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Subject Code: AGX-110
Course Title: Human Values and Ethics
Topic- ICT
What is ICT (Information and Communication Technology)?
Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the technology used to
handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems,
audio visual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and
monitoring functions. Although ICT is often considered an extended synonym for
information technology (IT), its scope is broader.
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and
manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT
system is generally an information system, a communications system or, more specifically
speaking, a computer system – including all hardware, software and peripheral equipment –
operated by a limited group of users. The term is commonly used as a synonym for
computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution
technologies such as television and telephones. IT is considered to be a subset of
information and communications technology (ICT).
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Components of ICT
• Cloud computing – The term is generally used to describe data centres available to many
users over the Internet. Large clouds, predominant today, often have functions distributed
over multiple locations from central servers. If the connection to the user is relatively close,
it may be designated an edge server. Clouds may be limited to a single organization
(enterprise clouds), be available to many organizations (public cloud) or a combination of
both (hybrid cloud). The largest public cloud is Amazon AWS .
• Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks. Opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer,
software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a
device. Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the
invariable part. Software is often divided into application software, or user downloaded
programs that fulfil a want or need, and system software, which includes operating systems
and any program that supports application software.
Hardware – in the context of technology, refers to the physical elements that make up a
computer or electronic system and everything else involved that is physically tangible. This
includes the monitor, hard drive, memory and the CPU. Hardware works hand-in-hand with
firmware and software to make a computer function. Hardware is only one part of a
computer system; there is also firmware, which is embedded into the hardware and directly
controls it.
• Digital Transactions can be broadly defined as online or automated transactions that take
place between people and organizations—without the use of paper. Digital transactions
save time and money, resulting in a better bottom line. Customer experiences are also
enhanced (think of the convenience of eSigning versus having to print a contract, sign it, and
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then return it by mail or fax). And digital transactions improve tracking capabilities—which
helps reduce errors.
• Digital Data is data that represents other forms of data using specific machine language
systems that can be interpreted by various technologies. The most fundamental of these
systems is a binary system, which simply stores complex audio, video or text information in
a series of binary characters, traditionally ones and zeros, or «on» and «off» values.
. Internet access is the process of connecting to the internet using personal computers,
laptops or mobile devices by users or enterprises. Internet access is subject to data
signalling rates and users could be connected at different internet speeds. Internet access
enables individuals or organizations to avail internet services/web-based services. The
internet began to gain popularity with dial-up internet access. In a relatively short time,
internet access technologies changed, providing faster and more reliable options. Currently,
broadband technologies such as cable internet and ADSL are the most widely used methods
for internet access. The speed, cost, reliability and availability of internet access depends on
the region, internet service provider and type of connection.
There are many different ways to obtain internet access, including Wireless connection,
Mobile connection, Hotspots, Dial-up, Broadband, DSL or Satellite.
However, ICT commonly means more than its list of components. It also encompasses the
application of all those various components.
ICT Development Index
The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the
various countries around the world. In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by
South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include most high-income countries
where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and
other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand,
Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking
this year."
The WSIS process and ICT development goals
On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly approved Resolution 56/183,
endorsing the holding of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss
the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society. According to this
resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium
Declaration's goal of implementing ICT to achieve Millennium Development Goals. It also
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emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders
including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments.
In education
Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid
influx of computers in the modern classroom.
There is many evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into
the pedagogy. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with
Writing to Learn produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone. The
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a division of the
United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education part of its efforts to ensure equity
and access to education. The following, taken directly from a UNESCO publication on
educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.
Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to
education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers'
professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and
administration. UNESCO takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in
education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address.
The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues
through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication & Information, Education and
Science.
OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda2
Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices,
improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and
technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating
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ICT into everyday learning. Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching
practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers
own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying
effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom. [29]
Mobile learning for refugees
School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However,
language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and
attending school, especially outside camp settings.
Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions
can provide support for refugees’ language and literacy challenges in three main areas:
literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is
relevant because communicative practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they
immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language
learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in
authentic contexts.
Developing countries
Africa
Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week
in March 2017
ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in Sub-Saharan Africa since the
1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the
classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of
the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts
in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer
hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both
students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have
endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One
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Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to
nearly 2 million students and teachers.
The inclusion of ICT in the classroom often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded the
reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan
Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone
use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the
region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased
communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-
learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more
consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly
symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to
discuss the M-learning initiative.
Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are
increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the
progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone
penetration only expected to reach 20% by 2017. Additionally, there are gender, social, and
geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by
country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year
2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the
importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school,
students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and
preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management. [31]
Modern ICT In modern society ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having
access to the Internet.[32] With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a
smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds.[33] This rapid growth,
especially in developing countries, has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in
which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks
dysfunctional.
The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to
grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing
world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years
(2009-2014), with two-thirds of all people online now living in the developing world."[22]
However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90%
live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are
home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these
countries' large rural populations." ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some
countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes
the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other
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forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society
Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is
ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures
sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at
the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places
which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."
Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased
substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 [was] the deadline for achievements of
the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the
year 2000, and the new data show ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps." [24] ICT
continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT
electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include
smartwatches, such as the Apple Watch, smart wristbands such as the Nike+ FuelBand, and
smart TVs such as Google TV. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and
laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter
itself in the ever-changing globe.
Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating accelerated
pluralism in new social movements today. The internet according to Bruce Bimber is
"accelerating the process of issue group formation and action" and coined the
term accelerated pluralism to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling
social movement leaders and empowering dictators"[36] in effect promoting societal change.
ICTs can be used to garner grassroots support for a cause due to the internet allowing for
political discourse and direct interventions with state policy[37] as well as change the way
complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a
household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate partner violence.
According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because “[a]ccess to ICTs exposes
women to different ways of life and different notions about women’s role in society and the
household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender
expectations contrast observed alternatives."
ICT in Agriculture
By using ICTs, there have already “been diverse types of innovations taking place in the
agriculture sector, which include commodity and stock market price information and
analysis, meteorological data collection, advisory services to farmers for agricultural
extension, early warning systems for disaster prevention and control, financial services,
traceability of agricultural products, agricultural statistical data gathering, etc." (ICT for
sustainable agriculture, FAO, 2013).
e-Agriculture refers to use of ICT in agriculture.
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In 2007, FAO and a group of founding partners launched the e-Agriculture Community of
Practice - an online space to facilitate an exchange of knowledge and experiences of
projects where ICTs are used for agriculture and rural development (e-Agriculture 10 year
Review Report. Implementation of the World Summit on Information Society/WSIS, 2015).
To date, the e-Agriculture Community has over 15,000 members from more than 170
countries and territories and about twenty international partners.
In 2016, the FAO and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) published the ‘E-
Agriculture Strategy Guide: Piloted in Asia-Pacific Countries’. This toolkit provides countries
with a framework to develop their national e-agriculture strategies, which should help
rationalize both financial and human resources, as well as address ICT opportunities for the
agricultural sector in a more efficient manner. On this page (e-Agriculture) you will find all
information related to the use of the ‘E-Agriculture Strategy Guide’, the related workshops
organized, and the progress made in.
Information and communication technology in agriculture (ICT in agriculture), also known
as e-agriculture, focuses on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development
through improved information and communication processes. More specifically, e-
agriculture involves the conceptualization, design, development, evaluation and application
of innovative ways to use information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the rural
domain, with a primary focus on agriculture. ICT includes devices, networks, mobiles,
services and applications; these range from innovative Internet-era technologies and
sensors to other pre-existing aids such as fixed telephones, televisions, radios and satellites.
Provisions of standards, norms, methodologies, and tools as well as development of
individual and institutional capacities, and policy support are all key components of e-
agriculture.
Many ICT in agriculture or e-agriculture interventions have been developed and tested
around the world to help agriculturists improve their livelihoods through increased
agricultural productivity and income, or by reducing risks. Some useful resources for
learning about e-agriculture in practice are the World Bank's e-sourcebook ICT in agriculture
– connecting smallholder farmers to knowledge, networks and institutions (2011), ICT uses
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for inclusive value chains (2013), ICT uses for inclusive value chains (2013) and Success
stories on information and communication technologies for agriculture and rural
development have documented many cases of use of ICT in agriculture.
Wireless technologies
Wireless technologies have numerous applications in agriculture. One major usage is the
simplification of closed-circuit television camera systems; the use of wireless
communications eliminates the need for the installation of coaxial cables.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS Receivers
In agriculture, the use of the Global Positioning System provides benefits in geo-
fencing, map-making and surveying. GPS receivers dropped in price over the years, making it
more popular for civilian use. With the use of GPS, civilians can produce simple yet highly
accurate digitized map without the help of a professional cartographer.
In Kenya, for example, the solution to prevent an elephant bull from wandering into farms
and destroying precious crops was to tag the elephant with a device that sends a text
message when it crosses a geo-fence. Using the technology of SMS and GPS, the elephant
can roam freely and the authorities are alerted whenever it is near the farm.
Geographic information systems (GIS) & Remote Sensing
Geographic information systems, or GiS, are extensively used in agriculture, especially
in precision farming. Land is mapped digitally, and pertinent geodetic data such as
topography and contours are combined with other statistical data for easier analysis of the
soil. GIS is used in decision making such as what to plant and where to plant using historical
data and sampling.
Remote sensing is one of the methods commonly used for collecting physical data to be
integrated into GIS. Remote sensors collect data from objects on the earth without any
direct contact.
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Computer-controlled devices
DeLaval milking station
Automatic milking systems are computer-controlled stand-alone systems that milk the dairy
cattle without human labor. The complete automation of the milking process is controlled
by an agricultural robot, a complex herd management software, and specialized computers.
Automatic milking eliminates the farmer from the actual milking process, allowing for more
time for supervision of the farm and the herd. Farmers can also improve herd management
by using the data gathered by the computer. By analyzing the effect of various animal
feeds on milk yield, farmers may adjust accordingly to obtain optimal milk yields. Since the
data is available down to individual level, each cow may be tracked and examined, and the
farmer may be alerted when there are unusual changes that could mean sickness or injuries.
Smartphone mobile apps in agriculture
The use of mobile technologies as a tool of intervention in agriculture is becoming
increasingly popular. Smartphone penetration enhances the multi-dimensional positive
impact on sustainable poverty reduction and identify accessibility as the main challenge in
harnessing the full potential (Silarszky et al., 2008) in agricultural space. The reach of
smartphone even in rural areas extended the ICT services beyond simple voice or text
messages. Several smartphone apps are available for agriculture, horticulture, animal
husbandry and farm machinery.
Toll Free Helpline Numbers:
Kisan Call Centre: A countrywide common eleven-digit Toll Free number 1800-180-1551 or
1551 has been allotted for Kisan Call Centers. This number is accessible through mobile
phones and landlines of all telecom networks including private service providers. Replies to
the farmers' queries are given in 22 local languages.
1800-419-8800: It is dedicated both for queries related to Reliance Foundation programs
and farmers’ queries.
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RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for Animal identification
Swiss cow ear with ear tag and RFID
RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant for large
ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial
in animal identification management. An implantable RFID tag or transponder can also be
used for animal identification. The transponders are better known as PIT (Passive Integrated
Transponder) tags, passive RFID, or "chips" on animals. The Canadian Cattle Identification
Agency began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags. Currently CCIA tags are
used in Wisconsin and by United States farmers on a voluntary basis. The USDA is currently
developing its own program.
RFID tags are required for all cattle sold in Australia and in some states, sheep and goats as
well.
The Veterinary Department of Malaysia's Ministry of Agriculture introduced a livestock-
tracking program in 2009 to track the estimated 80,000 cattle all across the country. Each
cattle is tagged with the use of RFID technology for easier identification, providing access to
relevant data such as: bearer's location, name of breeder, origin of livestock, sex, and dates
of movement. This program is the first of its kind in Asia, and is expected to increase the
competitiveness of Malaysian livestock industry in international markets by satisfying the
regulatory requirements of importing countries like United States, Europe and Middle East.
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Tracking by RFID will also help producers meet the dietary standards by the halal market.
The program will also provide improvements in controlling disease outbreaks in livestock.
RFID tags have also been proposed as a means of monitoring animal health. One study
involved using RFID to track drinking behavior in pigs as an indicator of overall health.
Ear Tags for domestic animals in India
Ear tags help us to keep track and record information such as gender, age, weight, when a
cow last calved, number of calves she has had, etc.
E-commerce
Online purchasing order of agri-inputs / outputs and agri-equipments is a subset of E-
commerce.
Generally speaking, when we think of e-commerce, we think of an online commercial
transaction between a supplier and a client. However, and although this idea is right, we can
be more specific and actually divide e-commerce into six major types, all with different
characteristics.
There are 6 basic types of e-commerce:
1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B).
5. Business-to-Administration (B2A)
6. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)
FAO E-agriculture Strategy Guide
The FAO-ITU E-agriculture Strategy Guide provides a framework to holistically address the
ICT opportunities and challenges for the agricultural sector in a more efficient manner while
generating new revenue streams and improve the livelihoods of the rural community as well
as ensure the goals of the national agriculture master plan are achieved. The e-agriculture
strategy, and its alignment with other government plans, was intended to prevent e-
agriculture projects and services from being implemented in isolation. It was developed by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) with support from partners including the Technical Centre for Agricultural and
Rural Cooperation (CTA) as a framework for countries in developing their national e-
agriculture strategy/masterplan.
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Some of the countries who are using the FAO-ITU E-agriculture Strategy Guide to develop
their national e-agriculture strategy are Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Fiji and Vanuatu. The guide provides a framework to engage a broader
stakeholder in the development of national e-agriculture strategy.
Recognition and application
E-agriculture is one of the action lines identified in the declaration and plan of action of
the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). The "Tunis Agenda for the
Information Society," published on 18 November 2005 and emphasizes the leading
facilitating roles that UN agencies need to play in the implementation of the Geneva Plan of
Action. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been
assigned the responsibility of organizing activities related to the action line under C.7 ICT
Applications on E-Agriculture.
Many ICT interventions have been developed and tested around the world, with varied
degrees of success, to help agriculturists improve their livelihoods through increased
agricultural productivity and incomes, and reduction in risks. Some useful resources for
learning about e-agriculture in practice are the World Bank's e-sourcebook ICT in agriculture
– connecting smallholder farmers to knowledge, networks and institutions (2011), [18] ICT
uses for inclusive value chains (2013), ICT uses for inclusive value chains (2013)[20] and
Success stories on information and communication technologies for agriculture and rural
development[21] have documented many cases of use of ICT in agriculture.
The FAO-ITU E-agriculture Strategy Guide was developed by the Food and Agriculture
Organization and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) with support from
partners including the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) as a
framework for countries in developing their national e-agriculture strategy/masterplan.
Some of the countries who are using the FAO-ITU E-agriculture Strategy Guide to develop
their national e-agriculture strategy are Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Fiji and Vanuatu. The guide provides a framework to engage broader
stakeholders in the development of national e-agriculture strategy.
History
In 2008, the United Nations referred to e-agriculture as "an emerging field", with the
expectation that its scope would change and evolve as our understanding of the area grows.
ICT in support of rural poverty elimination and food security
In August 2003, the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), the UK Department for
International Development (DFID) and the United Nations Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) joined together in a collaborative research project to look at bringing
together livelihoods thinking with concepts from information and communication for
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development, in order to improve understanding of the role and importance of information
and communication in support of rural livelihoods.
The policy recommendations included:
Building on existing systems, while encouraging integration of different technologies and
information sharing
Determining who should pay, through consensus and based on a thorough analysis of the
costs
Ensuring equitable access to marginalised groups and those in the agricultural sector
Promoting localised content, with decentralised and locally owned processes
Building capacity, through provision of training packages and maintaining a choice of
information sources
Using realistic technologies, that are suitable within the existing infrastructure
Building knowledge partnerships to ensure that knowledge gaps are filled and a two-way
flow of information allows knowledge to originate from all levels of the network and
community.
The importance of ICT is also recognized in the 8th Millennium Development Goal, with the
target to "...make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications technologies (ICTs)" to the fight against poverty.
WSIS process
E-agriculture is one of the action lines identified in the declaration and plan of action (2003)
of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). The "Tunis Agenda for the
Information Society", published on 18 November 2005, emphasizes the leading facilitating
roles that UN agencies need to play in the implementation of the Geneva Plan of Action.[26]
FAO hosted the first e-agriculture workshop in June 2006, bringing together representatives
of leading development organizations involved in agriculture. The meeting served to initiate
development of an effective process to engage as wide a range of stakeholders involved in
e-agriculture, and resulted in the formation of the e-Agriculture Community, a community
of practice. The e-Agriculture Community's Founding Partners[27] include: Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR); Technical Centre for Agriculture and
Rural Development (CTA); FAO; Global Alliance for Information and Communication
Technologies and Development (GAID); Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR);
Global Knowledge Partnership (GKP); Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (now
called Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, GIZ); International
Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD); Inter-American Institute for
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Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD);
International Centre for Communication for Development (IICD); United States National
Agricultural Library (NAL); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(UNDESA); the World Bank.
Post Covid Digital Transformation
If there is one key business lesson to be learned from the post Covid situation, it’s the need
for organisations to embrace digital transformation.
In the years leading up to the Covid-19 pandemic, whilst technology was revolutionizing
how organizations could work, not everyone had taken advantage of the opportunities on
offer. In 2018 McKinsey reported that, across the US, Europe and China only 25 percent of
the total potential value of digital transformation had been realised. The following year, an
investigation by Deloitte found that while 87 percent of organizations knew digital
technologies would transform their sector, only 44 per cent felt they were doing enough to
utilize that potential.
The pandemic would radically change that statistic. As the virus took hold, businesses
around the world faced a challenging reality; either reduce products and services
dramatically so that fewer numbers of socially distanced staff could manage the workload,
shut down operations entirely, or get to grips with the digital world—investing in new
technologies to not only engage a remote workforce but to improve their business
processes. Unsurprisingly, the latter option was the preferred route for most organizations.
McKinsey has since reported that the pandemic has accelerated the pace of digital
transformation by seven years.
It’s the intelligent solution to the problem, sure. But it’s certainly not the simplest one. And
whilst companies have certainly been eager to invest in new digital technologies, not all of
them have been able to reap the rewards of doing so.
Effective digital transformation goes further than footing the bill for new software and
employing some savvy tech professionals to help you make the transition. It requires a
cultural change at every level. Businesses must be willing to push beyond their comfort
zones, embrace the unfamiliar, learn from intelligent risk-taking and commit to delivering
ongoing innovation—all things that aren’t easy to come to terms with at the best of times,
never mind during a pandemic.
There’s no doubt that the potential pay-off is huge. A further McKinsey report in 2019 went
as far as to estimate that $13 trillion could be added to global GDP through digitalization,
automation and artificial intelligence by the year 2030. But with so much to be gained and
considerable losses to be considered, how can a company successfully transition into the
digital world, and keep hold of their identities whilst doing so?
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Source: https://bloomidea.com/en/blog/types-e-commerce
https://www.fao.org/in-action/e-agriculture-strategy-guide/en/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/imperialinsights/2021/10/12/how-to-survive-digital-
transformation--a-post-covid-guide/?sh=6a6eb9cd5105
