMS is
considered a highly reliable system for air quality monitoring. Unlike CAAQMS, NAMP
stations are operated manually, with monitoring conducted for 24 hours only twice a week,
leading to a total of 104 observations per year. The limited frequency of data collection
poses significant challenges in providing a complete picture of the air quality in these
cities.

In cities where both CAAQMS and NAMP stations are present, the data from these systems
is combined, or integrated to produce NCAP air quality reports. However, this practice
raises concerns about the integrity of the data. The CAAQMS provides continuous,
high-quality data, while the manual NAMP data is sporadic and less reliable. When both
datasets are combined, the resulting air quality assessment may be compromised. So,
comparison of integrated data with CAAQMS will be crucial to assess the influence of NAMP
in integrated data.

Although the installation of CAAQMS has significantly increased, data quality remains a
major concern. Issues such as inadequate calibration, poor maintenance, and
non-compliance with siting criteria outlined by the CPCB undermine the reliability of the
data. A recent investigation in Delhi highlighted that at least 22 monitoring stations
violated CPCB guidelines, with many placed near dense vegetation or other obstructions
that compromise airflow, leading to questionable readings (News Laundry, 2024).
Similarly, cities like Varanasi and Mumbai were also reported for data quality issues
previously (The Print, 2024; The Quint, 2024)
To ensure the credibility of air quality data, regular calibration and maintenance of
monitoring instruments are essential. Proper calibration ensures accurate readings, while
routine maintenance prevents malfunctions. Adhering to CPCB guidelines for proper siting
of monitoring stations is equally crucial to avoid biased measurements caused by
obstructions or proximity to localised pollution sources. Co-locating monitors for
cross-validation, continuous monitoring of environmental variables like temperature and
humidity, and implementing robust data validation systems can further enhance the
accuracy and trustworthiness of the data.

Source apportionment
The analysis of the progress and transparency of source apportionment studies in the
PRANA platform presents a complex landscape of achievements and gaps.

As per the NCAP implementation committee's Minutes of Meeting, only 50 cities have
completed their source apportionment studies, despite 130 cities being expected to do so.
Additionally, 79 cities are at various stages of progress, while one city remains at the
MoU/proposal phase. (PRANA, 2024e).

A detailed review of the PRANA platform reveals a more fragmented reality. Only 40 cities
are indicated to have completed their studies, but many have not updated their databases.
Among these, only 17 cities have published detailed reports. Furthermore, several cities
listed as having completed their studies still appear as being in the MoU/proposal phase or
as work in progress, highlighting the need for accurate and timely reporting.

Maharashtra and Punjab top the list with 8 completed studies each, followed by Himachal
Pradesh with 7 completed studies. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have achieved 4 completed
studies each, while Uttar Pradesh has recorded 5 completed studies showing moderate
progress.

Odisha, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland,

Chandigarh, Haryana, and Meghalaya are among the states where no studies have been
completed.

However, states like Andhra Pradesh (12 cities), Maharashtra (11 cities) and Uttar Pradesh
(11 cities) have the majority of their studies categorized as ‘work under progress’.
Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is the only city among the 130 NCAP cities that is still at the
MoU stage.
 Table 4: State-wise Source Apportionment Study Completed Cities
State Cities Completed Source Apportionment Study
Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada
Bihar Gaya, Patna, Muzaffarpur
Delhi Delhi
Gujarat Ahmedabad, Surat
Himachal Pradesh Baddi, Damtal, Kara- Amb, Nalagarh, Paonta Sahib, Parwanoo, Sunder Nagar

Jharkhand Dhanbad
Karnataka Bangalore, Gulburga, Hubli Dharwad, Devanagere
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal, Gwalior
Maharashtra Mumbai, Pune, Solapur, Nashik, Navi Mumbai, Amaravati, Aurangabad, Kolhapur

Punjab Mandi-Gobindgarh, Khanna, Patiala, Dera Bassi, Naya Nangal, Dera Baba Nanak,
Ludhiana, Jalandhar
Rajasthan Jaipur, Alwar
Tamil Nadu Chennai, Madurai, Trichy, Thoothukudi
Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj, Varanasi, Kanpur, Agra, Ghaziabad
West Bengal Kolkata, Howrah
PM10 sources and their contributions:
Source apportionment results of 17 cities available in PRANA portal are discussed in this
section.
PM10 pollution is driven by transportation emissions, road dust, industrial activities,
biomass and waste burning, and construction-related sources, with contributions varying
widely across cities.
For PM10, road dust and crustal dust dominate across cities, with Bangalore (52%) and
Ghaziabad (48%) showing the most significant impacts. These sources, combined with
unpaved roads and high vehicular traffic, contribute to particulate resuspension.
Delhi’s PM10 is driven by secondary PM (19%) and mixed sources (34%), emphasising the
multifaceted challenges of urban pollution.
Surat shows a substantial contribution from industrial emissions and power plants (44%).
Amravati and Aurangabad showcase a combination of biomass burning, wind-blown dust,
and industrial emissions, which together influence air quality.
Kolhapur’s PM10 contributors include industries, biomass burning and construction dust
(57%), while Solapur exhibits a complex interplay of resuspended dust, vehicular
emissions, and industrial activity (83%).

Navi Mumbai, with wind-blown and resuspended dust (29%), secondary PM and marine
aerosols (12%), highlights the role of coastal influences.

Nashik displays a similar complexity, with contributions from road dust (27%), vehicular
emissions, road dust (28%), and industrial activity.

Pune’s PM10 profile reveals significant influences from construction dust and road dust
(26%), as well as industrial emissions and biomass burning.

Kanpur and Allahabad experience impacts from both vehicular emissions and industrial
sources.

These findings highlight the overlapping yet unique pollution sources across cities,
emphasising the importance of tailored strategies for managing PM2.5 and PM10
emissions to improve air quality.

The figure below illustrates the percentage contributions of various sources to PM10 levels
across 17 NCAP cities.
Note: Mixed sources in each city are as follows. Amravati - biomass burning + wood
combustion (19.88%), Aurangabad - Industry + biomass burning (21.32%); construction
dust + mixed combustion (20.63%), Kanpur - vehicles + DG sets (13.85%), Kolhapur -
Industry + mixed combustion (15.51%); biomass burning + construction dust (20.28%),
Mumbai - industry + mixed combustion (20.12%), Nashik - mixed combustion + industry
(11.88%); Secondary PM (28.23%), Navi Mumbai - Wind-bown dust + resuspended dust
(28.5%), Pune- biomass burning + wood combustion (8.84%) ; industry + mixed
combustion (26.49%) ; construction dust + road dust (7.56%), Solapur - Biomass burning +
Industry emission (23.06%); mixed combustion + vehicular emissions + resuspension dust
(19.89%); Industry + biomass burning + Resuspension dust (20.86%); secondary aerosol +
construction dust (19.11%), Surat - industry + powerplants (44%).
PM2.5 sources and their contributions:

PM2.5 pollution across cities arises from a combination of transportation emissions, road
dust, industrial activities, biomass and waste burning, secondary PM, and mixed sources,
with varying contributions from each source depending on the city's unique pollution
profile.
Delhi experiences significant contributions from secondary PM (22%) and transportation
emissions (20%), highlighting the impact of vehicular pollution and atmospheric chemical
reactions.
Surat, heavily industrialised, shows a dominant contribution from industrial sources and
power plants (43%), emphasising the role of large-scale manufacturing activities.
In Bangalore, transportation emerges as the largest contributor (40%), coupled with road
dust and crustal dust (25%), emphasising challenges in vehicular management and road
infrastructure.
Amravati's air quality is heavily influenced by transportation (25%), biomass burning and
wood combustion (19%).
Aurangabad reflects a mix of emissions from biomass burning and crustal dust (40%),
while Kolhapur sees impacts from industry, biomass burning, and resuspended dust,
indicative of overlapping pollution sources (60%).

Mumbai’s PM2.5 profile is dominated by secondary PM (49%) and transportation (16%).

Navi Mumbai’s coastal characteristics are evident in its contribution from marine aerosols
and secondary PM (33%).

Nashik, an industrial hub, shows mixed combustion and industrial emissions (48%)
alongside significant contributions from vehicular emissions and road dust (28%).

Pune presents a complex air quality profile, with biomass burning accounting for 26% and
a combination of urban, industrial, waste, and residential sources contributing 52%,
highlighting significant overlaps.

Solapur has diverse contributors, including mixed combustion, industry, and secondary
PM, accounting for 83% collectively.

Kanpur, Ghaziabad, and Allahabad reveal impacts from transportation, secondary PM, and
domestic emissions, illustrating the challenges posed by dense urban activities and limited
air quality management.
Note: Mixed sources in each city are as follows. Amravati - biomass burning + wood
combustion (18.53%), Aurangabad - mixed combustion + vehicular emission (15.16%);
biomass burning + crustal dust (25.57%),Kanpur - vehicles + DG sets (16.75%), Kolhapur-
industry + mixed combustion (21.31%) ; biomass burning + construction dust (24.42%);
resuspension dust + construction dust (14.93%), Mumbai - biomass burning + wood
combustion (11.04%); industry + mixed combustion (11.55%), Nashik- mixed combustion +
industry (19.47%); vehicular emission + road dust (28.33%), Navi Mumbai - Secondary PM +
Marine aerosols (21.9%), Pune - biomass burning + wood combustion (26.50%); industry +
mixed combustion (13.58%); crustal dust + road dust (7.56%), Solapur- Industry +
secondary PM + biomass burning (26.81%); Vehicle emission + secondary PM (16.05%);
Industry + crustal dust (17.14%); mixed combustion + wind-blown dust (22.25%), Surat -
industry + powerplants (42.5%).
Source wise contribution range from 17 NCAP cities
● Transportation: PM2.5 = 15 to 40% and PM10 = 7 to 24%
● Road Dust/Crustal Dust: PM2.5 = 8 to 25% and PM10 = 20 to 52%
● Construction and Demolition: PM2.5 = 2 to 17% and PM10 = 2 to 16%
● MSW/Biomass Burning: PM2.5 = 3 to 30% and PM10 = 2 to 22%
● Mixed Sources: PM2.5 = 17 to 83% and PM10 = 6 to 83%
● Industries: PM2.5 = 1 to 25% and PM10=1 to 20%
● Secondary sources: PM2.5 = 9 to 49% and PM10 = 8 to 27%
● Coal/Power Plants: PM2.5 = 4 to 20% and PM10 = 1 to 23%
● Others: PM2.5 = 3 to 18% and PM10 = 1 to 26%

Air Quality levels in 2024

PM10 status in NCAP cities
Despite six years of implementation, the NCAP still faces critical challenges in achieving its
air quality improvement goals. Among the 130 cities included under NCAP, only 102 have
installed CAAQMS, leaving 28 cities without this essential monitoring infrastructure.
Furthermore, of the cities with CAAQMS, only 97 provide more than 80% valid data, and
only these cities have been included in the analysis, limiting the comprehensiveness of
insights into air quality trends.

The NCAP aims for a PM10 reduction of up to 40% by 2026 compared to baseline levels, but
the progress indicates that this target will be challenging to achieve. Data analysis reveals
that, despite efforts under NCAP, a total of 29 out of 97 cities have experienced an increase
in PM10 levels since the program's inception.

Although remaining 68 cities show some improvement in PM10 reduction when compared
to PM10 baseline levels, only 7 of these have managed to bring their levels below the more
lenient NAAQS, highlighting the uneven progress in meeting air quality standards. For a
more detailed discussion, PM10 concentration changes are compared with initial NCAP
2024 (20-30%) and revised NCAP 2026 (40%) targets.

Cities achieved initial NCAP target (20-30% PM10 reduction and more)

● Even after 6 years of NCAP implementation, only 41 cities achieved the initial target
of 20-30% or more PM10 reduction by 2024.
○ Uttar Pradesh had highest of 12 cities in this category followed by
Maharashtra (5 cities ), Punjab (4 cities), 3 cities each in Rajasthan, Andhra
 Pradesh, and Karnataka, 2 cities each in Gujarat, West Bengal, and
Uttarakhand, and one each in Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Telangana,
and Nagaland

Cities achieved revised NCAP target (40% PM10 reduction or achieving PM10 NAAQS)

● 40% PM10 reduction: 14 cities have already achieved revised target and are located
in Uttar Pradesh (8 cities), Uttarakhand (2 cities), and one each in Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Punjab, and Nagaland
● Achieved PM10 NAAQS: 8 cities viz., Kalaburagi, Silchar, Kadapa, Varanasi,
Davanagere, Sivasagar, Bareilly, Chennai achieved PM10 NAAQS. It should be noted
that even if Silchar concentration is slight increased from baseline concentration it
is still under NAAQS.

Cities not achieved targets

● 27 cities had reductions between 1 and 20%.

○ Maharashtra had highest of 7 cities in this category followed by West Bengal
(3 cities), two each in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh, and one each in Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Bihar
● 29 cities have increased concentration when compared to baseline PM10 levels.
○ Maharashtra leads with 7 cities followed by 6 cities in Odisha, 5 cities in
Assam, 4 cities in Madhya Pradesh. two each in Chhattisgarh and Bihar, and
once each in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Chandigarh.

The fact that the majority of cities are still struggling to meet even the initial target raises
serious concerns about the feasibility of achieving the ambitious 40% reduction within the
next two years.

Due to a lack of transparency in city progress, it remains unclear how cities achieved the
reported improvement in air quality, making it challenging to identify the specific actions
that led to such reductions.

Furthermore, several cities lack source apportionment-based action plans, and the
underutilization of allocated resources raises serious concerns about the reliability and
accuracy of the reported data.
 Table 5: Status of PM10 in NCAP cities

# of NCAP # of cities > PM10 # of cities < PM10

PM10 reduction or increase Cities NAAQS (60 µg/m3) NAAQS (60 µg/m3)

Cities with >= 40% reduction 14 12 2

Cities with 30 to 40% reduction 14 13 1
Cities with 20 to 30% reduction 13 10 3
Cities with 10 to 20% reduction 14 14 0
Cities with 1 to 10% reduction 13 12 1
Cities with increased concentration 29 28 1

PM10 analysis
A total of 253 cities had more than 80% of daily data. Compliance with PM10 NAAQS and
AQI categories are discussed here. The AQI categories are defined as follows: Good (PM2.5
Concentration: 0-50 μg/m³), Satisfactory (51-100 μg/m³), Moderate (101-250 μg/m³), Poor
(251-350 μg/m³), Very Poor (351-430 μg/m³), and Severe (>430 μg/m³).

● Indian cities: Out of 253 cities in India, 206 cities exceed the NAAQS for PM10, while
47 cities meet the standard. In terms of PM10 AQI categories, 119 cities fall in the
'Moderate' category, 111 are classified as 'Satisfactory,' and 23 cities have 'Good' air
quality. Notably, no cities are in the 'Poor', 'Very Poor' or ‘Severe’ categories.

● National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) cities: Among 97 NCAP cities, 89 exceed
the NAAQS for PM10, and 8 meet the standard. Regarding air quality distribution, 42
cities are categorized as 'Moderate,' 54 as 'Satisfactory,' and only 1 as 'Good.'

● Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) cities: Out of 76 cities in the IGP, 74 exceed the NAAQS
for PM10, while only 2 meet the standard. The AQI distribution shows that 56 cities
fall in the 'Moderate' category and 20 in the 'Satisfactory' category.

● National Capital Region (NCR) cities: In the NCR, which has 28 cities, all 28 exceed
the NAAQS for PM10. The AQI categories for these cities indicate that 23 are in the
'Moderate' category and 5 are in the 'Satisfactory' category.
The PM10 air quality assessment across Indian states reveals varied levels of compliance
with the NAAQS:

● Among states with a large number of assessed cities (more than 20), Rajasthan and
Maharashtra exhibit critical challenges, with all 34 and 31 cities, respectively,
exceeding the NAAQS. Similarly, Bihar and Haryana present alarming trends, with
all 23 and 22 cities exceeding the standard. Karnataka, however, stands out
positively, with 21 out of 25 cities meeting the NAAQS for PM10.
● In states with a moderate number of assessed cities (10–20), Uttar Pradesh
struggles significantly, with 18 out of 20 cities exceeding the NAAQS. Odisha and
West Bengal fare similarly, with all 16 and 7 cities, respectively, failing to meet the
standard. In contrast, Tamil Nadu performs well, with 8 out of 10 cities complying
with the NAAQS.
● Among states with fewer than 10 assessed cities, Punjab, Uttarakhand, and
Himachal Pradesh report complete non-compliance, with all their assessed cities
exceeding the NAAQS. Assam and Chhattisgarh show concerning trends, with 4 out
of 6 and 5 out of 6 cities exceeding the standard, respectively. However, Kerala
showcases 3 out of 4 cities meeting the NAAQS. Andhra Pradesh demonstrates
mixed performance, with 3 out of 8 cities meeting the standard.
● For states with only one assessed city, the results are mixed. Mizoram, Nagaland,
Manipur, and Telangana report full compliance with the NAAQS, while Tripura,
Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi show non-compliance.

Table 6: PM10 Compliance and AQI classification of Indian cities in 2024

Category India National Clean Air Indo Gangetic National Capital

Programme Plain Region
Total Cities 253 97 76 28
Compliance and exceedance
Cities > NAAQS 206 89 74 28
Cities < NAAQS 47 8 2 0
AQI Category
Good (0-50 µg/m3) 23 1 0 0
Satisfactory (51-100 µg/m3) 111 54 20 5
Moderate (101-250 µg/m3) 119 42 56 23
Poor (250-350 µg/m3) 0 0 0 0
Very Poor (351-430 µg/m3) 0 0 0 0
Severe (>430 µg/m3) 0 0 0 0
The number of cities in each state under different PM10 AQI categories is shown in the
Annexure Figure. The following observations can be drawn from it:

● Punjab has all the cities in ‘Moderate’ category

● Rajasthan has the highest number of cities with ‘Moderate’ air quality (25 cities),
followed by Bihar (19 cities) and Haryana (16 cities).
● Maharashtra leads with 19 cities in the ‘Satisfactory’ category, followed by
Karnataka with 12 cities, Rajasthan with 9 cities, and Uttar Pradesh with 8 cities.
● Karnataka has the highest number of cities with ‘Good’ air quality (13 cities),
followed by Tamil Nadu (4 cities).
● States like Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Haryana have a
significant cluster of cities in the ‘Moderate’ category.
● Delhi has PM10 concentration under ‘Moderate’ category.

Ranking of Indian cities based on PM10 concentration

The ranking of Indian cities based on PM10 concentrations is presented as a table in the
Annexure. Analysis showed that Sri Ganganagar, located in Rajasthan, is the most polluted
city with an annual average PM10 concentration of 236 µg/m³. This value is almost four
times the prescribed NAAQS. Over the course of 2024, Sri Ganganagar exceeded the NAAQS
for 336 days. The distribution of PM10 levels in the city was as follows: 26 days in the
'Satisfactory' category, 186 days in the 'Moderate' category, 100 days in the 'Poor' category,
38 days in the 'Very Poor' category, and 12 days in the 'Severe' category.

Greater Noida, in Uttar Pradesh, ranked second, with an annual average PM10
concentration of 226 µg/m³. The city exceeded the NAAQS for 333 days in 2024.

Delhi, the national capital, ranked third with an annual average of 211 µg/m³, surpassing
the NAAQS on 295 days. Delhi’s air quality was particularly concerning, with the city
experiencing 17 days classified under the 'Severe' category, the highest among all Indian
cities.

The remaining cities in the Top 10 most polluted cities include Byrnihat, Patna, Gurgaon,
Noida, Hanumangarh, Ghaziabad, and Hajipur taking respective positions from 4th to 10th
spot in the order of mention.

Rajasthan had the largest number of cities in the Top 50 Most Polluted Cities list, with 15
cities included, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 9 cities, and Bihar with 7 cities.
Madikeri, located in Karnataka, is the cleanest city in India with PM10 annual average of 32
µg/m³. Although this value is within the NAAQS, it is twice the WHO recommended
standards.

Palkalaiperur in Tamil Nadu and Koppal in Karnataka followed as the second and third
cleanest cities, respectively. Other cities in the ‘Top 10 cleanest cities’ list include Imphal,
Shillong, Ariyalur, Ramanagara, Vijayapura, Maihar, and Ramanathapuram.

Among the ‘Top 50 Cleanest Cities’, Karnataka leads with the highest number of 22 cities,
followed by Tamil Nadu with 8 cities, and Andhra Pradesh with 5 cities

PM2.5 analysis
A total of 256 cities had more than 80% of daily data. This section focuses on compliance
with NAAQS and AQI categories. The AQI categories are defined as follows: Good (PM2.5
Concentration: 0-30 μg/m³), Satisfactory (31-60 μg/m³), Moderate (61-90 μg/m³), Poor
(91-120 μg/m³), Very Poor (121-250 μg/m³), and Severe (>250 μg/m³).
 ● Indian cities: Out of 256 cities in India, 150 cities exceed the NAAQS, while 106
cities do not meet the standard. In terms of PM2.5 AQI categories, 162 cities are in
the 'Satisfactory' category, 39 are 'Moderate,' and 52 are 'Good.' There are 2 cities
classified as 'Poor' and 1 as 'Very Poor.'

● National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) cities: Among 97 cities under the NCAP, 59
exceed the NAAQS, and 38 do not. In terms of air quality, 72 cities fall under the
'Satisfactory' category, 13 are in the 'Moderate' category, and 10 are classified as
'Good.' There is 1 city each in the 'Poor' and 'Very Poor' categories.

● Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) cities: Out of 78 cities in the IGP, 64 exceed the NAAQS,
while 14 meet the standard. The AQI category distribution shows 46 cities with
'Satisfactory' air quality, 27 with 'Moderate,' and 4 in the 'Good' category. Only 1
city is in the 'Poor' category, and no cities are 'Very Poor.'

● National Capital Region (NCR) cities: In the NCR, with 29 cities, 27 exceed the
NAAQS, and 2 meet the standard. The PM2.5 AQI categories show that 15 cities are
'Moderate,' 11 are 'Satisfactory,' and 1 is 'Good.' There are 2 cities in the 'Poor'
category, but none in the 'Very Poor' category.

Table 7: PM2.5 Compliance and AQI classification of Indian cities in 2024

National Clean Indo Gangetic

Category India National Capital Region
Air Programme Plain
Total Cities 256 97 78 29
Compliance and exceedance
Cities > NAAQS 150 59 64 27
Cities < NAAQS 106 38 14 2
AQI Category
Good (0-30 µg/m3) 52 10 4 1
Satisfactory (31-60 µg/m3) 162 72 46 11
Moderate (61-90 µg/m3) 39 13 27 15
Poor (91-120 µg/m3) 2 1 1 2
Very Poor (121-250 µg/m3) 1 1 0 0
Severe (>250 µg/m3) 0 0 0 0
The air quality assessment across Indian states reveals significant diversity in compliance
with the NAAQS.

● Among states with a large number of assessed cities (more than 20), Rajasthan,
Haryana and Bihar show alarming trends, with 26 out of 34, 22 out of 24, 20 out of
23 cities exceeding NAAQS, respectively. Maharashtra presents a mixed scenario,
with 18 out of 31 cities exceeding the standard, while Karnataka stands out, with all
25 cities meeting NAAQS.
● States with a moderate number of assessed cities (10–20) also highlight varied
performances. Odisha (14 out of 16 cities) and Uttar Pradesh (13 out of 20 cities)
face significant challenges, whereas Tamil Nadu performs comparatively better,
with 9 out of 10 cities complying with NAAQS.
● For states with fewer than 10 assessed cities, Punjab is noteworthy, as all 8 of its
cities exceed NAAQS, while West Bengal (5 out of 7 cities) and Assam (4 out of 6
cities) also show high levels of non-compliance. On the other hand, Kerala and
Andhra Pradesh had 3 out of 4 cities and 7 out of 8 meeting the standard,
respectively.
● Several states with one city, such as Telangana, Mizoram, and Nagaland, report full
compliance with NAAQS, whereas states like Tripura, Chandigarh, and Delhi see
their only assessed cities exceeding the standard.

The distribution of cities across various PM2.5 AQI categories for each state is presented in
the Annexure Figure. The key observations are as follows:

● Karnataka has the highest number of cities with ‘Good’ air quality (20 cities),
followed by Tamil Nadu (8 cities).
● Maharashtra leads with 30 cities in the ‘Satisfactory’ category, followed by
Rajasthan (29 cities), Odisha (13 cities), and Bihar (13 cities).
● Bihar and Haryana had the highest number of cities in the ‘Moderate’ category,
each with 10 cities.
● Delhi and Haryana are the only states with cities falling under the ‘Poor’ air quality
category.
● Assam is the only state with Byrihat city in the ‘Very Poor’ air quality category.
● Northern states like Haryana, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh show a
significant cluster of cities in the ‘Moderate’ category.
● Southern states, including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, have a clear majority
of cities in the ‘Good’ category.
Ranking of Indian cities based on PM2.5 concentration
The analysis revealed that Byrnihat (Assam), Delhi, and Gurgaon (Haryana) ranked as the
top three most polluted cities in India in 2024, with annual PM2.5 concentrations of 126
µg/m³, 105 µg/m³, and 91 µg/m³, respectively.

● Byrnihat recorded the highest number of days exceeding the daily NAAQS, with 287
out of 358 monitored days. Additionally, it had the highest number of days (179) in
the Very Poor AQI category.

● Delhi exceeded the daily NAAQS on 248 out of 366 days in 2024. Despite being the
second most polluted city, it experienced the highest number of Severe AQI days
(21 days) compared to Byrnihat, which had 10 such days.

● Gurgaon had a higher exceedance days than Delhi, with 260 days above the NAAQS
out of 366 monitored days. Among the top three cities, Gurgaon recorded the
fewest of 5 Good AQI days in 2024.
Sri Ganganagar, Faridabad, Greater Noida, Muzaffarnagar, Bhiwadi, Noida, and Ghaziabad
ranked as the 4th to 10th most polluted cities in India based on PM2.5 concentrations.

Among the top 50 most polluted cities, Haryana had the highest representation with 11
cities, followed by Bihar (10 cities) and Uttar Pradesh (8 cities).

On the other hand, Tiruppur (Tamil Nadu) emerged as the cleanest city in India in 2024,
with an annual PM2.5 concentration of 14 µg/m³, followed by Aizawl (Mizoram) and
Raichur (Karnataka).

Other cities in the top 10 cleanest by PM2.5 concentrations include Palkalaiperur, Koppal,
Gadag, Madikeri, Vijayapura, Satna, and Chamarajanagar.

Similar to PM10 trends, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu topped the list of the 50 cleanest cities
by PM2.5 in India in 2024, with 20 cities and 8 cities, respectively.

References
AQLI. (2023). India Fact Sheet 2023. Air Quality Life Index. Retrieved from
https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/India-FactSheet-2023_Final.p
df

Bont, Y., et al. (2024). Ambient air pollution and daily mortality in ten cities of India: a
causal modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 8, Issue 7, e433 - e440.
Retrieved from 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00114-1

CAQM. (2024). Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and
Adjoining Areas. Retrieved from https://caqm.nic.in/

CPCB. (2024). List of 131 Non-Attainment Cities. Central Pollution Control Board.
Retrieved from https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/Non-Attainment_Cities.pdf

CPCB-CCR. (2024). Central Control Room for Air Quality Management. Central Pollution
Control Board. Retrieved from http://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/login

CREA. (2022). Tracing the Hazy Air: Progress Report on National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP). Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. Retrieved from
https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/tracing-the-hazy-air/
CREA. (2023). Tracing the Hazy Air 2023: Progress Report on National Clean Air
Programme (NCAP). Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. Retrieved from
https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/tracing-the-hazy-air-2023-progress-report-on-n
ational-clean-air-programme-ncap/

CREA. (2024a). India monthly snapshot. Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air.
Retrieved from https://energyandcleanair.org/category/monthly-snapshot-india/

CREA. (2024b). Tracing the Hazy Air 2023: Progress Report on National Clean Air
Programme (NCAP). Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. Retrieved from
https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/tracing-the-hazy-air-2024-progress-report-on-n
ational-clean-air-programme-ncap/

DoSAAH. (2024). Database of South Asia – Air Pollution and Health. Health Effects
Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.healtheffects.org/announcements/database-south-asia-air-pollution-and-he
alth-dosaah

EPA (2024). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/naaqs

GBD. (2021). Health and economic impact of air pollution in the states of India: the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(1), e25-e38. Retrieved from
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(20)30298-9/fulltext

Livingston, G., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of
the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413-446. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6

Mukherjee, A., & Agrawal, M. (2017). World air particulate matter: sources, distribution
and health effects. Environmental chemistry letters, 15, 283-309. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-017-0611-9

Muruganandam, N., et al. (2023). Meandered and muddled: A systematic review on the
impact of air pollution on ocular health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
30, 64872–64890. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27079-x
NCAP. (2019). National Clean Air Programme, Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate
Change. Retrieved from
https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapDashboard/download_public_portal_file/NCAP_Report.pdf

Newslaundry. (2024). Exclusive: Delhi AQI Data Is Unreliable, Air Monitors Flout Norms,
Blocked by Trees. Retrieved from
https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/12/31/exclusive-delhi-aqi-data-is-unreliable-air-moni
tors-flout-norms-blocked-by-trees

PIB. (2023). Press Release on Air Quality Management. Press Information Bureau.
Retrieved from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909910

PRANA. (2024a). Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities - Home.
Central Pollution Control Board. Retrieved from http://www.prana.cpcb.gov.in/#/home

PRANA. (2024b). Minutes of the 4th Apex Committee Meeting. Portal for Regulation of Air
Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities. Central Pollution Control Board. Retrieved from
https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapDashboard/download_public_portal_file/Minutes_of_4th_
Apex_Committee_meeting_(2)_1727686782964684.pdf

PRANA. (2024c). Minutes of the 7th Steering Committee Meeting. Portal for Regulation of
Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities. Central Pollution Control Board. Retrieved from
https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapDashboard/download_public_portal_file/7th_Steering_Co
mmittee_MoM_1724237024892378.pdf

PRANA. (2024d). Minutes of the 13th Monitoring Committee Meeting. Portal for Regulation
of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities. Central Pollution Control Board. Retrieved from
https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapDashboard/download_public_portal_file/MoM_13th_MC_8
2_NACs_1721045552467698.pdf

PRANA. (2024e). Minutes of the 17th Implementation Committee Meeting. Portal for
Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities. Central Pollution Control Board.
Retrieved from
https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapDashboard/download_public_portal_file/17_IC_MoM_10_1
0_2024_1730267081004586.pdf

PQLS Q.NO-2119. (2024). The Lok Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 2119
dated 17/05/2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/183/AU2119_Kt9VJF.pdf?source=pqals

PQLS Q.NO-2080. (2024). The Lok Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 2080
dated 15/05/2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/183/AU2080_TyGPws.pdf?source=pqa
ls

PQLS Q.NO-17. (2024). The Lok Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 17 dated
04/01/2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/183/AS17_RAK6og.pdf?source=pqals

PQRS Q.NO-1986. (2024). The Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 1986
dated 2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/265/AU1986_zQ53u7.pdf?source=pqars

PQRS Q.NO-1966. (2024). The Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 1966
dated 2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/265/AU1966_akE0tv.pdf?source=pqars

PQRS Q.NO-381. (2024). The Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 381
dated 2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/265/AU381_w5iVqx.pdf?source=pqars

PQRS Q.NO-376. (2024). The Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Unstarred Question No. 376
dated 2024 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Retrieved from
https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/266/AU376_CP3QQG.pdf?source=pqars

Suganthi, A., et al. (2024). Estimating the effect of annual PM2·5 exposure on mortality in
India: a difference-in-differences approach. The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 8, Issue
12, e987 - e996. Retrieved from 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00248-1

SOGA. (2024). State of Global Air 2022. Health Effects Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024

Thangavel, P., et al. (2022). Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated
toxicity in humans: an overview. International journal of environmental research and
public health, 19(12), 7511. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/12/7511
The Print. (2024). Reports Say Varanasi Has the Best Air Quality Among Cities, but There
Are Gaps in Data Collection. Retrieved from
https://theprint.in/environment/reports-say-varanasi-has-the-best-air-quality-among-citie
s-but-there-are-gaps-in-data-collection/2050298/.

The Quint. (2024). MPCB Decides to Shift Air Quality Monitors to Cleaner Areas. Retrieved
from
https://www.thequint.com/climate-change/mpcb-decides-to-shift-air-quality-monitors-to-
cleaner-areas-hindustan-times#read-more.

WHO. (2018). Health Risks of Ambient Air Pollution. World Health Organization. Retrieved
from
https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-energy-a
nd-health/sectoral-interventions/ambient-air-pollution/health-risks.
Annexure
Annexure Table 1: Ranking of Indian cities by 2024 Annual PM10 concentration

2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024

PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
1 Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 236 362 336 0 26 186 100 38 12
2 Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 226 366 333 3 30 193 107 28 5
3 Delhi NCT of Delhi 211 366 295 7 64 173 86 19 17
4 Byrnihat Assam 211 357 291 9 57 155 102 28 6
5 Patna Bihar 190 366 272 15 79 161 95 12 4
6 Gurgaon Haryana 186 366 290 4 72 211 68 8 3
7 Noida Uttar Pradesh 185 366 283 21 62 196 74 10 3
8 Hanumangarh Rajasthan 176 350 288 18 44 229 46 12 1
9 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 174 366 292 16 58 229 52 10 1
10 Hajipur Bihar 173 364 255 28 81 167 79 9 0
11 Faridabad Haryana 171 366 280 11 75 222 53 5 0
12 Bikaner Rajasthan 170 366 293 14 59 240 47 5 1
13 Bhiwadi Rajasthan 169 366 295 5 66 255 34 3 3
14 Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 169 363 278 14 71 221 48 8 1
15 Ballabgarh Haryana 168 353 275 17 61 235 37 2 1
16 Bileipada Odisha 163 356 268 23 65 233 31 3 1
17 Bahadurgarh Haryana 158 355 258 31 66 218 33 6 1
18 Araria Bihar 158 346 234 35 77 176 40 16 2
19 Dharuhera Haryana 154 348 233 30 85 189 33 7 4
20 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh 151 358 241 39 78 199 42 0 0
21 Baghpat Uttar Pradesh 148 362 250 38 74 208 38 3 1
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
22 Baddi Himachal Pradesh 148 360 271 9 80 244 23 2 2
23 Durgapur West Bengal 146 364 273 15 76 245 26 2 0
24 Buxar Bihar 146 308 210 31 67 170 29 5 6
25 Mandigobindgarh Punjab 146 365 274 18 73 258 14 2 0
26 Muzaffarpur Bihar 145 366 238 58 70 203 33 2 0
27 Dausa Rajasthan 143 366 265 26 75 246 17 2 0
28 Tonk Rajasthan 143 350 235 78 37 188 43 3 1
29 Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh 142 366 259 46 61 243 13 3 0
30 Jhunjhunu Rajasthan 142 366 256 26 84 239 14 2 1
31 Sikar Rajasthan 141 364 248 47 69 220 24 3 1
32 Nagaur Rajasthan 141 366 253 38 75 227 22 3 1
33 Kishanganj Bihar 140 365 210 85 70 155 48 5 2
34 Churu Rajasthan 139 348 211 23 114 174 32 3 2
35 Meerut Uttar Pradesh 137 366 245 48 73 222 22 1 0
36 Dholpur Rajasthan 137 364 229 53 82 204 21 4 0
37 Chandigarh Chandigarh 137 366 252 26 88 235 14 2 1
38 Bhagalpur Bihar 136 366 259 24 83 230 26 3 0
39 Pali Rajasthan 136 352 259 14 79 246 12 1 0
40 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 133 366 246 24 96 228 17 0 1
41 Mandideep Madhya Pradesh 133 359 224 62 73 198 24 2 0
42 Chittorgarh Rajasthan 131 366 269 8 89 269 0 0 0
43 Angul Odisha 130 366 218 52 96 195 23 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
44 Asanol West Bengal 130 366 231 31 104 220 11 0 0
45 Barbil Odisha 130 366 237 38 91 223 14 0 0
46 Rupnagar Punjab 130 356 239 17 100 223 16 0 0
47 Hapur Uttar Pradesh 129 362 218 63 81 192 20 5 1
48 Jaipur Rajasthan 128 366 253 44 69 247 5 1 0
49 Jaisalmer Rajasthan 127 366 225 22 119 209 14 2 0
50 Khurja Uttar Pradesh 127 362 174 23 165 145 24 4 1
51 Bharatpur Rajasthan 127 366 224 84 58 192 31 1 0
52 Agartala Tripura 127 350 184 55 111 153 30 1 0
53 Sonipat Haryana 126 339 165 36 138 138 19 5 3
54 Bihar Sharif Bihar 125 361 177 30 154 154 20 3 0
55 Chhapra Bihar 124 350 199 58 93 183 16 0 0
56 Rajgir Bihar 124 358 175 55 128 137 36 2 0
57 Ratlam Madhya Pradesh 124 360 236 58 66 234 2 0 0
58 Jalore Rajasthan 123 366 240 29 97 236 4 0 0
59 Bundi Rajasthan 122 366 237 39 90 234 2 1 0
60 Amritsar Punjab 122 364 197 13 154 177 18 1 1
61 Bettiah Bihar 122 343 187 49 107 171 10 4 2
62 Bhiwani Haryana 121 353 199 31 123 185 11 2 1
63 Munger Bihar 119 363 206 74 83 189 12 2 3
64 Kaithal Haryana 119 352 190 41 121 177 11 2 0
65 Jodhpur Rajasthan 119 366 219 37 110 214 5 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
66 Ludhiana Punjab 119 366 199 19 148 189 9 1 0
67 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 118 366 212 46 108 206 6 0 0
68 Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh 118 364 235 25 104 232 3 0 0
69 Kota Rajasthan 118 366 226 22 118 225 1 0 0
70 Talcher Odisha 117 365 183 61 121 159 22 2 0
71 Hisar Haryana 117 357 201 47 109 191 7 3 0
72 Charkhi Dadri Haryana 117 364 209 52 103 191 15 3 0
73 Katihar Bihar 115 355 184 79 92 167 13 2 2
74 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 115 366 213 51 102 210 3 0 0
75 Aurangabad Bihar 114 361 177 43 141 158 17 2 0
76 Kurukshetra Haryana 113 355 173 64 118 166 6 0 1
77 Jind Haryana 113 353 176 51 126 157 15 4 0
78 Pithampur Madhya Pradesh 113 366 216 21 129 215 1 0 0
79 Barrackpore West Bengal 112 359 173 54 132 163 10 0 0
80 Malegaon Maharashtra 112 365 209 25 131 203 6 0 0
81 Yamunanagar Haryana 111 349 192 44 113 190 2 0 0
82 Parbhani Maharashtra 111 319 184 46 89 181 3 0 0
83 Bathinda Punjab 111 346 179 36 131 174 4 0 1
84 Nalbari Assam 111 362 157 68 137 135 22 0 0
85 Udaipur Rajasthan 110 366 206 20 140 205 1 0 0
86 Saharsa Bihar 110 360 185 72 103 174 11 0 0
87 Katni Madhya Pradesh 110 365 189 52 124 186 2 1 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
88 Bhiwandi Maharashtra 110 360 176 37 147 176 0 0 0
89 Jalgaon Maharashtra 109 366 214 60 92 210 4 0 0
90 Balasore Odisha 109 365 180 78 107 169 10 1 0
91 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 109 366 189 50 127 187 2 0 0
92 Howrah West Bengal 109 366 167 70 129 162 5 0 0
93 Guwahati Assam 109 366 154 70 142 142 12 0 0
94 Badlapur Maharashtra 108 366 206 57 103 205 1 0 0
95 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 108 366 202 26 138 201 1 0 0
96 Banswara Rajasthan 108 363 212 44 106 213 0 0 0
97 Manesar Haryana 108 351 162 29 160 153 8 1 0
98 Panipat Haryana 108 336 115 5 216 107 6 2 0
99 Arrah Bihar 108 340 159 57 124 151 5 1 2
100 Kunjemura Chhattisgarh 108 361 187 76 98 181 5 1 0
101 Karauli Rajasthan 107 354 173 81 100 153 17 3 0
102 Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 107 366 209 66 91 209 0 0 0
103 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 107 365 187 41 137 186 1 0 0
104 Purnia Bihar 106 351 171 86 94 162 6 2 1
105 Jalna Maharashtra 106 361 170 51 140 166 3 1 0
106 Ahmedabad Gujarat 106 366 220 22 124 220 0 0 0
107 Jalandhar Punjab 105 366 172 31 163 168 4 0 0
108 Boisar Maharashtra 105 347 176 46 125 176 0 0 0
109 Ulhasnagar Maharashtra 104 363 188 23 152 188 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
110 Rourkela Odisha 104 366 189 51 126 188 1 0 0
111 Fatehabad Haryana 103 342 140 49 153 132 8 0 0
112 Samastipur Bihar 103 362 181 82 99 171 9 0 1
113 Siwan Bihar 103 362 166 64 132 158 7 1 0
114 Ahmednagar Maharashtra 103 353 172 44 137 169 3 0 0
115 Mira-Bhayandar Maharashtra 102 365 182 94 89 181 1 0 0
116 Khanna Punjab 102 365 156 9 200 155 1 0 0
117 Patiala Punjab 102 366 168 66 132 167 1 0 0
118 Dhule Maharashtra 101 360 194 57 109 194 0 0 0
119 Jhalawar Rajasthan 101 366 187 48 131 186 1 0 0
120 Nayagarh Odisha 100 349 147 113 89 138 8 1 0
121 Barmer Rajasthan 99 364 163 36 165 161 2 0 0
122 Virar Maharashtra 99 365 157 41 167 156 1 0 0
123 Kalyan Maharashtra 99 365 198 84 83 198 0 0 0
124 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 98 366 178 63 125 177 1 0 0
125 Palwal Haryana 97 347 153 42 152 151 2 0 0
126 Baran Rajasthan 97 365 176 81 108 175 0 0 1
127 Baripada Odisha 96 364 166 81 117 165 1 0 0
128 Dungarpur Rajasthan 96 364 146 31 187 144 2 0 0
129 Belapur Maharashtra 95 366 176 85 105 176 0 0 0
130 Nagpur Maharashtra 95 366 168 77 121 168 0 0 0
131 Suakati Odisha 94 364 165 90 109 165 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
132 Kashipur Uttarakhand 94 358 144 34 180 144 0 0 0
133 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 94 365 138 48 179 136 2 0 0
134 Gummidipoondi Tamil Nadu 94 366 123 15 228 123 0 0 0
135 Pimpri Chinchwad Maharashtra 94 366 165 105 96 165 0 0 0
136 Bhubaneswar Odisha 94 366 150 103 113 147 3 0 0
137 Cuttack Odisha 94 366 148 98 120 145 3 0 0
138 Nanded Maharashtra 94 353 170 104 79 170 0 0 0
139 Dewas Madhya Pradesh 93 363 148 64 151 148 0 0 0
140 Muradabad Uttar Pradesh 93 366 181 75 110 180 1 0 0
141 Solapur Maharashtra 93 366 161 37 168 161 0 0 0
142 Thane Maharashtra 93 366 164 94 108 164 0 0 0
143 Akola Maharashtra 93 366 159 85 122 159 0 0 0
144 Kolhapur Maharashtra 92 366 157 86 123 157 0 0 0
145 Motihari Bihar 92 364 123 97 144 115 8 0 0
146 Sirsa Haryana 92 341 105 106 130 92 6 3 4
147 Kolkata West Bengal 92 366 133 110 123 133 0 0 0
148 Tumakuru Karnataka 91 323 133 83 107 132 1 0 0
149 Aurangabad, MH Maharashtra 91 366 151 78 137 151 0 0 0
150 Karnal Haryana 91 354 132 62 159 130 3 0 0
151 Vatva Gujarat 89 350 110 35 205 110 0 0 0
152 Gaya Bihar 89 366 128 101 137 128 0 0 0
153 Byasanagar Odisha 88 366 146 107 113 146 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
154 Ajmer Rajasthan 88 366 124 30 212 123 1 0 0
155 Mumbai Maharashtra 87 366 149 90 127 149 0 0 0
156 Mandikhera Haryana 87 350 127 76 147 124 2 1 0
157 Chandrapur Maharashtra 87 362 115 75 172 113 2 0 0
158 Mahad Maharashtra 87 363 130 93 140 130 0 0 0
159 Alwar Rajasthan 87 366 102 34 230 102 0 0 0
160 Sasaram Bihar 87 362 133 130 99 127 6 0 0
161 Tensa Odisha 86 356 123 69 164 122 0 0 1
162 Amravati Maharashtra 86 366 148 103 115 148 0 0 0
163 Narnaul Haryana 86 341 114 91 136 107 5 1 1
164 Rairangpur Odisha 86 363 132 91 140 132 0 0 0
165 Bhilwara Rajasthan 86 363 113 98 152 113 0 0 0
166 Pratapgarh Rajasthan 86 364 132 77 155 132 0 0 0
167 Sagar Madhya Pradesh 85 366 103 72 191 103 0 0 0
168 Ambala Haryana 84 351 102 77 172 101 1 0 0
169 Manguraha Bihar 84 327 110 72 145 110 0 0 0
170 Pune Maharashtra 84 366 121 103 142 121 0 0 0
171 Gandhinagar Gujarat 84 364 95 36 233 95 0 0 0
172 Nagaon Assam 83 362 106 155 101 98 8 0 0
173 Siliguri West Bengal 82 362 112 129 121 112 0 0 0
174 Dehradun Uttarakhand 82 366 112 97 157 112 0 0 0
175 Haldia West Bengal 82 360 115 138 107 115 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
176 Nashik Maharashtra 80 366 99 104 163 99 0 0 0
177 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 79 366 104 109 153 104 0 0 0
178 Surat Gujarat 79 351 57 199 95 29 10 13 5
179 Keonjhar Odisha 78 359 94 100 165 94 0 0 0
180 Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 78 366 109 110 147 109 0 0 0
181 Indore Madhya Pradesh 78 366 81 77 208 81 0 0 0
182 Ankleshwar Gujarat 77 357 73 80 204 73 0 0 0
183 Tirupur Tamil Nadu 76 329 85 113 131 84 1 0 0
184 Hyderabad Telangana 75 366 43 25 298 43 0 0 0
185 Latur Maharashtra 75 362 85 118 159 85 0 0 0
186 Sirohi Rajasthan 75 359 63 95 201 63 0 0 0
187 Raipur Chhattisgarh 75 366 64 87 215 64 0 0 0
188 Agra Uttar Pradesh 75 366 76 105 185 75 1 0 0
189 Dharwad Karnataka 73 359 46 53 260 46 0 0 0
190 Rajsamand Rajasthan 72 366 62 100 204 62 0 0 0
191 Sangli Maharashtra 72 356 110 144 102 110 0 0 0
192 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 72 363 81 145 137 81 0 0 0
193 Bangalore Karnataka 70 366 45 101 220 45 0 0 0
194 Bhilai Chhattisgarh 70 366 71 111 184 71 0 0 0
195 Kohima Nagaland 70 362 74 117 171 74 0 0 0
196 Brajrajnagar Odisha 68 356 64 118 174 64 0 0 0
197 Kollam Kerala 67 360 11 79 270 11 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
198 Anantapur Andhra Pradesh 67 363 15 96 251 16 0 0 0
199 Korba Chhattisgarh 66 362 40 130 192 40 0 0 0
200 Chittoor Andhra Pradesh 65 343 35 115 193 35 0 0 0
201 Chhal Chhattisgarh 65 365 31 110 224 31 0 0 0
202 Firozabad Uttar Pradesh 64 366 34 133 199 33 1 0 0
203 Rishikesh Uttarakhand 64 362 44 121 197 44 0 0 0
204 Rajamahendravaram Andhra Pradesh 63 362 56 178 128 56 0 0 0
205 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 61 366 1 61 304 1 0 0 0
206 Yadgir Karnataka 61 353 31 154 168 31 0 0 0
207 Chennai Tamil Nadu 60 366 29 157 180 29 0 0 0
208 Hubballi Karnataka 60 357 2 109 246 2 0 0 0
209 Hassan Karnataka 60 309 12 125 172 12 0 0 0
210 Manglore Karnataka 60 366 27 149 190 27 0 0 0
211 Kolar Karnataka 58 360 26 173 161 26 0 0 0
212 Chikkaballarpur Karnataka 57 363 47 184 132 47 0 0 0
213 Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 57 366 22 163 181 22 0 0 0
214 Vellore Tamil Nadu 57 304 14 148 142 14 0 0 0
215 Satna Madhya Pradesh 56 365 9 135 221 9 0 0 0
216 Amaravati Andhra Pradesh 56 362 43 193 126 43 0 0 0
217 Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 56 362 23 168 171 23 0 0 0
218 Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 55 366 27 171 168 27 0 0 0
219 Sivasagar Assam 55 366 0 97 269 0 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
220 Thrissur Kerala 55 331 0 143 188 0 0 0 0
221 Davanagere Karnataka 54 340 28 165 147 28 0 0 0
222 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 53 366 0 177 189 0 0 0 0
223 Haveri Karnataka 53 325 26 184 115 25 1 0 0
224 Naharlagun Arunachal Pradesh 52 312 18 162 132 18 0 0 0
225 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 52 366 22 207 137 22 0 0 0
226 Kadapa Andhra Pradesh 52 352 11 194 147 11 0 0 0
227 Thoothukodi Tamil Nadu 52 365 5 191 169 5 0 0 0
228 Silchar Assam 52 366 0 172 194 0 0 0 0
229 Ooty Tamil Nadu 52 327 19 181 127 19 0 0 0
230 Shivamogga Karnataka 51 366 0 166 200 0 0 0 0
231 Karwar Karnataka 49 358 16 201 141 16 0 0 0
232 Mysuru Karnataka 47 366 0 232 134 0 0 0 0
233 Belgaum Karnataka 47 342 13 203 126 13 0 0 0
234 Bagalkot Karnataka 47 365 0 291 74 0 0 0 0
235 Chikkamagaluru Karnataka 47 365 2 224 139 2 0 0 0
236 Chamarajanagar Karnataka 45 365 0 349 16 0 0 0 0
237 Eloor Kerala 44 301 0 249 52 0 0 0 0
238 Cuddalore Tamil Nadu 44 352 15 246 91 14 1 0 0
239 Aizawl Mizoram 44 366 14 239 113 14 0 0 0
240 Udupi Karnataka 43 334 8 223 103 8 0 0 0
241 Gadag Karnataka 43 359 2 264 93 2 0 0 0
 2024 PM10 Days > PM10 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM10 No of days
City State Average PM10 Very
Rank Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
(µg/m3) NAAQS Poor
242 Kalaburagi Karnataka 42 366 0 271 95 0 0 0 0
243 Puducherry Puducherry 41 360 2 261 97 2 0 0 0
244 Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu 41 357 4 253 100 4 0 0 0
245 Maihar Madhya Pradesh 41 328 5 225 98 5 0 0 0
246 Vijayapura Karnataka 40 365 0 359 6 0 0 0 0
247 Ramanagara Karnataka 40 361 0 266 95 0 0 0 0
248 Ariyalur Tamil Nadu 39 338 1 265 72 1 0 0 0
249 Shillong Meghalaya 39 318 16 221 81 16 0 0 0
250 Imphal Manipur 33 301 2 254 45 2 0 0 0
251 Koppal Karnataka 32 335 6 277 52 6 0 0 0
252 Palkalaiperur Tamil Nadu 32 343 1 293 49 1 0 0 0
253 Madikeri Karnataka 32 366 0 338 28 0 0 0 0
Annexure Table 2: Ranking of Indian cities by 2024 Annual PM2.5 concentration

Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024

PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
1 Byrnihat Assam 126 358 287 11 60 51 47 179 10
2 Delhi NCT of Delhi 105 366 248 40 78 103 35 89 21
3 Gurgaon Haryana 91 366 260 5 101 102 78 77 3
4 Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 86 362 256 21 85 131 58 65 2
5 Faridabad Haryana 84 366 248 21 97 105 82 59 2
6 Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 84 366 222 47 97 91 61 67 3
7 Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 83 363 241 23 99 117 62 62 0
8 Bhiwadi Rajasthan 80 365 238 37 90 106 77 53 2
9 Noida Uttar Pradesh 80 366 199 53 114 84 40 71 4
10 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 80 366 183 42 141 72 38 66 7
11 Mandi Gobindgarh Punjab 78 365 243 23 99 124 76 43 0
12 Ballabgarh Haryana 78 353 224 38 91 99 84 39 2
13 Hanumangarh Rajasthan 78 350 186 57 107 74 47 62 3
14 Patna Bihar 77 366 225 45 96 92 79 54 0
15 Bhagalpur Bihar 76 366 187 60 119 87 45 51 4
16 Charkhi Dadri Haryana 75 364 219 34 111 119 62 37 1
17 Bahadurgarh Haryana 75 355 185 67 103 79 55 45 6
18 Muzaffarpur Bihar 75 366 222 60 84 85 93 44 0
19 Rohtak Haryana 73 366 202 56 108 89 63 50 0
20 Asanol West Bengal 73 366 211 49 106 99 68 44 0
21 Hajipur Bihar 72 364 168 49 147 85 31 48 4
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
22 Durgapur West Bengal 72 364 193 39 132 98 56 39 0
23 Chandigarh Chandigarh 70 366 175 62 129 79 51 43 2
24 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh 70 354 176 60 118 73 58 45 0
25 Araria Bihar 69 342 160 78 104 77 27 53 3
26 Chhapra Bihar 69 350 179 77 94 83 48 48 0
27 Dharuhera Haryana 68 348 167 27 154 90 57 18 2
28 Baddi Himachal Pradesh 67 355 148 54 153 81 28 36 3
29 Angul Odisha 67 366 185 93 88 85 66 34 0
30 Hapur Uttar Pradesh 67 365 155 90 120 71 47 34 3
31 Saharsa Bihar 66 361 147 137 77 47 39 58 3
32 Bhiwani Haryana 66 352 164 57 131 96 47 19 2
33 Munger Bihar 65 363 188 91 84 107 58 17 6
34 Manesar Haryana 64 352 168 41 143 109 30 28 1
35 Talcher Odisha 64 363 167 85 111 86 48 33 0
36 Panipat Haryana 63 336 154 10 172 126 15 13 0
37 Dholpur Rajasthan 63 364 123 74 167 52 25 44 2
38 Agartala Tripura 62 356 146 102 108 47 65 34 0
39 Buxar Bihar 62 314 132 89 93 73 27 29 3
40 Siwan Bihar 62 360 134 88 138 77 30 22 5
41 Hisar Haryana 61 355 140 64 151 77 41 21 1
42 Ludhiana Punjab 61 366 159 35 172 110 39 10 0
43 Pali Rajasthan 60 352 141 34 177 97 30 14 0
44 Mandideep Madhya Pradesh 60 359 161 94 104 99 37 24 1
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
45 Nalbari Assam 60 366 124 101 141 43 36 45 0
46 Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh 60 366 143 83 140 71 46 25 1
47 Meerut Uttar Pradesh 59 366 146 103 117 69 50 26 1
48 Barrackpore West Bengal 59 359 135 89 135 63 43 29 0
49 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 59 366 157 75 134 97 46 14 0
50 Guwahati Assam 59 366 138 89 139 59 50 29 0
51 Panchkula Haryana 58 355 152 77 126 101 39 12 0
52 Howrah West Bengal 58 366 131 110 125 47 49 35 0
53 Sonipat Haryana 58 334 126 142 66 49 41 35 1
54 Amritsar Punjab 57 364 146 58 160 110 27 9 0
55 Purnia Bihar 57 349 127 105 117 60 47 18 2
56 Kurukshetra Haryana 57 355 137 80 138 80 46 11 0
57 Kota Rajasthan 56 366 123 101 142 54 49 20 0
58 Jaipur Rajasthan 56 366 124 84 158 57 50 17 0
59 Rajgir Bihar 56 361 120 125 116 50 30 40 0
60 Yamunanagar Haryana 56 349 129 70 150 83 40 6 0
61 Samastipur Bihar 56 362 143 106 113 85 37 19 2
62 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 56 366 124 103 139 60 43 21 0
63 Bikaner Rajasthan 55 366 111 138 117 49 27 33 2
64 Jhunjhunu Rajasthan 55 366 113 127 126 49 39 23 2
65 Ahmedabad Gujarat 54 366 142 44 180 133 8 1 0
66 Jind Haryana 54 353 100 107 146 52 26 22 0
67 Gummidipoondi Tamil Nadu 53 366 104 62 200 68 29 7 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
68 Chittorgarh Rajasthan 53 366 111 53 202 84 22 5 0
69 Kaithal Haryana 53 352 103 83 166 60 24 19 0
70 Churu Rajasthan 52 348 99 148 101 39 29 30 1
71 Bileipada Odisha 52 356 153 109 94 120 30 3 0
72 Udaipur Rajasthan 52 366 124 58 184 104 15 5 0
73 Tonk Rajasthan 52 349 126 131 92 65 43 18 0
74 Khurja Uttar Pradesh 52 362 97 70 195 62 24 11 0
75 Jalna Maharashtra 52 361 127 85 149 98 23 6 0
76 Parbhani Maharashtra 52 318 99 79 140 65 23 11 0
77 Baripada Odisha 52 365 133 134 98 77 41 15 0
78 Sikar Rajasthan 52 364 106 143 115 41 43 21 1
79 Ulhasnagar Maharashtra 52 366 141 96 129 116 24 1 0
80 Malegaon Maharashtra 51 365 137 103 125 119 13 5 0
81 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 51 365 109 64 192 95 9 5 0
82 Rourkela Odisha 51 366 125 94 147 103 22 0 0
83 Gaya Bihar 51 366 116 93 157 81 34 1 0
84 Balasore Odisha 51 364 121 153 90 65 27 29 0
85 Barbil Odisha 51 366 132 104 130 98 29 5 0
86 Fatehabad Haryana 50 343 104 108 131 67 23 14 0
87 Boisar Maharashtra 50 347 103 100 144 71 26 6 0
88 Bharatpur Rajasthan 50 359 122 128 109 80 29 13 0
89 Badlapur Maharashtra 50 366 131 109 126 104 26 1 0
90 Katihar Bihar 50 358 131 156 71 80 35 15 1
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
91 Khanna Punjab 50 365 86 45 234 73 11 2 0
92 Aurangabad Bihar 49 361 98 118 145 59 17 22 0
93 Arrah Bihar 49 340 79 137 124 35 13 31 0
94 Pimpri Chinchwad Maharashtra 49 366 136 134 96 87 46 3 0
95 Bettiah Bihar 49 337 106 119 112 63 34 9 0
96 Jalgaon Maharashtra 49 366 106 115 145 77 22 7 0
97 Narnaul Haryana 49 341 87 112 142 62 16 8 1
98 Jalandhar Punjab 49 366 104 99 162 80 22 3 0
99 Karauli Rajasthan 49 353 95 150 108 44 26 25 0
100 Rupnagar Punjab 48 364 100 111 153 74 20 6 0
101 Patiala Punjab 48 366 94 90 182 70 21 3 0
102 Vapi Gujarat 48 358 118 159 81 58 46 14 0
103 Karnal Haryana 48 355 90 109 156 61 20 9 0
104 Banswara Rajasthan 48 363 97 99 167 64 31 2 0
105 Bhiwandi Maharashtra 47 360 103 114 143 83 20 0 0
106 Baghpat Uttar Pradesh 47 365 102 131 132 54 37 10 1
107 Nagpur Maharashtra 47 366 111 111 144 91 20 0 0
108 Dhule Maharashtra 47 360 106 115 139 91 15 0 0
109 Pithampur Madhya Pradesh 47 366 98 121 147 69 27 2 0
110 Motihari Bihar 47 364 102 134 128 62 35 5 0
111 Dehradun Uttarakhand 47 366 81 112 173 44 21 16 0
112 Suakati Odisha 46 364 114 128 122 96 16 2 0
113 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 46 366 80 87 199 70 9 1 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
114 Nagaon Assam 46 363 94 155 114 46 33 15 0
115 Kashipur Uttarakhand 46 364 75 88 201 60 14 1 0
116 Nayagarh Odisha 46 351 111 138 102 84 23 4 0
117 Byasanagar Odisha 46 366 112 165 89 71 33 8 0
118 Rairangpur Odisha 46 363 92 112 159 79 8 5 0
119 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 45 366 75 109 182 53 16 6 0
120 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 45 366 96 154 116 60 27 9 0
121 Dausa Rajasthan 45 366 77 118 171 51 21 5 0
122 Bhubaneswar Odisha 45 366 104 173 89 59 29 16 0
123 Sirsa Haryana 45 343 89 135 119 57 19 13 0
124 Mahad Maharashtra 45 363 101 123 139 86 15 0 0
125 Aurangabad, MH Maharashtra 45 366 80 105 181 66 13 1 0
126 Bundi Rajasthan 45 366 86 156 124 42 34 10 0
127 Bhilwara Rajasthan 45 363 94 145 124 64 24 6 0
128 Kolkata West Bengal 45 366 104 156 106 68 32 4 0
129 Cuttack Odisha 44 366 105 187 74 60 24 21 0
130 Bihar Sharif Bihar 44 365 72 164 129 27 33 12 0
131 Ankleshwar Gujarat 43 357 80 117 160 70 10 0 0
132 Virar Maharashtra 43 365 81 138 146 68 12 1 0
133 Ambala Haryana 43 351 66 113 172 54 10 2 0
134 Dewas Madhya Pradesh 43 363 81 140 142 58 17 6 0
135 Kolhapur Maharashtra 43 366 84 142 140 78 6 0 0
136 Jhalawar Rajasthan 43 366 77 148 141 47 25 5 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
137 Dungarpur Rajasthan 43 364 72 135 157 57 10 5 0
138 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 42 366 72 133 161 59 9 4 0
139 Chandrapur Maharashtra 42 366 81 130 155 72 9 0 0
140 Keonjhar Odisha 42 358 71 133 154 55 9 7 0
141 Mira-Bhayandar Maharashtra 42 365 95 162 108 75 19 1 0
142 Bathinda Punjab 42 359 53 121 185 48 2 2 1
143 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 42 366 74 155 137 52 18 4 0
144 Muradabad Uttar Pradesh 42 366 74 138 154 69 4 1 0
145 Baran Rajasthan 41 365 77 156 132 50 25 2 0
146 Alwar Rajasthan 41 366 46 114 206 43 2 1 0
147 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 41 366 66 148 152 50 11 4 1
148 Ajmer Rajasthan 41 364 32 87 245 31 0 1 0
149 Kollam Kerala 41 361 54 128 179 47 6 1 0
150 Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 41 366 74 140 152 72 2 0 0
151 Jalore Rajasthan 40 366 65 162 139 50 6 9 0
152 Nanded Maharashtra 40 352 76 145 131 59 17 0 0
153 Jodhpur Rajasthan 40 366 72 173 121 51 16 5 0
154 Nagaur Rajasthan 40 366 77 198 91 51 18 8 0
155 Kohima Nagaland 40 363 68 138 157 68 0 0 0
156 Belapur Maharashtra 40 366 61 146 159 61 0 0 0
157 Thane Maharashtra 40 366 78 157 131 72 6 0 0
158 Latur Maharashtra 40 362 79 150 133 75 4 0 0
159 Katni Madhya Pradesh 39 365 68 164 133 57 11 0 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
160 Siliguri West Bengal 39 362 66 177 119 57 9 0 0
161 Nashik Maharashtra 39 366 62 157 147 53 9 0 0
162 Sasaram Bihar 39 360 95 210 55 43 46 6 0
163 Solapur Maharashtra 39 366 50 151 165 50 0 0 0
164 Jaisalmer Rajasthan 39 365 61 197 107 34 15 12 0
165 Gandhinagar Gujarat 39 365 43 145 177 41 2 0 0
166 Tensa Odisha 39 352 53 140 159 51 2 0 0
167 Ahmednagar Maharashtra 38 353 32 125 196 30 2 0 0
168 Indore Madhya Pradesh 38 366 41 143 182 36 2 3 0
169 Ratlam Madhya Pradesh 37 360 44 146 170 38 5 1 0
170 Chittoor Andhra Pradesh 37 343 37 141 165 32 4 1 0
171 Palwal Haryana 37 347 27 118 202 22 4 1 0
172 Firozabad Uttar Pradesh 37 366 33 132 201 27 6 0 0
173 Haldia West Bengal 37 364 81 207 76 51 28 2 0
174 Amravati Maharashtra 37 366 50 150 165 51 0 0 0
175 Akola Maharashtra 37 366 36 162 168 34 2 0 0
176 Pune Maharashtra 37 366 46 156 164 46 0 0 0
177 Chhal Chhattisgarh 36 360 28 137 195 26 1 1 0
178 Rajsamand Rajasthan 36 366 55 206 105 38 16 1 0
179 Kishanganj Bihar 34 362 57 191 114 47 6 4 0
180 Mumbai Maharashtra 34 366 44 188 134 43 1 0 0
181 Tumakuru Karnataka 34 334 33 204 97 20 6 7 0
182 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 34 363 25 174 164 25 0 0 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
183 Vatva Gujarat 34 334 25 136 173 23 2 0 0
184 Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 34 366 33 200 133 31 2 0 0
185 Pratapgarh Rajasthan 34 364 43 208 113 37 3 3 0
186 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 33 366 0 132 234 0 0 0 0
187 Bidar Karnataka 33 304 25 135 144 23 2 0 0
188 Manguraha Bihar 33 324 30 159 135 23 5 2 0
189 Agra Uttar Pradesh 33 366 46 212 108 40 5 1 0
190 Kadapa Andhra Pradesh 33 353 12 224 117 9 2 0 1
191 Sangli Maharashtra 33 356 54 183 119 49 5 0 0
192 Rishikesh Uttarakhand 32 362 30 194 138 29 1 0 0
193 Bangalore Karnataka 32 366 10 188 168 10 0 0 0
194 Sirohi Rajasthan 32 359 22 214 123 13 3 6 0
195 Bhilai Chhattisgarh 32 366 22 198 146 22 0 0 0
196 Yadgir Karnataka 32 360 29 187 144 26 3 0 0
197 Rajamahendravaram Andhra Pradesh 31 362 45 219 98 30 9 6 0
198 Shillong Meghalaya 31 338 36 176 126 33 3 0 0
199 Hyderabad Telangana 31 366 0 195 171 0 0 0 0
200 Dharwad Karnataka 31 359 0 179 180 0 0 0 0
201 Sagar Madhya Pradesh 31 366 33 237 96 25 6 2 0
202 Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 31 366 26 214 126 26 0 0 0
203 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 31 353 19 199 135 19 0 0 0
204 Surat Gujarat 31 353 46 239 68 25 14 7 0
205 Kunjemura Chhattisgarh 30 356 18 180 158 18 0 0 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
206 Raipur Chhattisgarh 30 366 6 188 172 6 0 0 0
207 Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 30 364 13 206 145 11 2 0 0
208 Brajrajnagar Odisha 29 356 4 188 164 4 0 0 0
209 Eloor Kerala 29 301 0 208 93 0 0 0 0
210 Naharlagun Arunachal Pradesh 29 316 17 190 109 17 0 0 0
211 Mandikhera Haryana 29 350 40 238 72 32 6 2 0
212 Chikkaballarpur Karnataka 28 364 19 209 136 19 0 0 0
213 Barmer Rajasthan 28 364 21 254 89 13 4 4 0
214 Cuddalore Tamil Nadu 28 352 13 244 95 8 3 1 1
215 Anantapur Andhra Pradesh 28 362 9 269 84 9 0 0 0
216 Vellore Tamil Nadu 28 298 17 207 74 15 2 0 0
217 Imphal Manipur 28 330 26 228 76 18 2 4 2
218 Davanagere Karnataka 28 344 20 210 114 20 0 0 0
219 Kalyan Maharashtra 27 363 15 212 136 14 1 0 0
220 Hassan Karnataka 27 315 4 195 116 4 0 0 0
221 Chennai Tamil Nadu 27 366 8 259 99 7 1 0 0
222 Hubballi Karnataka 27 360 2 256 102 2 0 0 0
223 Haveri Karnataka 26 345 17 218 110 15 2 0 0
224 Manglore Karnataka 26 363 3 239 121 3 0 0 0
225 Thrissur Kerala 26 331 0 295 36 0 0 0 0
226 Amaravati Andhra Pradesh 26 362 30 259 73 21 9 0 0
227 Ramanagara Karnataka 26 361 6 229 126 5 0 0 1
228 Ooty Tamil Nadu 25 328 4 229 95 4 0 0 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
229 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 25 366 0 239 127 0 0 0 0
230 Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh 25 363 8 256 99 4 2 2 0
231 Sivasagar Assam 24 366 0 327 39 0 0 0 0
232 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 23 366 3 272 91 3 0 0 0
233 Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu 23 304 3 254 47 2 0 0 1
234 Silchar Assam 23 366 0 329 37 0 0 0 0
235 Maihar Madhya Pradesh 23 326 5 246 75 5 0 0 0
236 Bagalkot Karnataka 22 365 0 362 3 0 0 0 0
237 Korba Chhattisgarh 22 357 3 275 79 3 0 0 0
238 Puducherry Puducherry 22 360 9 275 76 8 1 0 0
239 Karwar Karnataka 22 319 1 228 90 1 0 0 0
240 Ariyalur Tamil Nadu 22 345 4 279 62 1 0 1 2
241 Shivamogga Karnataka 21 366 0 355 11 0 0 0 0
242 Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 21 366 4 298 64 3 1 0 0
243 Belgaum Karnataka 20 342 4 277 61 4 0 0 0
244 Kalaburagi Karnataka 19 366 0 312 54 0 0 0 0
245 Mysuru Karnataka 19 366 0 331 35 0 0 0 0
246 Chikkamagaluru Karnataka 19 365 0 312 53 0 0 0 0
247 Chamarajanagar Karnataka 19 365 0 365 0 0 0 0 0
248 Satna Madhya Pradesh 18 365 4 308 53 4 0 0 0
249 Vijayapura Karnataka 18 365 0 363 2 0 0 0 0
250 Madikeri Karnataka 18 366 0 331 35 0 0 0 0
251 Gadag Karnataka 17 357 1 309 47 1 0 0 0
 Days > PM2.5 AQI Category Days in 2024
PM2.5 2024 PM2.5 No of days
City State PM2.5 Very
Rank Avg (µg/m3) Monitored Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Severe
NAAQS Poor
252 Koppal Karnataka 16 323 2 292 29 2 0 0 0
253 Palkalaiperur Tamil Nadu 16 343 0 323 20 0 0 0 0
254 Raichur Karnataka 14 300 1 283 16 1 0 0 0
255 Aizawl Mizoram 14 348 0 288 60 0 0 0 0
256 Tirupur Tamil Nadu 14 328 0 301 27 0 0 0 0