Столярчук Л.Б., Яшин Н.Ю.

THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

LEAD-IN
Discuss the following questions in small groups, write down all the ideas and present them to the whole group after
the discussion.
• How would you define higher education?
• What functions do universities fulfill?
• How important is it to have higher education?
• What are the qualities of a good student?
• What is your major? Why did you choose it?

VOCABULARY
Task 1. Memorise the essential vocabulary to the topic “Higher Education” and translate the sentences containing
it.
1. academic – академічний, навчальний, науковий – relating to education, especially at college or university
level, e.g. This semester the students study several new academic disciplines like Philosophy and Law.
Academic Board / Academic Council – Вчена Рада
academic degree – науковий ступінь
academic staff – викладацький склад
academic title – вчене звання
academic year – навчальний рік
2. admit / enroll – приймати, зараховувати – to allow someone to join an organization, university, club etc., e.g.
The student club admits all citizens over 18.
admission – прийняття, вступ
admission / entry / enrollment requirements – вимоги до вступу
admission regulations – правила прийому
admission office – приймальна комісія
admission officer – член приймальної комісії
3. apply – подавати заяву – to make a formal request, usually written, for something such as a job, a place in a
university, or permission to do something, e.g. To become a student of the university young people must apply for
admission.
application – заява, звернення, прохання
applicant (student) / entrant – абітурієнт
4. assess – визначати, оцінювати – to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about
it; to determine, e.g. Competence in the English language is tested in order to assess the needs of international students.
assessment / evaluation – оцінка
5. assignment – завдання – a piece of work given to somebody as a part of his/her studies or job, e.g. They must
hand in their assignments by the end of the week.
6. associate professor / assistant professor – доцент – a teacher at a university who has a rank just below the rank
of a professor, e.g. She spent years as an associate professor before becoming a full professor in 2007.
7. attend – відвідувати, бути присутнім – to go regularly to a place, to be present at, e.g. Students attend lectures
and seminars and try to study well at the university.
8. campus – територія університету, університетське містечко – an area containing buildings of a university,
e.g. It takes fifteen minutes to walk from here to the campus.
9. cheat – обманювати, обдурювати, шахраювати – to act dishonestly during an exam, e.g. He cheated on the
test using his crib sheets.

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 10. certificate – атестат, свідоцтво, сертифікат – an official document that states that a fact or facts are true; an
official paper stating that you have completed a course of study or passed an examination, e.g. In order to enter a higher
educational institution a person must have a certificate of secondary education.
certificate of secondary education – атестат про середню освіту
11. course – курс (навчальний) – a complete series of classes on a subject, e.g. There are many courses to choose
from at our university.
elective / optional course – факультативний курс
compulsory / mandatory / required course – обов’язковий курс
12. credit / credit test – залік, кредит – a successfully completed part of a course at a university or college, e.g.
This course counts as one credit towards your degree.
credit book – залікова книжка
13. deadline – крайній термін, строк – a date or time by which you have to do or complete something, e.g. They
haven’t established the deadline for submitting the applications yet.
establish the deadline – встановити крайній термін
meet the deadline – вкластися в термін
miss the deadline for doing something – не вкластися в термін
14. dean – декан – a person at a university who is in charge of a faculty or department, e.g. Being a very
responsible person and a successful researcher, he was appointed as the Dean of the Department of Theoretical
Mechanics.
dean’s office – деканат
15. defend – захищати - to act, speak or write in support of somebody, something, e.g. Doctoral dissertations are
defended before specialised Academic Committees.
defence – захист
16. degree – ступінь – a course of study at a university or a qualification that is given to you when you have
successfully completed a course, e.g. A university degree gives you a possibility to get a good job.
award / confer / grant a degree – присвоювати ступінь
Bachelor’s degree – ступінь бакалавра
get / gain / receive a degree – отримати ступінь
Master’s degree – ступінь магістра
PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree – ступінь доктора філософії
17. department – кафедра – a section of a university that deals with a particular field of knowledge, e.g. Every
year the Department of Foreign Languages organises scientific conferences for students.
department chair / head – завідувач кафедрою
18. diploma – диплом – a document showing that a student has successfully completed his/her university
education, e.g. If a person wants to work for our company, he/she must have a diploma of higher education.
diploma with honours – диплом з відзнакою
19. dissertation / thesis (pl. theses) – дисертація – a written research on a specific topic prepared by a candidate
for an advanced university degree, e.g. A good dissertation shows the originality of thinking, new ideas, concepts and
theories.
20. education – освіта, навчання, виховання – the process of teaching and learning, usually at school, college or
university, e.g. The government should pay more attention to the problems of education in our country.
continuing education – безперервна освіта
free education – безкоштовна освіта
higher education – вища освіта
primary / elementary education – початкова освіта
secondary education – середня освіта
21. enter a university – вступати до університету – to become a student of a university, e.g. After leaving school
a young person can enter a university.
22. examination / exam – екзамен, іспит – a formal written, spoken or practical test, especially at educational
institutions, to see how much you know about a subject, e.g. At the end of each semester students have to take
examinations and submit course papers.
entrance exams – вступні іспити
entrant – абітурієнт, вступник
examination board – екзаменаційна комісія
fail an exam – провалити іспит
final exams – випускні іспити
have / sit / take an exam – здавати іспит
oral / written exam – усний / письмовий іспит
pass an exam – здати іспит
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 23. expel – виключати, виганяти – to officially force someone to leave a place or organisation because of
his/her bad behaviour, e.g. My brother was expelled from the University for bad marks.
drop out – залишати навчання, вибувати
24. External Independent Evaluation / Testing (EIT) – Зовнішнє Незалежне Оцінювання (ЗНО) –
examinations for admission to higher educational institutions in Ukraine, e.g. The External Independent Testing will be
held only in one foreign language that is either English, German, French or Spanish.
25. facilities – зручності, засоби обслуговування, можливості, обладнання, засоби – rooms, equipment or
services that are provided for a particular purpose, e.g. The university has a range of facilities to offer students and staff –
from libraries to student centres and sports grounds.
26. faculty – факультет – a department or group of related departments within a university, e.g. Our faculty offers
a relatively large number of courses taught in English.
27. field / branch / area – галузь, сфера – an area of activity that people are involved in as part of their work or
study, e.g. Most academics and researchers are leading experts in their field of study.
28. grade / mark – оцінка, бал – a number or letter indicating the quality of a student’s performance, e.g. Every
student wants to get good grades.
29. graduate – випускник (ВНЗ) – someone who has successfully completed his/her university studies and has a
degree, e.g. The graduates are provided with educational and careers information which helps them to find suitable
career opportunities after leaving the university.
graduate from the university – закінчувати університет
graduation ceremony – церемонія вручення дипломів
30. guide – керувати – to show someone the right way to do something, especially something difficult or
complicated; to help someone or something to move in a particular direction, e.g. Prominent scientists of the universities
guide students in research work.
guidance – керівництво
under the guidance – під керівництвом
31. hall of residence / hostel / dormitory – гуртожиток – a large building not far from a higher educational
institution where students live, e.g. The university provides halls of residence for students from other cities and towns.
student accommodation – студентське житло
32. handout – роздатковий матеріал – a piece of paper with information which is given to people attending a
lesson, meeting etc., e.g. The teachers often prepare the handouts for the students.
33. institution / establishment – заклад, установа – a large important organisation that has a particular purpose,
for example, a university, e.g. Doing fundamental research is one of the tasks of any higher educational institution.
higher educational establishment – вищий навчальний заклад
private institution – приватний заклад
public / state-owned institution – державний заклад
34. internship / work placement – навчальна практика – а period of time during which a student gets practical
experience in his speciality, for example, during summer holidays, e.g. The students of this department have a summer
internship at the power plants.
35. lecture hall / lecture room / lecture theatre – лекційна аудиторія – a lecture room with seats in rows rising
one behind another, e.g. There are a lot of spacious lecture halls, laboratories and study rooms with up to date equipment, a
computer centre, design studios etc.
attend lectures – відвідувати лекції
deliver / give a lecture – читати лекцію
lecturer – лектор
36. paper / work / project – робота, проект – a piece of writing that is done as part of a course at school or
university, e.g. During their studies at the university students have to present several course papers and a graduation
work.
course work / paper / project – курсова робота (проект)
graduation paper / project – дипломна робота (проект)
Master’s thesis – магістерська робота
37. period / class – заняття – a specific length of time that a student spends in a lecture theatre, classroom,
laboratory etc., e.g. The first double period always starts at 08:30 in the morning.
38. postgraduate (student) – аспірант – someone who is studying at a university to get a PhD degree, e.g.
Postgraduates working for their degrees are also active members of research teams.
postgraduate course – аспірантура
take a postgraduate course – вчитися в аспірантурі
postgraduate education – післядипломна освіта

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 39. qualification – кваліфікація, професіоналізм, ступінь кваліфікованості – the fact of passing an exam,
completing a course of training or reaching the standard necessary to do a job; the fact that one has a particular level of
skills or knowledge, e.g. He has an excellent qualification in drawing legal documents.
qualify – здобувати кваліфікацію, отримувати професію
40. rector – ректор – the person in charge of a university, institute or academy, e.g. The rector appoints the vice-
rectors who assist him with the university governance.
vice-rector – проректор
41. refectory / canteen / dining hall – їдальня – a dining room, often in an educational institution, e.g. There are
many refectories at our university.
42. requirement – вимога – a thing that is needed or wanted, e.g. Applicants must meet all entrance requirements.
meet / satisfy requirements – відповідати вимогам
require – вимагати, потребувати
43. research / investigation – наукове дослідження – serious study of a subject, in order to discover new facts or
test new ideas, e.g. Our university aims to provide educational opportunities through high quality teaching and research.
research / investigate – досліджувати
44. school-leaver – випускник (школи) – a person who is about to leave or has just left secondary school, e.g.
Many school-leavers lack confidence in the successful completion of External Independent Testing.
leave / finish school – закінчувати школу
45. science – наука – knowledge about the world, especially based on examining, testing and providing facts, e.g.
Third-year students study special subjects in their field of science.
scientific – науковий
scientist / scholar – вчений
46. schedule / timetable – розклад – a plan of events or activities, with their dates and times, a list of times of
classes, e.g. The seminars are conducted according to the timetable.
47. scholarship – стипендія – the amount of money that an educational establishment gives to students so that
they can live and study there, e.g. The student gets a scholarship once a month.
48. seminar – семінар – a class at a university or college for a small group of students, e.g. Seminars give students
a chance to study and discuss a particular subject.
49. skill – майстерність, вміння, навик – the ability to do something well, usually as a result of experience and
training, e.g. Students need to possess excellent computer skills in order to be a successful IT professional .
50. speciality / major – спеціальність – one’s primary area of study that somebody gives most of his attention to
and knows a lot about, e.g. My speciality is Computer Engineering.
specialise / major in – спеціалізуватись на
specialist – спеціаліст
specialism / specialization – спеціалізація
51. staff – штат працівників – employees (in a university, teaching, administrative and other personnel), e.g. The
university’s computing services are there to assist all students and staff in learning and research.
teaching staff – викладацький склад
52. student / undergraduate – студент – someone who is studying at a university, institute, academy etc., e.g. The
first-year students study a number of general subjects.
disability student – студент з обмеженими можливостяями
exchange student – студент за обміном
first-year student / freshman – студент першого курсу
final year student / senior – випускник, студент останнього курсу
full-time student – студент денної форми навчання
international student – іноземний студент
junior student – студент передостаннього року навчання
mature student – дорослий студент (старший за 25)
part-time student – студент заочної форми навчання
second-year student / sophomore – студент другого курсу
student loan – студентська позика
53. submit – подавати на розгляд – to give a plan, piece of writing etc. to someone in authority for them to
consider or approve, e.g. All course works must be submitted by Monday.
54. supervisor / scientific advisor – науковий керівник – a person (teacher, scientist, researcher) who observes,
monitors, advises the research done by another person (a student, a postgraduate), e.g. The graduation paper is a small
research project carried out by the student under the guidance of a supervisor.
supervise – керувати, наглядати
supervision – керівництво, нагляд

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 55. syllabus (pl. syllabi / syllabuses) / curriculum (pl. curricula / curriculums) – програма, навчальний план –
a detailed description of the content of a course of studies, e.g. The syllabuses have been revised and modernised,
following the example of the world’s leading universities.
extra-curricular activities – позапрограмна діяльність
56. transfer – переводити(сь) – to move from one place, school, job etc. to another, e.g. In our country students
may transfer to other universities.
transfer student – студент, який перевівся із іншого навчального закладу
57. train – навчати – to teach someone the skills of a particular job or activity, or to be taught these skills, e.g. The
main task of the university is to train highly qualified professionals.
training – навчання, підготовка
58. tuition – навчання – teaching, especially in small groups, e.g. It is important to bear in mind that all tuition and
examinations are carried out in English.
tuition fee – плата за навчання
tuition free – безкоштовний (про навчання)
tuition hike – підвищення плати за навчання
59. tutorial – консультація – a meeting between a tutor and one or several students for discussion of a subject that
is being studied, e.g. The forms of the organisation of the educational process include lectures, tutorials and practical
sessions.
tutor – керівник групи студентів (в університеті); консультант; куратор
60. vocational – професійний – connected with the skills, knowledge etc. that you need to have in order to do a
particular job, e.g. Before entering a university he finished a vocational school.
vocation – професія, покликання
vocational school – професійно-технічне училище

Task 2. Match the following words with their definitions.

1. assignment a) to act dishonestly during an exam
2. campus b) a document showing that a student has
successfully completed his/her university education
3. cheat c) a person in charge of a faculty or department
4. supervisor d) an area containing buildings of a university
5. diploma e) a length of time a student spends in a classroom
6. education f) a person monitoring the research carried out by a
student.
7. dean g) the process of teaching and learning, usually at
school, college or university
8. rector h) a piece of work given to somebody as part of
one’s studies
9. scholarship i) the head of a university, institute or academy
10. period j) the amount of money that an educational
establishment gives to students

Task 3. Complete the words to match the definitions given.

1. to make a formal request, usually written for a place in a university
_ p_ _ _
2. to teach someone the skills t _ _ _ _
3. an official paper stating that you have completed a course of study
c___i______
4. a section of a university that deals with a particular field of knowledge _ e _ _ _ t _ _ _ _
5. a formal written, spoken or practical test to assess one’s knowledge
__a_______n
6. a department or group of related departments within a university
_a____y
7. printed information which accompanies a lecture, a lesson _ _ n _ _ u _
8. a regular meeting between a tutor and students _ _ t _ _ i _ _
9. knowledge based on examining, testing and providing facts
___e___
10. employees (in a university, teaching, administrative and other personnel) s _ _ _ _

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Task 4. Match each word in section A with one of the similar meaning in section B.
A B
1. timetable a) major
2. assessment b) canteen
3. speciality c) thesis
4. refectory d) branch
5. research e) establishment
6. dissertation f) to supervise
7. institution g) evaluation
8. field h) hostel
9. to guide i) schedule
10. hall of residence j) investigation

Task 5. Match each word in section A with one of the opposite meaning in section B.
A B
1. to admit a) applicant
2. elective b) public
3. to pass c) to be absent
4. graduate d) part-time
5. to enter e) to fail
6. private f) written
7. full-time g) compulsory
8. to attend h) final exams
9. oral i) to graduate
10. entrance exams j) to expel

Task 6. A) Match the words to form word combinations and use them in your own sentences.
1. academic a) fee
2. admission b) book
3. tuition c) degree
4. postgraduate d) year
5. credit e) ceremony
6. Bachelor’s f) student
7. department g) adviser
8. graduation h) requirements
9. scientific i) course
10. transfer j) chair

B) Complete the phrases with the missing words. Use them in 10 sentences of your own.
1. to _______________ / _______________ a lecture
2. to _______________ / _______________ an exam
3. to _______________ / _______________ a degree
4. to _______________ / _______________ a university
5. to _______________/ _______________ the deadline
6. to get a _______________ / _______________
7. to have a (an) _______________ / _______________
8. to defend a _______________ / _______________
9. to possess a _______________ / _______________
10. to meet the _______________ / _______________

Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words.

1. The students of our group must ___________ our course works by the end of the semester.
a) guide b) submit c) attend
2. The graduates always __________ the graduation papers before special examination boards.
a) admit b) cheat c) defend
3. Experienced ___________ deliver lectures and guide the students’ research work.
a) Academic Board b) associate professors c) Bachelors
4. A person, who took a postgraduate course, first gets a PhD and only then he/she is awarded his/her ___________.
a) academic title b) department chair c) dean
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5. This student failed several exams so he can be __________ from the university.
a) admitted b) enrolled c) expelled
6. Our ____________ for the next time is to prepare presentations about different types of crimes.
a) thesis b) assignment c) internship
7. In order to apply for admission young people must possess a ___________ and achieve good results in External
Independent Testing.
a) graduation project b) Master’s degree c) certificate of
secondary education
8. When she gets her first ____________, she will appreciate the advantages of studying at the public institution.
a) scholarship b) schedule c) tuition fee
9. Only ___________ students can gain a valuable experience studying abroad.
a) mature b) disability c) exchange
10. At the beginning of each academic year the teachers of the Department of Foreign languages ____________ students’
knowledge to divide them into the subgroups.
a) assess b) maintain c) train

Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word combinations.
refectory, deadline, higher educational establishments, vocational,
qualifications, curricula, entrance exams, under the guidance,
internship, investigations
1. John is a PhD candidate working __________________ of Prof. Daniel MacBright.
2. In their _______________ researchers identify scientific problems, do experiments, construct and test hypotheses.
3. Your summer ________________ is a perfect opportunity for you to explore potential careers, gain valuable job
experience, fulfill university requirements and learn about yourself.
4. The ________________is a large student dining area conveniently located at the heart of the campus.
5. ________________ organise Open Days to attract students willing to start their studies there and answer all points of
interest, explaining enrollment requirements, study programs and other important aspects.
6. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for possibilities to acquire practical ________________ within
the context of university degree programs.
7. Most Ukrainians believe that Independent External Testing is far better than the usual university ________________.
8. A ___________ school, also called a trade school, is an institution that specialises in providing students with
the professional training and technical skills they need in order to perform the tasks of a particular job.
9. This is a strict ____________ for submitting applications and all the necessary documents to our university.
10. The institutions of higher learning should adapt their ______________ to the needs of disabled learners.

Task 9. Complete the dialogues with the appropriate words or phrases from Task 1.
1
A: Oh hi, Jack! You’re going to study management too, aren’t you?
B: Yes, it’s my only elective 1)______________ this term.
A: Why? What happened?
B: In my opinion, 2)______________ courses are more important for my future career than the elective ones.
A: I don’t agree with you. To be a good 3)________________ you must possess knowledge and 4)______________ in
various fields of 5)____________________.
B: May be you’re right. I promise I’ll think about this.
2
A: Hi, Dan! Do you like studying at this university?
B: I don’t know. Frankly speaking, I’m thinking about transferring to other educational 6)______________ but I’m not
sure.
A: And where do you want to 7)________________ and why?
B: I’m going to the University of York because it is situated in my hometown. I hope it’s better to be closer to my parents
and friends.
A: I see. And would you keep the same 8)____________ if you transferred? What is it...Labour Law?
B: Yes, I would. The 9)______________s I’ve earned here will transfer to the University of York. I’ve already checked.
And I’ll move back to London when I 10)___________________ from that University in 3 years.

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A: Hello, May I come in? I’m Roger, your new neighbour. We’ll live in the same room in this 11) _______________.

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B: I’m Lawrence. Nice to meet you! You know, it’s great to live here. The 12) _________________ consists of 7 halls of
residence and university buildings which are situated not far from here.
A: I’m a 13)_________________ student so I don’t know much about studying here. Will you tell me about it?
B: OK. We have spacious 14)_____________ halls, laboratories, good facilities and libraries.
A: And what about studying? What can you tell me about the teaching staff?
B: We have experienced professors but you have to 15) _______________ lectures regularly and study hard not to be
expelled from the university. Let’s go I’ll show you our campus!
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A: Hi, Mark. Are you ready for the exam?
B: Not really. I want to 16)______________ a little bit and use my cribs.
A: Oh, you can 17)________________ the exam. Professor Smith is very strict. As for me, I’m going to hit the books so I
hope to get an excellent mark.
B: You always 18)_____________ your exams because you are a diligent student and I’m not.
A: But you can always rely on me! For example, I can help you with your course work.
B: Thanks a lot. It would be great. I really have problems with it. Now I’m sure I’ll 19)______________ my course paper
in time and 20) ______________ it successfully!

Task 10. A. Match the following idioms with their definitions.

1. to be a bookworm a) to be the favourite pupil of the teacher.
2. to be teacher's pet b) (you can’t) make old people change their ideas or
way of working
3. to learn one’s lesson c) to pass something easily and with a high score
4. (you can’t) teach an old dog new tricks d) to suffer a bad experience and know not to do it
again
5. to hit the books e) to fail a course, to fail and then leave school
6. to pass with flying colors f) someone who reads a lot
7. to take the roll g) to work at a job to help pay for your college or
university expenses
8. to work one’s way through college h) to begin to study hard
9. to flunk out j) to waste time
10. to goof off k) to call the names of students in an attendance book
and expect them to answer if they are there

B. Fill in the correct idiom. Use proper tense forms where it is necessary.
1. I do remember those days when my older brother ………………………… at the local supermarket.
2. We believe in his talents and expect that he …….. the exam ………………………. .
3. He is always reading. He …… a real …………… .
4. My sister was always ………….. at her school and this often irritated her classmates.
5. My sister ………………… for several weeks and, as a result, failed her exam.
6. I ………………………………… . This situation will never happen again.
7. The teacher ……………………....... and then we started the lesson.
8. The student was very smart but he ……………… of his language course.
9. I was shocked to know that Professor had never used a computer. But he emphasised that
…………………………………….. .
10. After relaxing all weekend I …………….. on Sunday evening.

8
 LISTENING

READING
Task 1. Before reading the text “The System of Higher Education in Ukraine” discuss the questions.

 Is it important to have a university degree nowadays? What are the reasons for pursuing higher education?
 What are the admission requirements at Ukrainian institutions of higher learning? What did you do in order to
enter the university?
 Do you like being a student? Compare the student life with studying at school.

Task 2. Match the following English terms with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. pursue higher education a) бюджетний

2. decree b) повний, косплексний
3. regulations c) мати право
4. law d) доступ
5. achieve e) успішність
6. affiliation f) ринок праці
7. comprehensive g) постанова, рішення, указ
h) визначати
8. access i) закон
9. be entitled j) підлягати, зазнавати
10. budget-financed k) пристосовувати
11. confirm l) незалежно від
12. competitive m) положення, норми,
13. merit правила
n) досягати
14. define o) підтверджувати
15. undergo p) приналежність
16. irrespectively of q) заслуга
17. participation r) здобувати вищу освіту
18. adjust s) участь
19. labour market t) конкурсний
20. progress

Task 3. a) Read the text “The System of Higher education in Ukraine”.

THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

Education is a source of individual and social development of the Ukrainian society. The Constitution of Ukraine,
Law on Education, Law on Higher Education, decrees and regulations of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine define the main directions of the Ukrainian State policy for higher education.
There are several types of higher educational institutions in our country including universities, academies, institutes
and colleges. Ukrainian higher education consists of a multi-level system of studies. The Law on Higher Education (2014)
establishes the following academic degrees: ‘Junior Bachelor’, ‘Bachelor’, ‘Master’, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ (PhD) and

9
‘Doctor of Sciences’. Higher educational establishments confer various degrees. However, the Junior Bachelor’s degree
usually represents a separate branch of training offered by vocational institutions or colleges.
A four-year cycle of the Bachelor’s degree programme leads successful graduates to a corresponding educational
and professional qualification. It also enables the Bachelor’s degree holders to continue their education for the Master’s
degree with further professional training. Master’s degree programmes usually take 1,5 - 2 years of study.
Access to higher education is based on admission regulations which are mandatory for all Ukrainian higher
education establishments. School-leavers, who have completed general secondary education, may enter higher education
institutions. In order to be admitted, they undergo a comprehensive evaluation of their knowledge. All applicant students
must pass External Independent Testing and achieve good results. After that they choose the speciality they like and apply
for a university.
In accordance with the laws of Ukraine there are two forms of study:
- full-time study when secondary school graduates enrolled in higher educational institutions attend classes daily;
- part time study when students come for examinations once a semester for 2-3 weeks.
All Ukrainian citizens are guaranteed competitive merit-based access to tuition-free education in state-owned
institutions, irrespectively of their gender, race, social status, political ideology or affiliation, religion etc. Students
admitted to public higher educational institutions on a full-time, budget-financed basis are entitled to scholarships. The
amount of the scholarship depends on the type of the higher education institution, specialism, student progress and
possible additional state subsidies (in case of social groups with special needs). There are also educational establishments,
especially privately owned, where students pay tuition fees.
Each higher educational institution is a community of scientists, teaching staff and students. The main positions of
the teaching and research staff include lecturers, senior lecturers, assistant professors, professors, department chairs,
deans, vice-rectors and rectors.
Today, the unity of education and science remains a major factor in the development of higher education
institutions. Student participation in research is considered as an essential element of their training. Research work helps
students to perfect their qualification. All students prepare their course and graduation projects under the guidance of
supervisors (scientific advisors) and defend them before the examination boards. Only after a successful defence of their
graduation papers they can graduate from the University. Higher education graduates are qualified as Bachelors or
Masters and they are granted diplomas. Having gained the Master’s degree, the ablest students can take postgraduate
courses. The PhD and Doctor of Sciences Degrees can be awarded only after the defence of dissertations. These degrees
and diplomas confirm both the educational level and professional qualification adjusted according to national and
international labour markets.

Task 3. b) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.

1. ______________, _______________, __________________, decrees and regulations of the President and Cabinet
of Ministers of Ukraine identify the major directions of the Ukrainian policy for higher education.
2. There are several types of higher educational institutions such as __________, ______________, _____________
and colleges.
3. The ___________________________ establishes the following academic degrees: Junior Bachelor,
______________, _____________, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Sciences.
4. In order to be admitted to the University, school leavers have to pass _________________________________.
5. In accordance with the laws of Ukraine there are two forms of study: _____________ and ______________.
6. The state-owned institutions of higher learning guarantee a competitive merit-based access to _________________
education for all citizens.
7. Students admitted to public higher education institutions on a full-time, budget-financed basis can receive
____________________.
8. In privately owned institutions students have to pay ____________________.
9. The teaching and research staff consists of __________, senior lecturers, ___________, ____________, department
chairs, ___________, directors of the institute, __________ and rectors.
10. All students defend their ______________________ before the examination boards.

Task 4. Say whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false statements.
1. It is necessary to have only a Bachelor’s degree in order to become a postgraduate student.
2. Vocational institutions and colleges award Master’s degrees.
3. A successful defence of the dissertation means that a person can obtain the PhD degree.
4. It takes a student four years to get the Bachelor’s degree.
5. Young people, having incomplete general secondary education, may become students of higher education institutions.
6. All higher educational establishments admit students without any exams.
7. Privately owned institutions provide students with tuition-free education.

10
8. The amount of the scholarship depends on one’s gender, race, social status, political ideology or affiliation, religion
etc.
9. Students can get scholarships when they are admitted to public higher education institutions only on a full-time,
budget-financed basis.
10.Young people can graduate from the university without defending their course and graduation papers.

Task 5. Read and translate the text “Studying at Lviv Polytechnic National University”.

STUDYING AT LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Lviv Polytechnic National University is the oldest technical higher educational institution in Ukraine and Eastern
Europe.
The history of Lviv Polytechnic University began in 1844, with the foundation of its forerunner the Lviv Technical
Academy, one of the oldest colleges of technology in Europe and the first in the Ukrainian lands. In 1877 the Academy
was renamed into High Polytechnic College and was included into the list of higher technical educational institutions of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire. That new academic year started in the new premises what is today the main building of the
university. On the facade of this building, which is of elegant classical design, a Latin inscription reads “Litteris et
Artibus” (To Literature and the Arts). In 1921 the new name of Lviv Polytechnic was adopted. After Soviet Power in
1939 it was renamed into Lviv Polytechnic Institute. In June 1993, the year before its 150th anniversary, Lviv Polytechnic
Institute got the highest fourth accreditation level, the status of the university and the name “Lviv Polytechnic State
University”. In 2000 the University received the title of Lviv National Polytechnic University. On 8th July 2009 the
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine designated Lviv Polytechnic National University as a self-managed research national
higher educational institution.
Nowadays our University is one of the leading advanced teaching and research centres in Ukraine. Its research
activity is based on a long academic tradition. Agreements on cooperation in the fields of research and the introduction of
new technologies have been reached with a number of universities in the USA, Canada, Britain, Germany, France,
Austria and other countries.
The location of the University in Stepan Bandera Street has the advantage of close proximity to the main railway
and bus stations, the food market and shops, cafes and student hostels. As the majority of the University buildings are
concentrated on a single campus, all departments are within about five-minute walk of one another.
Lviv Polytechnic National University consists of 16 institutes, 114 departments, autonomous educational
establishments, public organisations and structural units. The University is governed by the Academic Board which is
chaired by the Rector and includes student representatives. The Institutes offer courses in various subject areas, the
principal of which are the following: Applied Mathematics, Architecture, Integrated Computer Technologies, Automation
and Control Engineering, Chemical Technology, Civil Engineering and Building, Computer Science, Computer Systems,
Economics, Electrical Engineering, Electrical Mechanics, Electronic Devices, Electronics, Environmental Engineering,
Food Technology, Geodesy, Cartography and Land Management, Journalism, Jurisprudence, Laser Technology and Opto-
electronics, Management, Mechanical Engineering, Metrology and Measurement, Power Engineering, Psychology Radio
Engineering, Telecommunications, Transport Engineering, Welding etc.
There are opportunities to study modern languages. The Department of Foreign Languages, which belongs to the
Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, offers courses in English, French, German, Latin, Spanish and Japanese.
Foreign languages help students to do research in their fields of interest. They enable them to read professional literature
and periodicals in foreign languages, communicate with foreign specialists while participating in students’ scientific
conferences, do research in collaboration with foreign specialists, use the Internet. Under the guidance of teachers of
Foreign Languages Department the best students prepare and present their reports in foreign languages at annual students’
scientific conferences arranged by the department. Their reports (presentations) usually deal with urgent problems of
science, engineering, social sciences, humanities. Advanced students defend their diploma projects in a foreign language.
The academic library is one of the largest university libraries in Ukraine. Its two buildings are on adjacent sites at
the heart of the University campus. Many University students, including those from abroad, live in a students’ village

11
consisting of a number of halls of residence, within walking distance from the campus. A club, a medical centre, a
hospital and other services are available there.
Many students participate in amateur cultural groups. The “Prosvita” cultural association is very active in
promoting Ukrainian culture. There are amateur groups, including a symphony orchestra, a choir, a dance group, a staff
male voice choir, music and song groups. A cultural festival called “The Polytechnic Spring” is held annually.
The University’s sporting achievements are well known. Physical education is provided for students of all years.
There are two physical education buildings with specialised sports halls, a swimming pool, skiing facilities, a summer
sports ground etc. There are also University sports and recreation centres on the Black Sea coast and a recreation centre in
the Carpathian Mountains where students can spend their vacations.
So the University has achievements in teaching and research as well as in cultural, artistic and sporting activities
and it is highly rated by our young people.

Task 6. Answer the following questions.

1. When was Lviv Polytechnic University founded?
2. How many institutes are there at the University?
3. How can an applicant become a student?
5. What levels is the training divided into? Name them.
6. What can you read on the façade of the main building?
7. What is the Academic Board and what is its main function?
8. How can a foreign language help students in their research work?
9. What services are available on campus?
10. What do you know about sporting and cultural life of the University?

Task 7. Complete the following sentences, selecting the words from the box below.
scholars annually attend available offers participate
facilities is provided on hand student village

1. Students have to __________ lectures and seminars, pass exams and write course papers.
2. Many distinguished __________deliver lectures at the university.
3. The University Library __________ a modern service to users from all subject areas.
4. There are excellent __________ for studying here.
5. The University buildings are concentrated on a single campus, and everything is __________ there.
6. A cultural festival called “The Polytechnic Spring” is held __________.
7. The students live in a __________.
8. A lot of students __________ in the amateur dramatics and music societies.
9. A club, a medical centre, a hospital and other services are __________ at out university.
10. Physical education __________ for students of all years.

Task 8. Complete the following sentences choosing a suitable preposition from the box.
of (5) in (5) at (2) by (2) with on into to
1. The history … Lviv Polytechnic University began … the year 1844, … the foundation … its forerunner the Lviv
Technical Academy.
2. In 2000 Lviv Polytechnic State University was renamed … Lviv National Polytechnic University.
3. Lviv Polytechnic consists … 16 institutes and 114 departments.
4. The University is governed … the Academic Board which is chaired …the Rector.
5. The research activity of Lviv Polytechnic is based … a long academic tradition.
6. The teaching staff of the Institute consists … experienced Associate Professors.
7. Its efforts are aimed … training qualified professionals … their field of work.
8. Admission … the University is highly competitive.
9. The students are engaged … research work … the departments… the Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology.
10. The students who major … Law can find employment … different spheres.

Task 9. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1. Teachers and students carry out a) in order to pass them successfully.
research b) leading to the award of a
2. Students have to take many Bachelor’s degree.
exams c) and they were expelled for
3. Doctoral dissertations are disciplinary reasons.
defended d) during their studying at the
12
 4. The purpose of the Department University.
for Army Officer Training e) before 12specialised Academic
5. On entering Lviv Polytechnic Committees.
University, students follow a four f) is to train career officers in 27
year course military subjects.
g) in numerous laboratories of the
University.
h) when students may defend diploma
projects in a foreign language.

h) at numerous departments of the

University

Task 10. Read and translate the text “Studying at Cambridge University”. Write out the unknown words.

The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England. It is one of the
world’s oldest universities and leading academic centres which was founded in 1209.
The University consists of a variety of institutions which include 31 self-governing and independent colleges and
over 150 different faculties and academic departments organised into Schools. There are six Schools: Arts and
Humanities, Biological Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Humanities and Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Technology.
The University offers 30 undergraduate courses covering more than 65 subject areas. The main courses include
Archeology, Architecture, Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, History and Politics, Law, Linguistics, Management
Studies, Mathematics, Medicine, Modern and Medieval Languages, Music, Natural Sciences, Psychological and
Behavioral Sciences, Theology, Religion and Philosophy of Religion, Veterinary Medicine etc.
The teaching staff includes many national and world leaders, so students have an exciting opportunity to be taught
by leading experts in their field. The faculties are responsible for ensuring that lectures are given, arranging seminars,
performing research and determining the syllabi for teaching. The Colleges provide undergraduates with accommodation
but are much more than halls of residence.
The head of the University is the Chancellor. The position of the Chancellor is mainly ceremonial. That means that
the Chancellor does not take part in many decisions. The Vice-Chancellor instead is the one who makes most decisions.
For example, he/she approves and signs new rules. This role is given to a person for at least five years.
The Senate House is a building in Cambridge. The degree ceremony takes place there. It is also the place where the
important people of the University meet to take decisions. The University's governing body is called the Regent House.
The Regent House is not another building, it is just a way of calling people who can make and change the University rules
when they meet. A formal meeting of the Regent House is known as a Congregation.
One of the main aims of the University of Cambridge is to do scientific research. The university has 114 libraries.
The Cambridge University Library is the central research library. Almost every faculty or department has a specialised
library. Cambridge’s libraries hold a total of around 15 million books and excellent computing facilities.
The University of Cambridge Sports Centre opened in August 2013. It has lots of modern sports facilities. Rowing
is a particularly popular sport at Cambridge. There are often competitions between Colleges and against Oxford. There
are also competitions in other sports like cricket, rugby, chess, squash, tennis, swimming etc.
Numerous student-run societies exist in order to encourage people who share a common passion or interest to
periodically meet or discuss. In 2010 there were 751 registered societies. In addition to these, colleges often promote their
own societies and sports teams.
The Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra performs a range of programmes, from popular symphonies to
lesser known works. Membership of the orchestra is composed of students of the University. If you are an organist,
singer/chorister or instrumentalist of a very high standard and you’d like to combine specialist musical experience with a
Cambridge degree, you should consider applying for a Music Award.
Cambridge University Press is a department of the University and the world’s oldest publishing house, and the
second-largest university press in the world. Student newspapers include the long-established ‘Varsity’, its younger rival
13
‘The Cambridge Student’, and news and culture magazine the Cambridge Globalist. News and information are printed
and given out in the Cambridge University Reporter. This is the official newspaper of the University. Cambridge
University operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, and a botanic garden.
Students need to pass some tests and interviews to be allowed to study at Cambridge. Students must be very
intelligent to enter Cambridge. If you want to apply to Cambridge, the process is much the same as that for other
universities. However, at Cambridge the process starts earlier to allow time for all of the application information to be
gathered and considered and for you to sit your written assessments (where required). Applications to Cambridge must be
made by mid-October in the year before starting. Before applying, you need to check that you have the right grades and in
the right subjects for the course you have chosen.
The University of Cambridge requires applicants to take the test at the interview, which is designed to provide an
assessment of your potential for the course. Your performance in the assessment at the interview will not be considered in
isolation, but will be taken into account together with the other elements of your application. It's used as an additional
piece of information alongside your school examination results, the other information provided in your application and
your performance at the interview when making admission decisions. The course-specific written assessments are
designed to provide the assessment of current knowledge and understanding relevant to the course applied for.
Because many good students apply, the interview is very important to choose the best ones. Usually about 25% of
the applicants get a place. However, the number changes depending on the subjects. Some of them, like medicine, law
and economics are very hard to get into. Not all candidates who are interviewed will be made an offer of a place, but all
those who are made an offer will have been interviewed. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest
school grades, the interview process is crucial for distinguishing between the ablest candidates. The interview is
performed by College Fellows, who evaluate candidates on such factors as potential for original thinking and creativity.
The admission is first decided by the faculty or department relating to the applicant's subject.
There are undergraduate and postgraduate students at the University, including international students from more
than 65 different countries. The University has exchange agreements with universities in France, the Netherlands,
Germany, Spain, etc. About 20 undergraduates can spend their third year abroad studying in one of these European
countries.
The Bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate degree or the first professional degree in which takes three years of
studying. The Master’s degree and PhD are regarded as postgraduate academic degrees. The Master’s Degree is intended
for those wishing to pursue further studies after completing their first degree. The University of Cambridge offers a
world-renowned, internationally-respected one-year Master’s degree programme. Postgraduate students undertake
advanced research, mostly on the three-year PhD programme (five years for part-time study). A candidate is expected to
have completed one year of postgraduate study, normally on a research preparation master’s course, prior to starting a
PhD. Once the University has received your application, applicants may be called for an interview. After an interview
they can be given a place. Entrance to the programme is highly competitive.
The academic year is divided into three academic terms. Michaelmas term lasts from October to December; Lent
term from January to March; and Easter term from April to June. Within these terms undergraduate teaching takes place
within eight-week periods called Full Terms. According to the University statutes, it is a requirement that during this
period all students should live within 3 miles of the Church of St Mary the Great that is the main Church in Cambridge.
The University houses lecture theatres and seminar rooms. Studying at Cambridge University involves a mixture of
lectures (organised by the University departments) and supervisions (organised by the colleges). Science subjects also
involve laboratory sessions, organised by the departments. Supervisions are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which
small groups of students (usually between one and three) meet with a member of the teaching staff or with a doctoral
student. Students are normally required to complete an assignment in advance of the supervision, which they will discuss
with the supervisor during the session, along with any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented
in that week’s lectures. This is often considered to be one of the best things about studying at Cambridge. Depending on
the subject and college, students might receive between one and four supervisions per week. This pedagogical system is
unique to Oxford (where "supervisions" are known as “tutorials”) and Cambridge. Your supervisor completes a report on
your progress at the end of each term.
The University has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians,
lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors and foreign Heads of States. Ninety-two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with
Cambridge as students, faculty, staff or alumni.

Task 11. Find in the text and write down the equivalents to the following words and phrases.
1. рeктор унівeрситeту;
2. самоврядний;
3. керівний орган;
4. проводити наукові дослідження;
5. видатні випускники університету;
6. співбесіда;
14
7. оцінювати;
8. всесвітньо відомий;
9. на поглибленому рівні;
10. містити;

Task 12. Answer the following questions.

1. What type of educational institution is the University of Cambridge and what is its structure?
2. How is Cambridge University governed?
3. What can you tell about the University facilities?
4. What are the admission requirements of Cambridge University?
5. What degrees are conferred at the University of Cambridge?
6. How is the academic process organised?
7. What terms is the academic year divided into?
8. What is a supervision?

Task 13. Decide which one of the two sentences is correct.

1. a) The faculties of Cambridge University are responsible for arranging lectures, seminars, performing research and
determining the syllabi.
b) The faculties of Cambridge University are responsible for making decisions, approving and signing new rules.
2. a) A Congregation is usually held at the Senate House.
b) A Congregation is usually held at the Regent House.
3. a) Cambridge University Press is the second-oldest publishing house in the world.
b) Cambridge University Press is the oldest publishing house in the world.
4. a) The interview plays the most important role for determining on the best candidates.
b) The interview results along with the other elements of the application are taken into account when choosing the best
candidates.
5. a) You may become a postgraduate student directly after receiving a Bachelor’s Degree.
b) You need to complete a Master’s Degree to be allowed to take a postgraduate course.

Task 14. Complete the sentences given below.

1. The University offers courses … .
2. The teaching staff of the University includes … .
3. The Vice-Chancellor is elected … .
4. The Senate House is a building where … .
5. The official newspaper of the university is … .
6. The university has given education … .
7. In order to study at Cambridge University … .
8. The admission is first decided by … .
9. The University building includes … .
10. Supervisions are … .

Task 15. Rearrange the following jumbled words to form sentences.

1. The University / academic / leading / in / 1209 / of / is / one / founded / the / of / world’s / Cambridge / centres.
2. The / not / does / decisions / most / part / Chancellor / in / making / take.
3. One / the University / the / to do / aims / of / of / Cambridge / is / scientific / of / main / research.
4. Numerous / people / encourage / who / a / common / share / student-run / or / interest / passion / to / societies / meet.
5. Cambridge University / a / eight / and / scientific / museums / arts / and / cultural / botanic / operates / garden.
6. Applications / Cambridge / before / made / by / must / mid-October / in / the / be /year / to / starting.
7. The / is / assessment / to / provide / an / designed / of / potential / your / Test / for / the / Law / Cambridge /course.
8. The / is / such / candidates /to / thinking / evaluate / factors / as / interview / potential / for / original / performed / on /
and / creativity.
9. There / undergraduate / international / from / students / University / are / postgraduate / the / including / and / students /
different / at / countries.
10. Supervision / one / the / considered / about / be / of / best / often / things / to / studying / at / is / Cambridge.

Task 16. Compare Lviv Polytechnic University and Cambridge University. Consider the following issues:
 History
 University structure
 Governing body
15
  Teaching staff ENGLISH TENSES
 Students PRESENT SIMPLE (ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ПРОСТИЙ)
+ I(you,Admission
we, they) + V requirements He sometimes reads books.
he (she, it) + Vs (es)

? Do + IFaciliites
(you, we, they) + V Does she often go to the university?
 +Studying
Does he (she, it)process
+V
 Academic
– I (you, we, they) + dodegrees
+ not (don’t) + V He does not visit his granny every
week.
He (she, it) + does + not (doesn’t) + V TO HAVE – МАТИ
TO BE – БУТИ I (you, we, they) have / Do you
I am (I’m) / Am I …? / I am not (I’m not) have…? / I do not have (don’t)
He (she, it) is (He’s) / Is he …? / He is not He (she, it) has / Does he have …? /
(isn’t) He does not have (doesn’t)
We (you, they) are (We’re) /Are you …? / You
are not (aren’t) APPLIED GRAMMAR
usually, as a rule, often/frequently, seldom/rarely, never, always, sometimes, every day
(evening, morning, month, week, year).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I am
He (she, it) is + Ving Jack is taking an English course this
You (we, they) are term.
? Am, is, are + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) Is she learning a poem at the moment?
+ Ving
– I am not He is not playing football at present.
He (she, it) is not + Ving
You (we, they) are not
now, right now, at present, presently, still, at the (this) moment, currently, for the time
being / nowadays, this year, these days, today .
PRESENT PERFECT (ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ)
+ I (you, we, they) +have (I’ve) + Ved / V3 I have just done my homework./ We
He (she, it) + has (He’s) + Ved / V3 have been friends since we were 7
? Have (Has) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) years old.
+ Ved / V3
– I (you, we, they) + have not (haven’t) + Ved / Have you already finished your work?
V3
He (she, it) + has + not (hasn’t) + Ved/V3 She has not done her project yet.
just, already, ever, lately/recently, at last never, yet / today, this week, this month, this year
/ since, for, so far, until now, up to now, for ages.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, we, they) + have + been + Ving She has been working at school
He (she, it) + has + been + Ving since 2005.
? Have (Has) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Have you been writing your course
been + Ving work for 3 months?
– I (you, we, they) +have + not + been +Ving We have not been preparing for our
He (she, it) + has + not + been + Ving exams all day long.
for, since, all day long, so far, until now, up to now.

16
 PAST SIMPLE (МИНУЛИЙ ПРОСТИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Ved / V2 He entered the university in
? Did + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + V 2014.
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + did + not (didn’t) Did he meet him 2 days ago?
+V He did not attend his classes on
TO BE – БУТИ Monday.
I (he, she, it) was / Was he …? / He was not She was at the University
(wasn’t) yesterday. / Was she at the
You (we, they) were / Were they …? / They were University yesterday? / She was
not (weren’t) not at the University yesterday.
yesterday, the day before yesterday, ago, last week (month, year, summer), yesterday
morning (afternoon, evening) / in September, in 2001, on Monday / every day, never,
seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always.
PAST CONTINUOUS (МИНУЛИЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (he, she, it) + was + Ving He was reading while his friend was
You (we, they) + were + Ving learning the new words.
? Was + I (he, she, it) + Ving Were they writing the test at 5
Were + you (we, they) + Ving o’clock?
– I (he, she, it) + was + not + Ving
You (we, they) + were + not + Ving She was not cooking when I came in.
at that moment, at that time, at 5 o’clock, at 5 o’clock yesterday, at noon, at midnight /
all day, the whole evening, from … till (to) / while, when / subordinate clause
(підрядне речення) in Past Simple.
PAST PERFECT (МИНУЛИЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + Ved After he had written a letter, he
/ V3 cleaned his room.
? Had + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Ved Had she written her course project
/ V3 before the examination session
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + not started?
(hadn’t) + Ved / V3 He had not defended his theses by
3 o’clock.
by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of May, by the end of
the week (month, year) / after, before / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in Past
Simple.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(МИНУЛИЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + been Everything was wet. It had been
+ Ving raining for hours.
? Had + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + been They had been working since
+ Ving morning when she called me.
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + not He had been teaching at the
(hadn’t) + been +Ving university for more than a year
before he moved to the USA.
for, since, all day long, the whole day / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in
Past Simple / by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of May,
by the end of the week (month, year).

17
 FUTURE SIMPLE (МАЙБУТНІЙ ПРОСТИЙ)
+ I (we) + shall + V (I’ll) He will graduate from the
You (he, she, it, they) + will + V (you’ll) university in 2016.
? Shall + I (we) + V
Will + you (he, she, it, they) + V Will she finish her project
– I (we) + shall + not (shan’t) + V next week?
You (he, she, it, they) + will + not (won’t) +V They will not return in 2 days.

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week (month, year, summer), in 2 days, soon,
some day; tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening) / in May, in 2014, on Friday /
every day, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS (МАЙБУТНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + This time next week you will be
be + Ving flying to New York.
? Shall (Will) + I (you ,he, she, it, we, they) + Will John be washing the
be + Ving dishes at 5 o’clock?
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + She will not be waiting for her
not + be + Ving when the plane arrives.
at 8 o’clock, at 3 o’clock tomorrow, this time next week (month), at that time, at that
moment, at noon, at midnight / all day, the whole evening, from … till (to) / while,
when / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in Present Simple.
FUTURE PERFECT (МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + He will have done the exercise
have + Ved / V3 till 2 p.m.
? Shall (Will) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Will you have taught us
have + Ved / V3 English by next year?
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + She will not have gone home
not + have + Ved / V3 before you come.
by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of May, by the end of
the week (month, year)/ after, before / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in
Present Simple.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + They will have been talking
have + been + Ving for an hour before Tom arrives.
? Shall (Will) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Will you have been teaching
have + been + Ving since 2005 by the time you
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + leave England?
not + have + been + Ving By the end of the semester she
will have been living in this
hostel for 2 years.
for, since, all day long, the whole day / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in
Present Simple / by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of
May, by the end of the week (month, year).

18
 FUTURE SIMPLE IN THE PAST (МАЙБУТНІЙ ПРОСТИЙ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ
МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (we) + should (I’d) + V He said (that) he would go to
You (he, she, it, they) + would (you’d) + V school on Monday.
? Should + I (we) + V
Would + you (he, she, it, they) + V
– I (we) + should + not (shouldn’t)+ V I knew (that) you would not
You (he, she, it, they) + would + not help him.
(wouldn’t ) + V
the next day, the next (the following) week (month, year, summer), in 2 days, soon / in
May, in 2014, on Friday / every day, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST (МАЙБУТНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ З ТОЧКИ
ЗОРУ МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) We expected (that) he would
+ be + Ving be studying at that time.
? Should (Would) + I (you ,he, she, it, we,
they) + be + Ving He thought (that) he would not
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) be reading all day.
+ not + be + Ving
at 8 o’clock, at that time, at that moment, at noon, at midnight / all day, all the time,
the whole evening(day, morning), from … till (to).
FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) I thought (that) Ann would
+ have + Ved / V3 have made a delicious dinner
? Should (Would) + I (you, he, she, it, we, by 3 o’clock.
they) + have + Ved / V3 He realised (that) he would not
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should have finished his task before
(would) + not + have + Ved / V3 midnight.
by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by midday, by the second of May, by
the end of the week (month, year), after, before.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) He told me (that) he would
+ have + been + Ving have been doing this lab
? Should (Would) + I (you, he, she, it, we, exercise since morning.
they) + have + been + Ving
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should He said (that) he would not
(would) + not + have + been + Ving have been working at the
conference for 5 days.
for, since, all day long, the whole day (evening, morning) .

19
 MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS
(СПОСОБИ ВИРАЖЕННЯ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ЧАСУ)
FUTURE SIMPLE
1) General predictions. In the future 1) Загальні передбачення. There will be
rockets will fly to the Moon. another cold day in the country.
2) Facts that can’t be changed. It will be 2) Повідомлення про факти, на
my birthday tomorrow. здійснення яких ми не можемо
вплинути. It will be Monday tomorrow.
3) Instant decisions. I have a headache. 3) Прийняття рішення в момент
I’ll take an aspirin. мовлення. I am tired. I will go to bed
earlier today.
4) Making an offer or asking for advice 4) Пропозиція, звертання за порадою.
(with “shall” in the interrogative form). What shall I tell the boss about this
Shall we go to the cinema tonight? document?
5) Predictions with the following verbs 5)Висловлення сподівань, побоювань,
and expressions:think, expect, believe, be припущень, страхів, погроз, прогнозів,
sure, be afraid, hope, know, promise, обіцянок щодо майбутнього зі словами.
perhaps, probably, etc. He will probably I’m sure he will help you.
come home late.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1) It сan be used to refer to continuous 1) дія, яка неодмінно відбудеться, тому
events that we expect to happen in the що вона повсякденна або є результатом
future. I’ll be speaking to John tomorrow. попередньої домовленості. I'll be seeing
Jim at the conference next week.
2) It can be used to make polite enquiries 2) ввічливе прохання, пропозиція. Will
about people’s plans. Will you be going Jim be coming with us?
shopping? Can you buy a loaf of bread for
me?
BE GOING TO
1) Plans and intentions. Freddy is going to 1) Наміри чи плани. She is going to enter
buy a new car soon. a computer college.
2) Predictions based on evidence. Look at 2) Якщо в момент мовлення ми
the black clouds. It is going to rain soon. розуміємо, що трапиться найближчим
часом. Be careful! You are going to cut
your finger.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1) Actions in the nearest future settled 1)Заплановані події, які обов’язково
due to one’s previous decisions, відбудуться найближчим часом
arrangements. She is coming відповідно до попередньої
tomorrow. домовленості. I’m meeting John
tonight.
PRESENT SIMPLE
1) Future events which are part of a 1) Події у майбутньому, пов’язані з
fixed timetable or programme. The розкладом, програмою. The train
conference finishes at 2 o’clock . arrives at 8 o’clock tomorrow.

20
 REMEMBER!
PRESENT SIMPLE
 дія, яка відбувається в  things which are I hate that man.
момент мовлення з happening at the moment of
дієсловами, які не speaking with stative verbs;
вживаються в тривалому
часі;
 розповідь про події в  talking about what The hero dies at the end
книгах, фільмах, виставах, happens in books, plays and of the film.
коментарі спортивних films, sports commentaries.
програм.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 дія, що часто  a kind of complaining, She is always smoking
повторюється і може irritation or shocking in our flat.
спричинити роздратування, situation; something that
гнів (з прислівниками always, happens again and again;
continuously, constantly);
 ситуація, яка змінюється  a situation that is slowly My English is getting
(особливо з дієсловами changing; better.
become, get, increase, change,
rise, fall, grow, improve, begin,
start);
 тимчасовi ситуації.  temporary situations She is working hard
these days.
PRESENT PERFECT
 ‘have / has been’ вказує на ‘have / has been’ is used I have been to the USA
набутий досвід, у значенні when someone has gone to and now I can you a lot
‘був’, ‘їздив’, а ‘has/have gone’ a place and returned but of interesting about it. .
використовується в значенні when someone has not She has gone to Paris
‘пішов’, ‘поїхав’ і ще не returned we use “has/have and is still there.
повернувся; gone”;
 дія відбулася в період actions that refer to a We have bought a new
часу, який ще не закінчився; period of time that is not car this week.
finished yet;
 дія, що почалася у something that started in They have lived in
минулому і все ще триває у the past and continues in Canada since 1995.
теперішньому в момент the present (especially (They still live there).
мовлення; with stative verbs);
 вживається з виразами it is used with This is the first time she
“This is the first time …”/ “It’s expressions “This is the has come to England.
the first time …”. first time …”/ “It’s the
first time …”.
PAST SIMPLE
послідовність подій одна  a series of completed He put on his jacket,
за одною; actions in the past; took an umbrella and
left.
для описання станів та  describes habits in the He played football when
звичок у минулому. past. he was a schoolboy.

21
 STATIVE VERBS
Verbs that are not used in Continuous Tenses are called Stative Verbs. A verb which is not stative is called a dynamic
verb, and is usually an action. Stative verbs are about liking or disliking something, ot about a mental state, not about an
action.
LIST OF STATIVE VERBS
agree, appear, astonish, be, believe, belong, concern, cost, consist, contain, deny, depend, deserve, disagree, dislike,
doubt, feel (have an opinion), fit, forget, have (possess), hate, hear, hope, imagine, impress, include, involve, know, lack,
like, love, matter, mean, mind, need, owe, own, prefer, promise, realise, remember, recognise, satisfy, see, seem, smell,
sound, suppose, surprise, taste, think, understand, want, wish etc.

COMPARE!
Present Simple Present Continuous
He has a big bathroom. (= He is having lunch. (= is eating)
possesses)
I think your idea is really good. I’m thinking about your
(= believe) suggestion. (= am considering)
The meat tastes nice. (= has a She is tasting meat. (= is trying)
delicious flavour)
I see she is very upset. (= I’m seeing my lawyer today. (= am
understand) / I see some people meeting)
in the room. (= perceive with my
eyes)
The rose smells nice. (= has a She is smelling meat. (= is sniffing)
nice smell)
You look great today. (= has You are looking at the picture. (=
nice appearance ) are watching )
I love / enjoy spring. (= in I’m loving / enjoying these spring
general ) holidays. (= at this moment)
The box weighs 8 kilos. (= has a The salesman is weighing the box.
weight) (= is measuring how heavy it is)
Peter is rude. (= in general) Peter is being very rude these days.
(unusual behavior, temporary
situation)
I don’t feel that this is a good The woman is feeling the baby’s
idea. (= think) forehead. (= is touching)

22
 GRAMMAR

Task 1. Identify the tense forms of the following verbs.

A) have created, would be learning, had attended, will have been listening, was defending;
B) would supervise, submitted, is registering, has scheduled, will access;
C) majors, would expel, will be guiding, had been writing, will have investigated;
D) has been mastering, has applied, will enroll, were passing, was delivering;
E) will have been taking, required, research, will have achieved, would have graduated.

Task 2. A. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present Simple Tense.
1. She (to study) at the Department of Marketing and Logistics. 2. The best students of the university often (to apply) for
postgraduate study. 3. He always (to cheat) in exams. 4. As far as I know, he (to be) a sophomore of this college. 5. She
(not to live) in the hall of residence.
B. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present Continuous Tense.
1. Jane (to take) the exam in Criminal Law now. 2. You (to have) any troubles with the lectures? 3. She (to work) on her
course project at the moment. 4. What you currently (to investigate)? 5. The head of our department is the one who (to
stand) slightly apart in the college photo.
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present Perfect Tense.
1. We (not to study) special computer terms yet. 2. You (to see) Prof. Brown lately? 3. My cousin already (to receive) a
Bachelor’s Degree. 4. We can start the interview now, as all the entrants (to arrive). 5. You (to check) that contract again?
D. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. He (to prepare) a report about the architecture of Ancient Rome since Thursday. 2. Who (to work) with the first-year
students for the last two months? 3. They (to sit) in this lecture theatre for half an hour. 4. I (not to take part) in such kinds
of conferences since last year. 5. Part-time students (to attend) lectures and seminars for a week.

Task 3. A. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past Simple Tense.
1. He (to submit) his documents two days ago. 2. It is known that she (to get) her PhD last academic year. 3. You (to find)
the refectory? 4. Our group (to miss) the deadline for doing that project. 5. She (to copy) all the necessary handouts in
advance.
B. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past Continuous Tense.
1. They (to listen) to the details of some exchange program when I came in. 2. In fact, we (to look) for a suitable
candidate for the post of the vice-rector at that moment. 3. Darkness (to fall) over the campus as James hurried back to
college. 4. He (not to take) the exam at 12 o’clock. 5. What you (to do) while you (to wait) for the results of your tests?
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past Perfect Tense.
1. I (to check) all the assignments by the time he came. 2. It was strange, but the Dean (not to arrive) to the graduation
ceremony by the time it started. 3. I (to be) a full-time student until I found this job. 4. I (to leave) the university before I
finished the course I was taking. 5. He (to apply) for this scholarship before it was too late?
D. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. He (to work) in the library all day long before he came back to the hostel. 2. She was an excellent commercial lawyer.
She (to major) in this sphere for several decades. 3. By 2014 they (to sponsor) our Department’s library for fifty years. 4.
Who (to supervise) their internship during that period? 5. Our Department (to negotiate) with Oxford University for three
months before twenty exchange students went to England.

Task 4. A. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future Simple Tense.
1. I (to try) to enter this faculty next year. 2. You (to join) us in the lecture theatre? 3. She (not to work) with international
students next term. 4. I (to draw) a plan of our campus for you? 5. We (to have) lectures on Psychology every Friday.
B. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future Continuous Tense.
1. On Friday we mainly (to work) on language skills, such as writing letters or speaking with clients. 2. My sister (to
defend) her course work at that time tomorrow. 3. This time next Tuesday afternoon she (to deliver) her speech in this
lecture theatre. 4. We (to wait) for the exchange students at the airport when their plane lands. 5. What you (to do) at the
same time tomorrow?
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future Perfect Tense.

23
1. By the end of the semester they (to complete) a course in Geodesy. 2. I hope you (to choose) the electives by the end of
the week. 3. You (to discuss) this question with your supervisor before you go to the conference? 4. She (not to finish) her
project by the lunch time. 5. I (to have) my exams by the end of June.
D. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. By that time he (to practise) law for two years. 2. How long they (to reconstruct) the main building of the university? 3.
By the end of the month she (to work) at this university for 15 years. 4. I (to major) in this subject for three terms. 5. We
(to discuss) our future career for the next 20-30 minutes.

Task 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or
Present Perfect Continuous.
1. As a rule, the most important courses a student (to complete) during his or her studies at our University (to be) skill
courses in scientific writing. 2. Andrew (not to read) his course work now. He (to translate) a scientific paper. 3. This
professor already (to deliver) five lectures for Ukrainian students. 4. Jessica (to prepare) for her final exam since early
morning. 5. The students (not to fill) in the questionnaires yet. 6. Den sometimes (to get) to the university by tram, but
usually his father (to give) him a lift. 7. The lawyer (to speak) to his client for an hour and a half now. 8. Are you busy
now, Rachel? – Yes, I (to type) the report for the conference. 9. Jack (to write) an article for the university newspaper
since 5 o’clock. 10. They already (to obtain) the results of the experiment? 11. The students (to listen) to the lecture in the
lecture hall at the moment. 12. Molly (to attend) language courses for three months now. 13. Your friend still (to write) a
test? – No, he (not to write) a test, he (to wait) for the teacher to know his mark. 14. The seminar just (to start). 15. Janet
(to study) Programming for two years now.16. The police (to investigate) the computer theft in our academic building for
a month already. 17. Jenny (not to graduate) from this university yet. 18. I (to chose) an elective course at last. 19. My
roommate currently (to write) his internship report. 20. PE (to be) a compulsory subject in Ukrainian institutions of
higher learning.

Task 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past
Perfect Continuous.
1. By the end of last week all the students (to pass) their exams. 2. Frank (to work) in the laboratory from 2 till 5 o’clock
yesterday. 3. Brian was so disappointed because he (to try) to find a better job for three weeks. 4. The vice-rector (to
prepare) all the documents by 4 o’clock yesterday. 5. In 2012 I (to provide) free legal assistance to poor people. 6. Harry
(to move) into another hostel before Christmas. 7. Gordon (to read) the article about crimes for an hour yesterday. 8.
Pamela (not to finish) her project by the end of October. 9. The students (to train) in the gym at 7 o’clock yesterday. 10.
Mandatory courses (to start) at the end of September. 11. The workers (to load) the boxes into the lorry not far from the
main building when I (to see) them. 12. The police (to chase) the burglars for two hours before they (to catch) them. 13.
When Charlie (to enter) the study room, his teacher (to explain) something to his groupmates. 14. Nick and Martin (to do)
the experiment in the science laboratory while Fred (to write) a report. 15. Cleve (not to attend) computer courses before
he (to enter) the university. 16. Sandy and I (to study) for our English test all day long when my mother (to come). 17.
Professor Daniel (to read) some papers when his assistant (to come) into the lecture room. 18. When the delegation (to
arrive) at the university, the conference already (to begin). 19. Jessica (to type) a review while Henry (to surf) the Net in
search of some information for the History project. 20. Mr. Black (to work) as a lawyer for forty years before he (to
retire).

Task 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect,
Future Perfect Continuous, Future Simple in the Past, Future Continuous in the Past, Future Perfect in the Past or
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
1. My groupmate (to wait) for us at this time next Tuesday. 2. The teacher answered that the students (to write) the
composition for an hour and a half. 3. I (to write) an article for a scientific journal on Monday. 4. They said that they (to
approve) the proposal by the end of next week. 5. I (to discuss) my course paper with my supervisor from 9 to 10
tomorrow morning. 6. The students decided that they (to go) to the mountains in summer. 7. Mike (to interview) our Dean
at 5 o’clock. 8. By the beginning of April my father (to work) for this company for fifteen years. 9. We (to analyse) the
results of the experiment by next Friday. 10. The student thought that he (to make) his presentation at 2 p.m. 11. He (to
finish) his career of the law enforcement officer by January. 12. She (to leave) the territory of the campus by the time we
(to arrive). 13. My neighbour (to prepare) for her test when I wake up. 14. By the time Nick (to receive) his first salary, he
(to work) in our company for thirty days. 15. Don’t disturb us tomorrow! I (to work) on my course project not to miss the
deadline while my sister (to do) the project about the environmental protection. 16. They (to pass) their examination
session before they (to leave) the country. 17. We (to surf) the Net for hours when we (to find) the necessary
information.18. He (to publish) the results of his investigation by the time he (take) part in the conference. 19. These
firms (to cooperate) for many years before they (to terminate) the contract. 20. I (to defend) my research paper before I (to
receive) the degree.

24
Task 8. Choose the correct answer. Explain your choice.
1. I ___ just____ my credit book. I can’t find it anywhere.
a) have lost; b) have been losing; c) am losing.
2. They are late. I _____ for an hour!
a) am waiting; b) have waited; c) have been waiting.
3. He _____ this course project at the moment.
a) is finishing; b) has been finishing; c) finish.
4. She always ____ in the refectory as she doesn’t like crowded places.
a) is eating; b) has eaten; c) eats.
5. Richard ____ the purpose of our experiment at that moment.
a) is explaining; b) was explaining; c) has explained.
6. By the end of the day, he ____ for eight hours.
a) will be working; b) will have worked; c) will have been working.
7. The workshop ____ by 11 o’clock.
a) was finishing ; b) had finished; c) had been finishing.
8. The students ______ notes during the lecture for an hour yesterday.
a) had been taking; b) had taken; c) took.
9. Helen ______ for exam in the library at 11 o’clock tomorrow.
a) will prepare; b) will have prepared; c) will be preparing.
10. The Academic Board _____ me a degree by this time tomorrow.
a) will grant; b) will have granted; c) will be granting.
11. He ____ that he ____ in the old cottage near the territory of the campus.
a) said/would live; b) said/ will have been living; c) said/ will live.
12. The lecturer __already____ the lecture theatre by the time I _____ it.
a) left/reached; b) had left/reached; c) had been leaving/reach.
13. The associate professor ___ the door, ___ lecture theatre and ___ to the teacher’s desk.
a) opened/had entered/hurried up; b) had opened/entered/hurried up; c) opened/entered/hurried up.
14. John _____an engineer since he _____ from the university.
a) has been/graduated; b) has been/graduates; c) had been/graduated.
15. David ____ the room in the hotel before he ____ to the conference.
a) will book/came; b) will be booking/comes; c) will have booked/comes.
16. Mr. Brooks ____ the documents which the secretary ___ for him the day before.
a) took/typed; b) took/had typed; c) has taken/typed.
17. They ____ the Net for some freshman traditions when Elizabeth ______ in.
a) has been surfing/came; b) had been surfing/come; c) were surfing/came.
18. The scientists of our institute ____ the research for many years before they ____ a new source of energy.
a) had been conducting/discovered; b) were conducting/discovered; c) will have been conducting/discovered.
19. Nick _____ all the calculations by the time the meeting _______.
a) would have made/begins; b) will have made/begins; c) will be making/begins.
20. Joe ____us that he ______his homework from 4 to 6.
a) tells/would do; b) told/will be doing; c) told/would be doing.

Task 9. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Вона сказала, що нещодавно отримала диплом магістра. 2. Цей лектор керував її дипломним проектом кілька
років тому. 3. Ректор відповів, що прийде на церемонію нагородження випускників. 4. Ти вже прочитав цю
статтю? – Ще ні. Я щойно повернувся з конференції. 5. Він важко працює вже протягом трьох років, аби здобути
цю престижну стипендію. 6. Секретар повідомив нас, що декан перевірить готовність факультету до нового
навчального року до кінця тижня. 7. Вона отримає ступінь бакалавра через чотири місяці. 8. Студенти писали
контрольну роботу, коли прийшли працівники деканату перевіряти присутність студентів на заняттях. 9.
Викладач зайшов в аудиторію, включив комп’ютер і роздав студентам роздатковий матеріал. 10. Я знав цього
юриста ще до того, як він став відомим лектором Вашого університету. 11. Він чекав свого наукового керівника
пів години до того, як професор прийшов. 12. Я завершу цю курсову роботу до початку травня. 13. Студенти не
отримують стипендію, якщо вони мають низькі бали. 14. Завідувач кафедри перевірить всі навчальні програми,
які розробили викладачі. 15. Вона знайшла роботу після того, як захистила свій дипломний проект. 16. Я ніколи
не була в академічній бібліотеці цього закладу. 17. Софія вже закінчила університет? – Так, і вона нещодавно
отримала ступінь магістра. 18. Декан повідомив, що першокурсники отримали свою першу стипендію минулого
тижня. 19. У студентів розпочнеться навчальна практика після того, як вони здадуть всі іспити. 20. Цей студент
повернувся в аудиторію, оскільки він забув свою залікову книжку.

25
Task 10. Present Forms. Match the sentences (1-10) with the correct description (a-j).
1. He runs a large Association of Scientists. a) actions taking place at or around the moment of
speaking; temporary situations
2. He enters the room and opens the safe. b) emphasis on duration of an action which began in
the past and continues up to the present
3. He has checked all the documents. c) reviews / sport commentaries / dramatic narratives
4. She has been practising her final speech for hours. d) past actions of a certain duration having visible
results / effects in the present
5. He is working hard these days. e) fixed arrangements in the near future
6. He has got a lot of approvals recently. f) timetables / programmes (future meaning)
7. She is picking me up at 7 o’clock. g) permanent situations or states
8. The train arrives at 9 p.m. h) recently completed actions
9. She is always making inappropriate remarks. i) personal experiences or changes which have
happened
10. You feel bad because you’ve been studying for too j) frequently repeated actions with ‘always’ expressing
long! the speaker’s annoyance or criticism

Task 11. Past Forms. Match the sentences (1-8) with the correct description (a-h).
1. He opened the desk, took some documents and went a) past action in progress interrupted by another past
away. action
2. I was upset because I had been waiting for this b) past action which occurred before another action or
chance for so many days. before a stated time in the past
3. They were still discussing some problems of living c) two or more simultaneous past actions
in a hostel at that moment.
4. The students were arguing when the tutor came in. d) action continuing over a period up to a specific time
in the past
5. Gordon had downloaded the files by 8 o’clock. e) past actions which happened immediately one after
6. Mike was reading examples while Maggie was the other
making some notes. f) states and habits in the past
7. She had finished most of the work by the time Dean g) past action of a certain duration which had visible
arrived. results in the past
8. She defended her graduation paper in 2010. h) past action which finished before a stated time in
the past
9. I had been living in the residence hall for six months i) action in the middle of happening at a stated past
before I decided to find some small flat. time
10. She lived in this house when she was young.
j) something that happened once in the past

Task 12. Future Forms. Match the sentences (1-11) with the correct description (1-k).
1. Look out! That cyclist is going to override you! a) fixed arrangement in the near future
2. I’ll be flying to Warsaw at this time tomorrow. b) action which will be finished before a stated
future time
3. By 12 o’clock she’ll have been passing the exam c) timetable
for three hours.
4. The lecture on Physics starts at 10.20 a.m. d) evidence that something will definitely happen in
5. I’m seeing our Dean this afternoon. the near future
6. When I get my diploma, I’m going to start my e) future intention
own private practice.
7. I think Tomas will become a great lawyer one day. f) polite enquiry about people’s arrangements

8. She’ll have finished her project by Wednesday g) emphasis on the duration of an action up to a
afternoon. certain time in the future
9. Will you be going into town today? h) on-the-spot decision
10. I think I’ll make some coffee. Do you want
some? i) action in progress at a stated future time
j) prediction

Task 13. Put the sentences in the correct tense form and explain your choice.
26
1. Perhaps he won’t attend / isn’t attending this seminar tomorrow. 2. Don’t forget! The exam is starting / starts at ten
o’clock. 3. Watch out! You will fall / are going to fall! 4. I will see / am seeing Denny tonight, so I’ll tell him the news. 5.
It is very hot in this study room. I am going to / will open the window. 6. The Vice-Rector comes / is coming to us
tomorrow 7. I meet / am meeting with my old university friends on Thursday. 8. My supervisor is going to reread /
rereads my course paper this morning. 9. We expect she will be winning / will win students competition next month. 10. I
promise I am going to be / will be there in time for the graduation ceremony. 11. The academic year will finish / is going
to finish on the 31st of May. 12. Will you be going / Do you go to the refectory? Can you buy me a bottle of mineral
water? 13. Ann has failed the exam. Look at her! She will cry / is going to cry. 14. Sheila can’t attend the lecture
tomorrow. She is visiting / visits her dentist. 15. I’m afraid we won’t translate / aren’t going to translate this article
without your help.

Task 14. Put the sentences in the correct tense form and explain your choice.
1. The data show that the petrol prices will increase / are increasing in most areas. 2. The archive of the library is
smelling / smells of old documents and books. 3. John has been / has gone to the lecture theatre. She hasn’t come back
yet. 4. I’m glad to be here. I am enjoying / enjoy this presentation so much. 5. The head of our department has bought /
buys new computer equipment this week. 6. You are always smoking / have always smoked in the laboratory! 7.
Unfortunately, the situation is getting / gets worse and worse. 8. This is the first time I am receiving / have received a bad
mark in English. 9. I am not seeing / have not seen you for a long time. 10. I am studying / study very hard these days to
get an excellent mark. 11. In a new film “Alice in Wonderland” Alice wins / is winning the final battle and saves / is
saving the inhabitants of the country from the power of Red Queen. 12. Everybody is having / has a great time at the party
today. 13. My groupmate Monica has always argued / is always arguing with me! 14. My elder brother Sam usually is
giving / gives me a lift, but these days he repairs / is repairing his car. 15. Stella has gone / has been to London. She can
tell us lots of exciting things now.

Task 15. Put the sentences in the correct tense form.

1. Our English teacher usually (to give) us a lot of homework, but yesterday we (to have) a test and he (not to give) us any
home assignment. Besides, we (to go) on an excursion next week so I think we (not to have) English on Monday. 2. The
police (to arrest) Tony last week. They said he (to steal) somebody’s credit card. But Tony (not to confess) to this crime
yet. 3. I often (to miss) my life as a student. I (not to see) my fellow students since we graduated from the university. My
best friend Dan (to call) me yesterday and we (to meet) tonight. 4. The Dean (to be) in the office? – No, (to go) abroad on
scientific mission. – When he (to leave)? – He (to leave) two days ago. 5. I (to work) at this university since 1996.
Though I (to be) a lecturer here, I (not to be) in the old part of campus for ages. I (to work) hard these days and I (to be)
always busy. 6. When George (to arrive) at Tina’s place yesterday, she (to read) a detective story which she (to buy) some
days before. She (to read) it for an hour before I (to leave). 7. Hello, Janet! You (to look great)! What (to do) here? – Hi,
thanks! I (to look for) Daniel. We usually (to have) lunch in the refectory. – You (to see), Daniel (to work) at a very
important project these days, so he may be in the lab now. 8. Greg (to study) for his final exams all last month. When I (to
see) him yesterday he was happy because he (to enter) the Faculty of Law. 9. The secretary (to type) the reports all day
yesterday. But when the dean (to come), there (to be) no documents left on the table. Somebody (to take) them away. 10.
Your brother often (to surf) the Internet in the evening? – Oh, yes, he (to surf) the Net almost every day. But yesterday he
(to be) busy preparing for the exam and he even (not to turn on) the computer. 11. What your sister (to plan) to do after
exams? – She (to spend) a week in the village and then she (probably to look) for a part-time job. 12. What you (to do)
tonight, Ron? – Nick and I (to go) to the stadium to watch a football match. We sometimes (to watch) football matches
together. – And what time the football match (to start)? – Well, it (to start) at 5.30. p.m. 13. You never (to miss) lectures,
Sheila. Why you (not to come) to the lecture on History of the State and Law last Thursday? – You see, Alison, I (to
oversleep) because my alarm clock (to go off). 14. Summer holidays (to start) in a month. I (to think) of going abroad in
July now. I never (to be) in a foreign country. 15. Prof. Smith (to gave) me his article yesterday. It (to contain) a lot of
interesting information. I (to think) I (to use) it in my research paper. 16. I (to go) to Manchester to take part in the
scientific conference. I (to prepare) a good presentation. My train (to leave) the station at 11 a.m. next Friday. 17. Prof.
Cornel always (to drive) to the university by car but I (not to see) his car at the parking yesterday. Peter (to see) that he (to
get) there by metro. 18. You always (to have) lunch together? – No, I never (to be) there. I (to live) not far from the
university and I usually (to have) lunch at home, but my friend and I (to decide) to meet in the café yesterday. 19. How
many mistakes Jessica (to make) in her yesterday’s test? – Two or three. She usually (to write) tests well, but last time she
(to be) a bit absent-minded. 20. I (not to like) to get to the university by bus. Henry (to pick) me up at eight o’clock
tomorrow. He already (to agree) to help me.

27
 SPEAKING AND WRITING
Task 1. Comment on the following quotations about education.

1. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. (Nelson Mandela)
2. The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. (Aristotle)
3. Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. (John Dewey)
4. Education is the movement from darkness to light. (Allan Bloom)
5. Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another. (Gilbert K. Chesterton)
6. The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives. (Robert M.
Hutchins)
7. A human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated. (Horace Mann)
8. Knowledge is power (Francis Bacon)
9. A child miseducated is a child lost. (John F. Kennedy)
10. Every educated person is a future enemy. (Martin Bormann)

Task 2. Have a debate.

1. Many people believe that higher education should be free of charge. However, some people believe that university
students should be required to pay tuition fees. Which point of view do you agree with?
2. University students shouldn’t study a variety of subjects. They should enroll only in those courses that will be
necessary for jobs in their chosen field. Do you support or oppose the statement? Give your reasons and examples to
support your point of view.
3. Some people believe that students must attend lectures and classes. Others believe that students can learn more on their
own. Thus, going to classes should be optional. Which point of view do you support?

Task 3. Choose one of the topics below to make up a dialogue.

1. Advantages and disadvantages of having a university degree.
2. Elective or compulsory courses? What to choose?
3. Colleges or Universities: pros and cons.
4. How to prepare for exams and tests.
5. Curriculum for the first-year students.

Task 4. Role-play the following situations.

1. Two students are discussing their university life: the institute, educational facilities, their studies, the teaching staff,
groupmates, living conditions at the student hostel, leisure time, problems, etc.
2. A student of Lviv Polytechnic is talking with a school-leaver who wants to enter the university and needs some
information in order to make the right choice.
3. An exchange student came to study in your group. Compare the system of higher education in Ukraine and abroad.

Task 5. Choose one of the topics to make PowerPoint presentations.

1. The role of legal training in everyday life.
2. Possible changes in higher education: your suggestions.
3. Entrance examinations or External Independent Testing: comparative analysis.
4. Private institutions or public ones: pros and cons.
5. Studying at the university and school: comparative analysis.

Task 6. Write an essay on a topic of your choice on one of the options below.
28
1. My entrance to the university.
2. My first impressions of being a student.
3. The peculiarities of the External Independent Testing.
4. How to be a good student.
5. Student life nowadays.

EXTENDED READING

TEXT A. THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN EDUCATION

Ukrainian higher education has long and deep-rooted traditions. The first educational institutions emerged in
Ukraine as early as the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. They played an important role in the country’s
economical and cultural development.
The first Ukrainian educational institution was the Ostroh School (Ostroh Greek-Slavic-Latin School). It was
similar to Western European higher education institutions of that time. Established in 1576 in the town of Ostroh, the
School was the first higher educational institution in the Eastern Slavic territories. It brought together talented local and
foreign personalities: famous intellectuals, men of letters, linguists and other teaching staff from Slavic countries. The
Ostroh School served its mission for sixty years. Among its achievements is the publication of the first complete Bible
translated into the Church-Slavonic language (1581). Among its approximate 500 graduates, one may find many writers
and other famous personalities. The School was closed in 1632.
In 1632 the Bratskiy Collegium in Kyiv opened its doors. This institution was later renamed Kyiv-Mohyla
Collegium in honour of Kyivan Metropolitan Petro Mohyla (1596-1647) who was one of the most respected Ukrainian
Orthodox theologians and Church leaders. It made a considerable contribution to the further development of Ukrainian
higher education. In 1694 the government of Imperial Russia officially recognised the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium as a
higher educational institution and in 1701 granted it the academy status (the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy). In the mid-
eighteenth century the number of students enrolled at the Academy reached 1,200 including talented scholars from
Ukraine, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and other European countries.
From the mid-eighteenth century, after the foundation of the Imperial Moscow University (1755) and the Teachers’
School in Saint Petersburg, the influence of the Kyiv Academy as a secular educational institution decreased. Eventually,
it was transformed into an Orthodox ecclesiastical institution that trained only future priests. However, at the beginning of
the nineteenth century new secular higher education institutions were established on the Ukrainian territory, beginning
with universities in Kharkiv and Kyiv (1833). By the end of the nineteenth century, within the boundaries of present-day
Ukraine, universities in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odessa, Lviv and Chernivtsi had been established.
During the last decades of the nineteenth century, several vocational higher educational institutions emerged,
including Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute, Kharkiv Veterinary Institute and Kharkiv Technological Institute,
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and Katerynoslav Higher Mining School (currently Dnipropetrovsk). By 1914 Ukraine had 27
higher educational institutions with the student enrolment of approximately 25,000.
Due to the historical events that followed the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Ukraine eventually became
part of the Soviet Union. Consequently, its institutional framework, organisation and content of study programmes
reflected those of the Soviet ideological orientation, with clear party control over the educational system and organisation
of research. The number of educational institutions increased. By 1925, 35 institutes and 30 teaching subdivisions trained
future specialists in different higher education areas. The opening of new laboratories and the establishment of new
academic traditions fostered further academic development.
By the end of 1928, 33,406 students attended 38 Ukrainian higher educational institutions taught by 3,998
researchers and lecturers, although only 721 of these researchers and lecturers were permanent staff members. There was
a lack of professors in all subjects, especially in technical institutions. In five technical institutes – Dnipropetrovsk and
Donetsk Mining Institutes, Kyiv and Kharkiv Polytechnic Institutes and Kharkiv Technological Institute – the body of
professors amounted to only 45 percent of all teaching staff. In order to solve this problem, the systematic training of the
young teaching staff in postgraduate courses began in 1930. In the 1930-1931 academic year 1,500 candidates attended
postgraduate courses, including 60 percent trained in industrial, technical and agricultural specialisms. In 1932 admission
requirements became more rigorous and only higher education graduates could take postgraduate courses. In 1930 the

29
number of the teaching staff in all Ukrainian higher educational institutions amounted to only 2,576 members, by 1937
this number increased to 7,258 and by 1939 to about 10,000.
The present network of public Ukrainian higher educational institutions evolved between 1960 and 1970. By 1975,
this network included 143 full-cycle higher educational institutions (granting degrees comparable to the Master’s degree)
as well as 730 technical and vocational schools. Between 1970 and 1975, the total number of graduates amounted in these
two groups of institutions to 632,500 and 1,108,000, respectively. Between 1971 and 1975, the network of Ukrainian
higher educational institutions expanded and included six newly established institutions: Ternopil Finance and Economic
Institute, Makiivka Civil Engineering Institute, Vinnytsia Polytechnic Institute, Zaporizhia Industrial Institute, Poltava
Cooperative Institute and Simferopol University.
At the same time more than 43 vocational higher education institutions were either closed or merged. The extension
of the higher educational network and the concurrent growth of student numbers continued during the 1970s. By 1980,
there were 147 full-cycle higher educational institutions and 727 technical/vocational schools, enrolling 699,000 and
803,100 students. Four new higher educational institutions also opened: Kirovograd Higher Civil Aviation Pilot School,
Rivne Institute of Physical Education, Kherson Industrial Institute and Zaporizhia University.
During the 1960s, following the increase in student numbers, Ukrainian higher education institutions offered a
wider range of postgraduate courses. In 1967 the number of postgraduates tripled, compared to 1959. New fields of study
emerged in the 1960s, such as Physical Electronics, Chemical Cybernetics, Biophysics, Computing Instruments and
Devices, Nuclear Power Installations, Anaesthesiology, Cardio Surgery, Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, Computing in
Economics and Economic Research, Mathematical Methods in Economic Studies etc. By the beginning of 1967, the
research and teaching staff in all Ukrainian higher education institutions numbered 44,800 (about 45 percent of all
scientists in Ukraine). The academic staff included 1,240 Doctors of Sciences and 12,800 Candidates of Sciences. By
1985, about 47 percent of the academic and research staff held academic degrees. Since 1959, the number of degree-
holders has quadrupled.
During the entire Soviet period (up to 1988) over 22,000,000 individuals entered the Ukrainian higher education
system. By 1988, Ukraine counted 146 full-cycle higher educational institutions, enrolling over 850,000 students. Since
1960, the annual number of graduates of the full-cycle higher educational institutions has doubled, while that of
secondary-level vocational schools has tripled.

TEXT B. HIGHER EDUCATION SINCE INDEPENDENCE

Having proclaimed its independence in 1991, Ukraine started the development and implementation of its own
educational policy. Today Ukraine aims at attaining European standards in terms of access to education, revival of
national traditions, modernising the content, forms and methods of teaching and development of the nation’s intellectual
capital.
Ukraine inherited a well-developed system of education, in many respects on par with those of the most developed
European countries. However, the development of Ukraine within the body of the Soviet Union had negative effects. For
the benefit of the Union, some fields of study received a disproportionate emphasis: for example, there were too many
engineers, yet few lawyers, economists, sociologists, psychologists and managers.
The key concepts of the reform in education were defined by the National Programme “Education” [Ukraine of the
21st Century] adopted by the First Congress of Ukrainian Educators in December 1992 and subsequently approved by the
Cabinet of Ministers. The Programme identified the priorities in the development of Ukrainian education, such as meeting
the educational needs of all people. The re-examination of the content and coordination of Ukrainian education at all
levels helped to achieve the task as well as to introduce progressive teaching ideas and technologies to a new generation
of the teaching staff. Other areas of the reform included the increasing autonomy of educational institutions,
reconsideration of the State control in education, diversification of the educational planning and financing and the
democratisation of the academic governance.
In 2006 Ukraine could already boast with 130 universities, 63 academies, 135 institutes and 2 conservatories. 66
State-owned universities and academies earned the national status. The Ukrainian higher educational system provided
training in 76 fields and almost 600 specialisms. Over 30,000 graduates of higher educational institutions were re-trained
yearly and about 300,000 specialists updated and expanded their qualifications in 563 institutions of postgraduate
education and their branches. Over 10,000 Ukrainians studied abroad and about 25,000 students from 110 countries
studied in Ukraine, including 28 from European countries, 40 from Asian countries, 30 from Africa and 12 from Latin
America.
The Law on Higher Education (2014) regulates the professional training of Ukrainian citizens and sets the legal,
organisational and financial basis for the national higher educational system. The modern State policy in the field of
higher education is based on the following principles:
 equal access to higher education for all Ukrainian citizens, irrespective of their social origin, status, religion,
place of residence or health;
 independence of higher education institutions from political parties and public and religious organisations;

30
  international integration of Ukrainian higher education while preserving the achievements and traditions of the
national system;
 state support for training specialists in fundamental and applied research;
 raising the educational level of Ukrainian citizens and widening the prospects for higher and other forms of
post-secondary education;
 availability of student loans;
 granting special rights to students at higher educational institutions;
 support for the education of the disabled;
 modernisation of the Ukrainian higher educational system;
 changing the content of education and the structure of the educational system;
 developing continuous education and lifelong learning;
 fostering the development of the Ukrainian language;
 satisfying the needs for education of national minorities;
 ensuring a better economical and social status for the teaching and research staff;
 integration of education and science;
 implementation of information and communication technologies;
 integration of Ukrainian science in European and international research networks.
In terms of educational services, the major tasks of Ukrainian higher educational institutions are:
 training of specialists at the relevant educational and qualificational levels and in compliance with the
established standards;
 compliance with the State-defined standards of training;
 training of the research and teaching staff to be employed at educational institutions of different levels;
 study of labour market demands and the forecast of future employment trends;
 supporting patriotism and esteem for the Constitution of Ukraine.
Nowadays Ukrainian universities are leading institutions which provide academic and research training in a wide
range of branches and contribute to the scientific progress at the national level while promoting social, cultural and
educational development. Their structure either follows a classical university model or focuses on some particular
professional fields (Technical, Medical, Agricultural, Pedagogical, Economics etc). Ukrainian education is humanistic-
oriented and it is based on the cultural, historical and spiritual heritage of the nation. The national educational system
conveys the principles of humanism, democracy, cultural diversity, consistency and tolerance.
Having gained its independence, Ukraine has actively sought new opportunities for international cooperation,
including education. The State encourages international cooperation in higher education and welcomes mutually
beneficial treaties and agreements of all types. The Ministry of Education and Science cooperates with EU members and
other neighbouring countries of the region. The mobility of students, academics and researchers is increasing. The
introduction of distance learning technologies is continuing and the network linking Ukrainian higher educational
institutions to similar institutions abroad is expanding. These and other developments open new possibilities for joint
efforts toward the international integration. Ukrainian authorities follow UNESCO recommendations regarding education
and the spirit of international understanding, co-operation, peace and tolerance. The main way of the international co-
operation among higher educational institutions is the exchange of students, teachers and researchers for the purposes of
joint research, international conferences, teaching programmes, joint publishing activities etc. Specialists from France,
Turkey, Slovakia, the USA, Poland, Germany, China and other countries work in Ukrainian educational institutions
today. Every year Ukrainian citizens are enrolled in higher education institutions of other countries as well as foreign
citizens are enrolled in Ukrainian higher education institutions.
A large number of establishments training lawyers, economists, sociologists, psychologists, social workers,
managers appeared. As the legal profession is very prestigious and much in demand, a large network of specialised
educational institutions and faculties were established in Ukraine in recent years. Legal science is concentrated in the
educational and research institutions. Traditionally, universities include law faculties or affiliated specialised
institutes/colleges. As a rule, they are created in order to assist in developing Ukrainian legislation, promoting
democratisation processes and building the state, which will protect human rights in Ukraine. Their activities embrace a
wide range of problems: theoretical investigations in legal science and their practical applications, legislative drafting,
professional communication of Ukrainian lawyers with their foreign colleagues, spreading the legal information in the
society, legal services, establishment of legal clinics and the development of manuals for schools and universities. The
Law Academies and faculties prepare highly skilled lawyers both for many government bodies (prosecutor’s offices,
Ukrainian security services, Ministries of Home and Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Defence and many
others) and for private enterprises, agencies, notary’s offices and law firms. Their graduates are in great demand in the
labour market.
Therefere, Ukraine has a well-developed system of education which serves as a ground for lifelong education.

31
 TEXT C. SOME ASPECTS OF THE LAW ON HIGHER
EDUCATION
Accreditation of Higher Education Institutions. Licencing and accreditation procedures serve to ensure the
evaluation of the quality of education. Accreditation is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Science of
Ukraine. The Law of Ukraine On Higher Education establishes four levels of accreditation of higher educational
institutions.
1) Higher educational institutions of the first accreditation level train Junior Bachelors.
2) Higher education institutions of the second accreditation level train Bachelors.
3) Higher education institutions of the third accreditation level award Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees (in some
specialisms).
4) Higher education institutions of the fourth level of accreditation train students at all levels, including no less than
75 percent of Master’s degrees.
Additional criteria for institutions of the fourth accreditation level include postgraduate and Doctoral courses, high-
level research and publication activities. Higher educational institutions of the third and fourth accreditation levels may
also be registered as research institutions. Based upon the results of the expert assessment and the conclusion of the State
Accreditation Commission, the Ministry of Education and Science accepts or rejects the application for accreditation.
Types of Higher Educational Institutions. Ukrainian higher educational institutions belong to one of the following
types:
 state-owned higher educational institutions, established by the State and funded from the State budget; they are
subordinated to a corresponding governmental body (e.g., the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Culture
etc.) and have the status of budgetary institutions;
 communal higher education institutions, established by local authorities, funded from local budgets and
subordinated to local authorities;
 private higher education institutions.
State-owned higher educational institutions of the fourth level of accreditation may receive the status of national
institutions according to which they enjoy wider autonomy in decision-making in some areas.
Ukrainian higher educational institutions may establish structural subdivisions abroad in accordance with the
legislation of the corresponding countries. Likewise, foreign higher educational institutions may establish their structural
subdivisions in Ukraine. Both procedures are subject to approval by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.
Some institutions, especially of the first and the second levels of accreditation, have merged into larger, highly developed
educational structures. Colleges are institutions of the second level of accreditation and may be either independent or
subdivisions of higher-level education institutions. Technical schools have the first accreditation level and may be
subdivisions of higher-level educational institutions.
Governance. The elected rector or director of the Ukrainian higher educational institution fulfils the corresponding
duties over a term of five years. The Rector signs a contract with the owner/founder of the institution (the Ministry of
Education and Science, in the case of state-owned institutions) according to which he or she receives significant
governing authority.
The rector of the higher education institution is accountable for the development of educational activities, financial
management and maintenance. In exercising these activities, he/she relies on the Governing Board or the Academic
Council which consists of the heads of the institutional subdivisions, outstanding members of its teaching and research
staff and representatives of the student community.
The Academic Council elects the deans of each faculty and the heads of the departments on a competitive basis for
a term of five years. The elected person signs an employment contract in accordance with the State legislation and
internal institutional rules and regulations. The Dean of the Faculty is responsible for all its activities and the activities of
all faculty members. Candidates for the position of the dean, selected from among the faculty members, should hold the
academic titles of Associate Professor or Professor and be under sixty years of age. The Academic Council has the
authority to revoke the dean after having submitted a motion signed by at least half of its members. The dismissal of the
dean requires the endorsement of at least two thirds of the members of the governing body of the institution (the
Academic Council).
The Academic Council is a collective governing body of a higher educational institution of the third or fourth
accreditation level. The Council, set up for a five-year term (seven years for national institutions), has a series of
prerogatives among which the submission of draft amendments to the institutional rules and regulations, financial plans
and reports forwarded to the governing body, proposals on the recruitment or dismissal of senior management members,
election of department chairs and professors, approval of new educational and research programmes, awarding
institutional academic titles and submission of applications for State-awarded academic titles for the benefit of the
research and teaching staff.
The Academic Council is headed by the rector of the institution and composed of vice-rectors, deans, leaders of
governing bodies (including student associations) and elected members representing the teaching and research staff who

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constitute no less than 75 percent of the total membership. The rector should implement the decisions of the Academic
Council.
The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine ensures the implementation of the State policy in the fields of
education, research and intellectual property rights in compliance with the legislation in force. It is also empowered to
submit legislative proposals to the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers.
The President of Ukraine appoints/dismisses the Minister of Education and Science as the head of the
corresponding Ministry. The Minister controls the development and implementation of the State policy in the field of
education.
The Ministry includes various administrative structures, e.g., departments, agencies, inspection services etc. There
are also consultative bodies that may develop specific technical questions or proposals which are subject to approval by
the Minister of Education and Science of Ukraine. The Minister also heads the Attestation Collegium which awards the
State-recognized academic titles of Associate Professor and Professor.
The Structure of Higher Educational Establishments. The Law of Ukraine on Higher Education (2014) outlines the
structure of higher educational institutions in Ukraine. Higher educational institutions of the third and fourth accreditation
levels consist of schools or faculties, teaching departments, teaching and research institutes, branch subdivisions, libraries
etc. They may also include research centres, innovation centres and laboratories.
In the Ukrainian context, a branch subdivision of an educational institution is a separate structural unit organised
outside the main campus, aimed at meeting local demands of the labour and educational markets.
An institute, as a subdivision of a larger higher educational institution (usually a university), unites several kinds of
training directions (usually larger than a single faculty). By legal definition, the institute as a subdivision of a higher
educational institution is oriented towards either research only or research and teaching taken together.
The faculty is the principal structural unit of any higher educational institution of the third and fourth levels of
accreditation. It includes at least three teaching departments and enrolls no fewer than two hundred full-time students.
The department is responsible for teaching and research within a single academic field or several kinds of fields. It
may also be responsible for the overall training in one or several related specialisms.
The Staff. The academic staff members possess a series of rights such as protection of one’s professional status and
dignity, free choice of methods and means of teaching, the right to conduct research activities, participate in public
governance and associations, eligibility for financial assistance, State scholarships and research funding. Higher
educational institutions may also confer other rights to their teaching and research staff. The staff development initiatives
are underway, e.g. via increasing staff exchanges among institutions at home and abroad. Staff members are entitled to
adequate conditions for the career development, rest and health coverage and financial compensation in case of dismissal,
as stipulated by the Law of Ukraine “On Employment of the Population”. Higher educational institutions may also
establish additional payments, bonuses and material incentives for their personnel.
Those who teach at higher educational institutions of the first and second levels of accreditation are members of the
teaching staff. Teaching staff positions are open to graduates of higher educational institutions with special pedagogical
training and include the positions of a teacher, senior teacher, department chair, deputy director and director. Employed
by the rector (director) of a higher educationalal institution, the teaching staff members undergo professional examination
(attestation) every five years. A positive decision of the attestation commission may entail promotion whereas a negative
decision may result in dismissal.
At every institution there are labour commissions that settle possible labour disputes. If this procedure fails, a court
of law may settle the dispute in question.
The teaching and research staff consists of those who teach at higher education institutions of the third and fourth
levels of accreditation. For the most part, they are higher education graduates with special pedagogical training. As a rule,
the academic staff members hold research degrees and/or academic titles. Alternatively, they are encouraged to pursue
one.
Research. Research is an integral part of the mission of higher education institutions of the third and fourth
accreditation levels. Academics employed by higher education institutions as well as by research institutions under the
Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences take an active part in fundamental and applied research in all fields. Research is
especially important not only for the modernisation of the educational system, but also for the overall social and economic
development of Ukraine.
Master’s degree holders who have no higher research degree may continue their studies taking special postgraduate
level courses. Admission to such courses depends on the results of competitive entrance examinations. As for PhD
programmes, such courses, designed for four years of study, are based on a combination of study and research and require
students to prepare a public defence of their research thesis. If successful, the defence leads to the award of the PhD
degree (awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission of Ukraine upon the request of the corresponding Defence
Council).
The PhD degree-holders seeking the Doctor of Sciences degree may prepare and defend a second expanded
dissertation. They are trained at higher educational institutions of the fourth level of accreditation or research institutes.

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Applicants for the Doctor’s degree must hold the PhD degree and offer proof of research productivity and publications in
their field of activity.
Academic titles used in the Ukrainian higher educational system are ‘Senior Researcher’, ‘Assistant Professor’ and
‘Professor’. Usually holders of the PhD degree accept the title of Assistant Professor and holders of the Doctor of
Sciences degree receive the title of Professor.

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