Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation
Bandwidth
Conclusion
Digital Modulation & Bandwidth
Module 06
Muhammad Tilal
Air University
Islamabad Pakistan
November 21, 2023
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Muhammad Tilal Digital Modulation & Bandwidth 1 / 30
Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation
Bandwidth
Conclusion
Module Overview
Topic Baseband & Digital Modulation & Bandwidth
Pulse Modulation, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse
Width Modulation, Pulse Position Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids, Constellation Diagram,
Concepts
Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK), Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK),Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation, Bandwidth
Recommended Sections 1.6.4 & 1.7 of [1]
Reading(s) Section 7.4 of [2]
Keywords Pulse Modulation, Digital Modulation, Bandwidth
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation
Bandwidth
Conclusion
Learning Outcomes
After completion of this module, students should be able to
Identify & differentiate between baseband modulation techniques
Identify & differentiate between digital modulation techniques
Understand different criteria of bandwidth definition
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation
Bandwidth
Conclusion
Table of Contents
1 Baseband Modulation
2 Digital Modulation
3 Bandwidth
4 Conclusion
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Duty Cycle
Duty cycle is fraction of total time for which a signal is in active state.
Let T be the total time period, TON the time period for which the signal
is in High or ON state and TOFF be the time period for which the signal is
in low or OFF state
D = TON /(TON + TOFF ) x 100 %
T = TON + TOFF
D = TON /(T) x 100 %
Figure: Duty Cycle
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Pulse Edges
The first transition of the pulse is known as the leading edge.
The second transition of the pulse is known as the trailing edge.
Both leading and trailing edges could be a transition from +ve to –ve or
the other way around.
Figure: Pulse edges
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Pulse Modulation
The process transmitting the infor- Types of pulse modulation include
mation using pulses is known as
pulse modulation. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM)
In pulse modulation, a parameter
Pulse Width Modulation
among amplitude, width and po-
(PWM)
sition of the pulse is varied in ac-
Pulse Position Modulation
cordance with the input sampled
(PPM)
signal value.
Pulse Code Modulation
Depending upon the type of pa- All of these techniques encode the
rameter varied to carry informa- sampled signal values by varying a
tion, the pulse modulation is di- parameter of the pulses.
vided into further sub groups.
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
In Pulse Amplitude Modulation Limiting the pulse time to certain
(PAM) the successive sample val- fraction of time can help the trans-
ues of the analog signal are used mission of multiple PAM pulse dur-
to effect the amplitudes of corre- ing a certain time slot.
sponding sequence of pulses hav-
ing a constant duration occurring Multiple transmissions within fixed
at sampling rate. time slot is known as Time Divi-
sion Multiplexing (TDM).
In PAM, no quantization of the
sampled values is done.
The pulses may occupy the en-
tire time between the samples but
practically the duration of pulses is
usually limited to a fraction of time
between the successive samples. Figure: Pulse Amplitude Modulation
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Figure: Pulse Amplitude Modulation
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Pulse Width Modulation
Also known as Pulse Duration The sample value and pulse width
Modulation (PDM). are directly proportional to each
other.
In Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) the successive samples The pulse duration can be changed
are represented by pulses having relative to the
constant amplitude but variable Fixed leading edge
time duration. Fixed Trailing edge
Fixed Pulse center
The time duration or width of the
pulse is varied according to the
sampled value.
Figure: Pulse Width Modulation
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Pulse Parameters
Bandwidth Pulse Modulation
Conclusion
Pulse Position Modulation
In Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) , the successive sample values are
represented by the pulses having constant amplitude and constant duration.
The position or occurrence of these pulses is varied relative to its nominal
time of occurrence.
Used in optical communication.
Figure: Pulse Position Modulation
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Digital Modulation
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Figure: Polar Representation of sinusoids
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Constellation Diagram
Figure: Constellation diagram
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Digital Modulation
Type of modulation where an ana- Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
log sinusoidal signal is modulated Phase of the sinusoidal is
by the digital data. varied to carry Information.
One or two parameters (Ampli-
Quadrature Amplitude Modula-
tude, Frequency and Phase) of the
tion (QAM)
sinusoidal waveforms are modified
with respect to the digital data. Amplitude and phase of the
sinusoidal is varied to carry
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Information.
Amplitude of the sinusoid
varied to carry information
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Frequency of the sinusoidal
is varied to carry Informa-
tion.
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
The amplitude of the carrier varied
in response to information and all
other parameters kept constant
Bit ‘1’ is transmitted by the carrier
of one particular amplitude.
Bit ‘0’ is transmitted by the carrier
of another amplitude.
On-Off Keying (OOK) is a special
case of ASK where one of the am-
plitudes is ‘Zero’.
Figure: Amplitude Shift Keying
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)
Frequency of the carrier signal var- The simplest Frequency Shift Key-
ied to carry information. ing (FSK) is Binary FSK.
Other parameters including ampli- In BFSK, a binary ‘1’ is repre-
tude and phase kept constant. sented by one frequency while a bi-
nary ‘0’ is represented by another
Different binary signals repre- frequency.
sented by different frequency sinu-
soids.
Figure: Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Phase Shift Keying(PSK)
Phase of the carrier sinusoid varied Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
according to the digital data. (QPSK) or 4-PSK
Four phase levels represent 4 dif-
PSK uses finite number of phases ferent bit combinations or sym-
to represent single bits or unique bols.
combination of bits.
8-PSK
Depending upon the number of Eight phase levels represent 8 dif-
bits represented by a phase, PSK ferent bit combinations or sym-
has different variants known as M- bols.
PSK.
16-PSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Sixteen phase levels represent 8
Two phase levels represent ‘1’ and different bit combinations or sym-
‘0’. bols.
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK)
BPSK
Binary ‘0’ represented by a phase
of zero degrees
Binary ‘1’ represented by 180 de-
grees
Figure: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Figure: Binary Phase Shift
Muhammad Tilal Keying (BPSK)
Digital in time domain
Modulation & Bandwidth 19 / 30
Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)
Four different symbols represented by four distinct phases
Phase separation between two neighboring symbols= 90 degrees
Figure: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation diagram and bit symbol definitions
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
8 Phase Shift Keying(8PSK)
Eight different symbols represented by eight distinct phases
Phase separation between two neighboring symbols= 45 degrees
Figure: 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) constellation diagram and bit symbol definitions
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
Both amplitude and phase varied simultaneously to carry information.
Figure: Constelllation diagrams (a)8-QAM (b)16-QAM
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Baseband Modulation
Polar Representation of Sinusoids
Digital Modulation
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth
Digital Modulation
Conclusion
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
Figure: Constelllation diagram 32-QAM
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Baseband Modulation Filtering & Bandwidth Constraints
Digital Modulation Baseband vs. Passband Bandwidth
Bandwidth Time Limited & Band Limited Signals
Conclusion Bandwidth Dilemma
Filtering & Bandwidth Constraints
Figure: Filtering vs signal bandwidth
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Baseband Modulation Filtering & Bandwidth Constraints
Digital Modulation Baseband vs. Passband Bandwidth
Bandwidth Time Limited & Band Limited Signals
Conclusion Bandwidth Dilemma
Baseband vs. Passband Bandwidth
Figure: Baseband vs Passband Bandwidth
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Baseband Modulation Filtering & Bandwidth Constraints
Digital Modulation Baseband vs. Passband Bandwidth
Bandwidth Time Limited & Band Limited Signals
Conclusion Bandwidth Dilemma
Time Limited & Band Limited Signals
Figure: Time Limited & band limited signals
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Baseband Modulation Filtering & Bandwidth Constraints
Digital Modulation Baseband vs. Passband Bandwidth
Bandwidth Time Limited & Band Limited Signals
Conclusion Bandwidth Dilemma
Bandwidth Dilemma
Figure: Bandwidth definitions
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Baseband Modulation Filtering & Bandwidth Constraints
Digital Modulation Baseband vs. Passband Bandwidth
Bandwidth Time Limited & Band Limited Signals
Conclusion Bandwidth Dilemma
Bandwidth Definition
(a) Half Power Bandwidth
Interval between frequencies at which PSD falls to hald power or 3dB below
the peak value
(b) Noise Equivalent Bandwidth (WN )
WN = Px /Gx (fc )
where Px = Total signal power over all frequencies Gx (fc ) is value of Gx at
band center
(c) Null-to-Null Bandwidth
Width of the main spectral lobe. Not defined in signals that lack well
defined main lobe
(d) Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth
Interval between the frequencies that contain 99% of signal power
(e) Bounded Power Spectral Density
Interval between frequencies beyond which the PSD has fallen to certain
stated level below the value at the center
(f) Absolute Bandwidth
Interval between frequencies outside which the spectrum is zero
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Conclusion
Bandwidth References
Conclusion
Conclusion
Covered within this module, fundamental concepts of
Pulse Modulation
Digital Modulation
Bandwidth
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Baseband Modulation
Digital Modulation Conclusion
Bandwidth References
Conclusion
References
[1] B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications.
USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1988.
[2] L. Frenzel, Principles of Electronic Communication Systems.
USA: Mc-Graw Hill/Glencoe,New York, 2003.
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