Preboard Exam in EST

[Link] an oscilloscope to display overlayed received data bits that provide

1.A certain 8 bit uniform quantization PCM system can accommodate a signal information on noise, jitter, and linearity is called a(n)
ranging from - 1 V to + V. The rms value of the signal is 30 V. The signal to a. Loopback
quantization noise ratio is: b. Constellation pattern
a. 50.79 dB c. Eye pattern
b. 30 dB d. Statistical concentration
c. 46.91 dB
d. 40 dB 15.A duplexer is used to
a. use an antenna for reception or transmission without interference
[Link] radio to transmit gathered data on some particular phenomenon b. isolate the antenna from the local oscillator
without human monitors is known as c. couple two antennas to a transmitter
a. Radio multiplexing d. prevent interference between two antennas connected to receiver
b. Radio teletype
c. Radio telemetry [Link] wavelength of a wave in a waveguide _________.
d. Radio facsimile a. is inversely proportional to the phase velocity
b. is directly proportional to the group velocity
[Link] company or organization developed the first digital transmission c. depends only on the waveguide dimensions and the free space
system? wavelength
a. Nokia d. is greater than in free space
b. AT&T
c. Bell laboratories [Link] a redundancy error detection scheme that uses parity to determine if a
d. Cingular Wireless transmission error has occurred within a message and is sometimes called
message parity.
4.A diode noise generator is required to produce 10 μV of noise in an FM a. Vertical redundancy check
broadcast with an input impedance of 75 Ω, resistive. What must be the b. Character Parity Check
current through the diode be? c. Longitudinal redundancy check
a. 0.133 μA d. Checksum
b. 13.3 nA
c. 7.5 μA [Link] is the frequency range of X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum?
d. 276 mA a. 30 PHz – 300 PHz
b. 0.3 EHz – 3 EHz
[Link] antenna current of an AM transmitter is 11 A when unmodulated but c. 3 EHz – 30 EHz
increases to 14 A when modulated. Find the percentage of modulation. d. 30 EHz – 300 EHz
a. 65%
b. 111.34% [Link] f is the frequency of electromagnetic wave, fc is cutoff frequency, then in
c. 50% a rectangular waveguide
d. 89.56% a. attenuation is high when f > fc
b. attenuation is low when f > fc
6.A special digital modulation technique that achieves high data rates in c. attenuation is low when f < fc
limited-bandwidth channels is called d. attenuation is high when f < fc
a. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
b. Pulse-coded modulation (PCM) 20.A short-circuited stub is preferred to an open-circuited stub because an
c. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) open-circuited stub
d. Delta modulation a. is made of transmission line of different Z0
b. is more difficult to fabricate and construct
[Link] first and second subscripts in models of circular waveguides depict c. is incapable of giving full range of reactance
a. the number of full sine wave variations in circumference in d. is liable to radiate
direction and Bessel function variations in radial direction
respectively [Link] UHF and microwave frequencies, transmission lines are commonly used
b. the Bessel function variations in radial direction and the number of as
full sine wave variations in circumference direction respectively a. Antenna
c. the Bessel function variations in circumference direction and b. Coupler
number of full sine wave variations in radial direction respectively c. Transformer
d. none of the above d. Resonant circuit

8.A duplexer is a device used to [Link] how much should two antennas be separated for space diversity in the
a. feed more than one receiver from a single antenna 11 GHz band?
b. connect two transmitters to the same antenna a. 9.5m
c. connect a receiver and a transmitter to the same antenna b. 5.5 m
d. none of these c. 7.5m
d. 11.5m
[Link] is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron
density is 2 x 106 per cm3? [Link] a turnstile antenna two-half wave resonant wire radiators are placed at
a. 12 MHz 90° to each other in the same plane and are excited
b. 13 MHz a. in phase opposition
c. 14 MHz b. 90° out of phase with each other
d. 11 MHz c. in phase
d. 45° out of phase with each other
[Link] modulation is preferred in TV because
a. it reduces the bandwidth requirement to half [Link] version 4 address length is
b. it avoids phase distortion at low frequencies a. 24 bits
c. it results in better reception b. 32 bits
d. none of the above c. 48 bits
d. 40 bits
[Link] error correction, this method is used when there is a human being at the
receive terminal to analyse the received data and make decision on its [Link] in voice communications becomes noticeable with round-trip delay
integrity. over __________.
a. ARQ a. 100 ms
b. Retransmission b. 200 ms
c. Symbol substitution c. 50 ms
d. FEC d. 400 ms

[Link] AT&T T1 lines [Link] air filled circular waveguides

a. Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels a. the total attenuation is almost zero
b. Use 16-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels b. both the attenuation i.e. due to imperfect conducting walls and due
c. Use delta modulation and include 48 voice channels to imperfect dielectric are significant
d. Use delta modulation and include 24 voice channels c. the attenuation due to imperfect dielectric is negligible
d. the attenuation due to imperfect conducting walls is negligible
[Link] is the output phase of an 8-PSK transmitter if the in-phase channel is
logic 0, quadrature channel is logic 1 and the control channel is logic 0? 27.A SSB transmission drives 110-Vpeak into a 75-Ω antenna. Calculate the PEP.
a. 22.5 degrees a. 80.67 W
b. 112.5 degrees b. 161 W
c. 67.5 degrees c. 125 W
d. 157.5 degrees d. 65 W
[Link] is defined as the ratio in dB between the values of the Radio-frequency [Link] unit of transfer is called IP datagram in Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
voltage of the wanted signal and the interfering signal, measured at the input What is the maximum length of an IP datagram?
of the receiver under specified conditions. a. 65, 355 octets
a. Audio frequency signal to interference ratio b. 65 535 octets
b. Radio frequency protection ratio c. 65 533 octets
c. Audio protection ratio d. 65 353 octets
d. Radio frequency wanted to interference signal ratio
[Link] of the following statement about receivers is false?
[Link] of the following should be used in order to prevent overloading or a. Variable sensitivity is used to improve selectivity
the last IF amplifier in a receiver? b. Double conversion is used to improve image rejection
a. Double conversion c. Variable sensitivity is used to eliminate selective fading
b. Variable sensitivity d. Double conversion is used to improve selectivity
c. Variable selectivity
d. Squelch 43. What is the maximum power received at a distance of 0.5 km over a free
space for 1 GHz frequency. System consisting of a transmitting antenna with a
30.A portable radio transmitter has to operate at temperatures from -5ºC to 2.5 dB gain and a receiving antenna with a 20 dB gain? The transmitting
35ºC. If its signal is derived from a crystal oscillator with a temperature antenna is fed with 150 watt power.
coefficient of +1 ppm/degree C and it transmits at exactly 146 MHz at 20ºC, a. 100 μwatts
find the maximum transmitting frequency? b. 150 μwatts
a. 145.98654 MHz c. 60.52 μwatts
b. 146.00219 MHz d. 30.26 μwatts
c. 146.01542 MHz
d. 145.99635 MHz [Link] microwave communication links the fading due to rain occurs. The
methods to solve this problem include
[Link] a coaxial line a. polarization shifting and code diversity
a. the characteristic impedance is less than that of two wire line b. path diversity and frequency diversity
b. the wave velocity is less than that of two wire line c. amplitude trimming and phase correction
c. both (a) and (b) d. antenna replacement and feed correction
d. neither (a) nor (b)
[Link] the percentage power saving when the carrier and one of the
[Link] directive gain of a transmitting antenna is sidebands is suppressed in an AM signal if the modulation index is 25%.
a. inversely proportional to wavelength a. 98.5%
b. inversely proportional to square of wavelength b. 25%
c. proportional to wavelength c. 75%
d. proportional to square of wavelength d. 83.3%

33. In digital signalling, it is the technique in which a zero is represented by the 46.A LOS microwave link has a time availability of 99.97%. What is its
presence of positive voltage while a one is represented by a negative voltage. unavailability?
a. Unipolar a. 0.5%
b. Bipolar b. 0.05%
c. Monopolar c. 0.03%
d. NRZ d. 0.3%

[Link] Protocol version 6 (IPv6) uses an address of how many bits? [Link] is the propagation constant for air-filled waveguide with dimensions a
a. 32 = 1.59" and b = 0.795" at 4.95 GHz?
b. 256 a. 0.6598
c. 128 b. 0.7698
d. 64 c. 0.6698
d. 0.503
[Link] a and b are the width and height of rectangular wave-guide the cut off
wavelength λc for TE20 mode is equal to [Link] ground wire in a USB cable is ______.
a. a+b a. Blue
b. a2 + b2 b. Brown
c. a-b c. Yellow
d. a d. Red

[Link] systems are much superior to two-tone amplitude-modulation systems 49.A receiver has a noise power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A resistor that matches
with respect to the receiver input impedance is connected across its antenna terminals. What
a. Bandwidth requirements of the channel is the noise power contributed by that resistor in the receiver bandwidth, if the
b. Ionospheric fading characteristics resistor has a temperature of 27ºC?
c. Power consumption a. 4.14 x 10-15 W
d. Noise performance b. 4.14 x 10-18 W
c. 4.14 x 10-16 W
[Link] type of radio transmission that uses pseudo-randomly switched d. 4.14 x 10-17 W
transmissions is known as
a. Compression [Link] resistors (R1 and R2) are in series at two different temperatures (R1 =
b. Facsimile 300 K and R2 = 400K). Find the total noise voltage produced at the load (RL=300
c. Synthesizing Ω), over a bandwidth of 100 kHz.
d. Spread spectrum a. 779 μV
b. 779 mV
[Link] electrical noise, extra-terrestrial noise is observable at what frequencies? c. 779 pV
a. 0 to 20 kHz d. 779 nV
b. 20 kHz to 1 GHz
c. Above 2 GHz [Link] capacitance was determined due to:
d. 8 MHz to 1.43 GHz a. Conductors were closed to each other
b. Dielectric losses
[Link] of the following considerations is important when deciding between c. The length and diameter of the conductors
using a diode laser or an LED? d. Flux linkage
a. Response time
b. Power levels [Link] usable bandwidth of ridge wave guide
c. Temperature sensitivity a. is higher than that of rectangular waveguide
d. Failure characteristics b. is very small as compared to that of rectangular waveguide
c. is lower than that of rectangular waveguide
[Link] is a very useful pictorial representation that clearly shows the protocol d. is almost same as that of rectangular waveguide
operations such as words or conventional drawings.
a. Flow Chart Diagram [Link] a FDM telephone system, five groups can be multiplexed to form a super
b. Block Diagram group and it occupies which of the following frequency range?
c. Circuit Diagram a. 564 to 3084 kHz
d. State Transition Diagram b. 312 to 552kHz
c. 60 to 108 kHz
d. None of the above
[Link] a radio receiver, if the intermediate frequency is too high 68.A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an
a. Selectivity will be poor obstacle midway between the transmitter and receiver. By how much must the
b. Tracking difficulties will be least path between the towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid diffraction at a
c. Adjacent channel rejection will improve frequency of 11 GHz?
d. All of the above will occur a. 8.76 m
b. 17.52 m
[Link] a ratio detector c. 10.51 m
a. stabilization against signal strength variations is provided d. 7.52 m
b. the linearity is worse than in a phase discriminator
c. the output is twice that obtainable from a similar phase [Link] statement is true?
discriminator a. Changing the length of the wire will have no effect on the SWR
d. the circuit is the same as in a discriminator, except that the diodes b. Increasing the length of the wire will decrease the SWR
are reversed c. Decreasing the length of the wire will increase the SWR
d. Increasing the length of the wire will increase the SWR
56.A 10 km long line has a characteristic impedance of 400 ohms. If line length
is 100 km, the characteristic impedance is [Link] “Thin Ethernet”, usually referred to as 10Base2 system, what type of
a. 4Ω coaxial cable is normally used?
b. 40 Ω a. RG-11/U cable
c. 4000 Ω b. RG-59/U cable
d. 400 Ω c. RG-58/U cable
d. RG-8/U cable
[Link] and PWM are superior to PAM systems in
a. Frequency response of the intelligence signal [Link] is the prominent public key encryption method used for e-mail?
b. Bandwidth characteristics a. Norton Internet Security
c. Noise characteristics b. WEP key
d. Simplicity in design c. Microsoft Internet Security
d. Pretty Good Privacy
[Link] amplifier has a noise figure of 2 dB. What is the equivalent noise
temperature? [Link] directivity in a receiving antenna 1. increases the intercept area in
a. 169.6 K forward direction 2. reduces the noise picked up from other sources 3. provides
b. 156.6 K a means of discriminating against undesired signals originating in directions
c. 126.7 K other than in which the desired transmitter lies. Which of the above
d. 196.7 K statements are correct?
a. 1 and 2 only
[Link] is the spectral efficiency of 16-QAM in bits per cycle? b. 2 and 3 only
a. 4 c. 1 only
b. 1 d. 1, 2 and 3
c. 3
d. 2 [Link] a circular wave guide
a. cutoff frequency for TE10 and TE01 modes are same
[Link] an OSI Layer which is responsible for providing error-free communications b. cutoff frequency for TE10 mode = haf the cutoff frequency for TE20
across the physical link connecting primary and secondary stations (nodes) mode
a. Session Layer c. cutoff frequency for TE10 mode = twice the cutoff frequency for
b. Data Link Layer TE20 mode
c. Presentation Layer d. cutoff frequency for TE10 and TE01 modes are different
d. Transport Layer
[Link] designing an antenna for AM radio broadcast transmitter, it must be
[Link] the wavelength in free space corresponding to a frequency of CB ________ polarized.
radio band. a. Horizontally
a. 300 m b. Vertically
b. 11.1 m c. Circularly
c. 7.5 cm d. Either of the 3 choices
d. 3 cm
[Link] distributed parameters of the transmission line are: the series
[Link] many channels are multiplexed using TDM for a DS-2 signal with a line resistance; the series inductance; the shunt capacitance and the shunt
rate of 6.312 Mbps? conductance. What parameter was determined due to dielectric losses?
a. 672 a. Series inductance
b. 24 b. Shunt capacitance
c. 48 c. Shunt conductance
d. 96 d. Series resistance

[Link] is the angular separation between two adjacent phasors in an 8-PSK [Link] is the oldest and simplest form of multiplexing?
system? a. TDM
a. 45 degrees b. WDM
b. 8 degrees c. SDM
c. 10 degrees d. FDM
d. 25 degrees
[Link] telephony, near-end crosstalk:
[Link] acronym for the form of data transmission in which the modulating a. is measured on a channel at receiving point near the receiving point
wave shifts the output between two predetermined frequencies is _____. of the interfering channel
a. PSK b. diverts attention and has more interfering effect
b. FSK c. is measured on a channel at receiving point near the sending point
c. FSA of the interfering channel
d. FPF d. is due to incomplete suppression of sidebands, or to
intermodulation of two or more frequency-multiplexed channels
65.A loss less line of characteristic impedance Zo is terminated in pure
reactance of –jZo value. VSWR is [Link] rotation of the direction of E field of a linearly polarized wave passing
a. 2 through a magnetized ferric medium is called
b. 10 a. Lorentz rotation
c. infinity b. Steinmitz rotation
d. 1 c. Fleming's rotation
d. Faraday rotation
[Link] is a method for predicting the output intelligibility of a speech
transmission channel, based on the signal to noise ratio at the listener. [Link] isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source
a. Articulation index provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How
b. Listener index much power is dissipated in the load?
c. Speech rating a. 1W
d. Speech transmission index b. 750 mW
c. 638 mW
[Link] major difficulty faced by delta modulators is d. 851 mW
a. Slope overload
b. Complexity of design
c. Excessive noise producing errors
d. Insufficient frequency response of the intelligence signal
[Link] dispersion of light in fiber-optic cable caused by a portion of the light [Link] air pressure in a rectangular waveguide is increased the maximum power
energy traveling in the cladding is called handling capacity
a. Material dispersion a. may increase or decrease depending on pressure
b. Waveguide dispersion b. remains the same
c. Modal dispersion c. is decreased
d. Cable dispersion d. is increased

[Link]-frequency waves CANNOT be seen for which of the following [Link] IPv6 and its specifications is defined in the Internet Standard ________,
reasons? published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1998.
a. Because radio-frequency waves are below the sensitivity range of a. RFC 2640
the human eye b. RFC 2460
b. Because radio-frequency energy is low powered c. RFC 197
c. Because radio-frequency waves are above the sensitivity range of d. RFC 791
the human eye
d. Because the human eye detects only magnetic energy [Link] amplifiers are used in radio receivers for
a. improved image frequency rejection
[Link] laser developments for fiber-optic communication include b. improved rejection of adjacent unwanted signals
a. Distributed feedback (DFB) and vertical cavity surface emitting c. prevention of re-radiation of the local oscillator through the
(VCSEL) antenna of the receiver
b. Distributed feedback (DFB) d. all of the above
c. Vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL)
d. Heterojunction [Link] the telecommunications industry, the most commonly used fiber(s) are
a. 125 micron
[Link] is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide with a wall separation b. 50 and 62.5 micron
of 3 cm and a desired frequency of operation of 6 GHz? c. 50 micron
a. 3.45 x 108 m/s d. 62.5 micron
b. 4.53 x 108 m/s
c. 5.43 x 108 m/s [Link] the characteristic impedance of a transmission line which has a
d. 4.35 x 108 m/s capacitance of 30pF/m and an inductance of 75nH/m
a. 500 Ω
[Link] velocity factor of a transmission line depends on b. 50 Ω
a. temperature c. 5 KΩ
b. skin effect d. 5 Ω
c. relative permittivity of dielectric
d. none of the above [Link] a standard telephone channel, what is the highest theoretical bandwidth
binary encoding?
[Link] VSWR is infinite, the transmission line is terminated in a. 3000 bps
a. short circuit b. 2700 bps
b. complex impedance c. 6000 bps
c. open circuit d. 5400 bps
d. either (a) or (c)
[Link] “Thick Ethernet”, usually referred to as 10Base5 system, what type of
[Link] a superheterodyne receiver cable is normally used?
a. the IF stage has better selectivity than RF stage a. RG-8/U cable
b. the RF stage has better selectivity than IF stage b. RG-58/U cable
c. the RF stage has same selectivity than IF stage c. RG-11/U cable
d. none of the above d. RG-59/U cable

[Link] technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output 100.A technique that is used to minimize the pulse dispersion effect is to
with logical 0s and 1s determined by comparing the phase of two successive a. Use a higher frequency light source
data bits is b. Use plastic cladding
a. DPSK c. Minimize the core diameter
b. CSU/DSU d. All the above
c. CVSD
d. TDM

[Link] structure of the U600 mastergroup is more complex than the basic
group with 12 VB channels and the super group with 60 VB channels because of
the existence of guardbands. What is the typical width of guardband?
a. 16 kHz
b. 56 kHz
c. 4 kHz
d. 8 kHz

[Link] is a modulation technique used in data communications that is a variant of

QAM that includes a method for FEC?
a. 32-QAM coding
b. Trellis coding
c. Manchester coding
d. 64-QAM coding

[Link] far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the transmitting
and receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m, respectively, above level terrain?
a. 44.5 km
b. 45.4 km
c. 54.4 km
d. None of the choices

[Link] the isotropic receive level (IRL) of a radio link where the EIRP is
+28dBw, the FSL is 137.25 dB and the atmospheric gaseous absorption loss is
0.6dB.
a. -137.25 dBW
b. +137.25 dBW
c. -109.85 dBW
d. 109.85 dBW

[Link] many VB channels are there in a superjumbogroup?

a. 10 800
b. 36 000
c. 360
d. 3 600
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND TECHOLOGIES D. The applied signal is rectified so that only half the signal will appear on
1. Radio-frequency waves CANNOT be seen for which of the following the quarter-wave antenna
reasons? 9. An indication signal for a handshake from the DCE to the DCE in
A. Because radio-frequency energy is low powered response to an active condition for the request to send a signal.
B. Because radio-frequency waves are below the sensitivity range of A. Data transmission C. Clear to send
the human eye B. Receive data D. Data set ready
C. Because the human eye detects only magnetic energy
D. Because radio-frequency waves are above the sensitivity range of the 10. A circulator
human eye A. cools dc motors during heavy loads
B. allows two or more antennas to feed one transmitter
2. A transmission line is designed to perform which of the following C. allows one antenna to feed two separate microwave transmitters
functions? and receivers at the same time
A. Disperse energy in all directions D. insulates UHF frequencies on transmission lines
B. Detune a transmitter to match the load
C. Guide electrical energy from point to point 11. Two or more antennas are used separated by several wavelengths.
D. Replace the antenna in a communications system A. space diversity C. frequency diversity
B. hybrid diversity D. polarization diversity
3. The characteristic impedance of a long transmission line may be
determined by using which of the following methods? 12. The current maximum in a Marconi antenna is found at
A. Trial and error A. the base of the antenna
B. Calculating the impedance of the entire line B. the center of the antenna
C. Calculating the impedances at each end of the line C. some point between the base and the center of the antenna
D. Adding the impedances of successive short sections D. the top of the antenna

4. There is a ratio between the amount of energy propagated in certain 13. What is the effect of adding a capacitor in series with an antenna?
directions by a directional antenna compared to the energy that would be A. the antenna’s resonant frequency will increase
propagated in these directions if the antenna were not directional. This B. the antenna’s resonant frequency will decrease
ratio is known as which of the following antenna characteristics? C. the antenna will be physically 5% longer than its electrical length
A. Gain C. Directivity D. a capacitor is never added in series with an antenna
B. Reciprocity D. Polarization 14. If an FM station has an effective radiated power of 100 kW then it is
5. Calculate the noise bandwidth of a tuned circuit whose dynamic under what class?
resistance is 2.75 kW, while the capacitance is 30 picofarad. A. Class A B. Class C C. Class B D. Class D
A. 2 MHz B. 3 MHz C. 4 MHz D. 5 MHz 15. It is interference of a signal from one channel into another channel.
Solution: A. intermodulation distortion C. sideband splatter
1 B. spur D. crosstalk
BWN =
4RC 16. Determine the excess noise ratio (ENR) in dB of a device if the
1 temperature is 1090 degrees Kelvin.
=
4(2.75  10   30  10 −12 F)
3
A. 4.14 dB B. 4.41 dB C. 2.76 dB D. 7.62 dB
BWN = 3.03 MHz
 T − TC   1090 − 290 
ENR = 10log  H  = 10log  
 TC   290 
6. A coaxial cable used as a transmission line has an inner diameter of the
ENR = 4.41 dB
outer conductor of 0.2 inch and diameter of the inner conductor of 0.05
inch. Calculate the characteristic impedance of the insulation material 17. Using the time domain reflectometry, transmission line impairment is
used is polyethylene. located 2000 m from the source. Calculate the time elapsed from the
A. 25 ohms B. 52 ohms C. 22 ohms D. 55 ohms beginning of the pulse, to the reception of the echo. (For velocity of
Solution: propagation, use 0.9 x speed of light)
ZO =
138
log
D
=
138
log
0.2
= 55  A. 7.405 µsec C. 14.81 µsec
k d 2.3 0.05 B. 3.7025 µsec D. 29.62 µsec
Solution :
7. For a multimode step-index fiber with a glass core (n1 = 1.45) and a 2d 2 ( 2000m )
t= = = 14.81 s
fused quartz cladding (n2 = 1.38). Determine the critical angle.
A. 72 deg B. 49 deg C. 54 deg D. 31 deg (
kc 0.9 3  108 m / s
)
Solution:
18. Calculate the refractive index of an ionospheric layer with 10 million
−1 nclad

( critical angle ) = sin ncore
free electrons per cubic meters, operating on frequency of 10 MHz.
A. 0.99 B. 0.95 C. 0.93 D. 0.97
Where : nclad = refractive index of cladding
Solution :
ncore = refractive index of core
−1 1.38 ( 81)  10x106 
c = sin
1.45
= 72.12
n = 1- 81N = 1-  0.99
f2 2
8. The Marconi antenna behaves as a dipole for which of the following (10x106 Hz )
reasons?
A. It is fed at one end 19. He incidentally proposed the geostationary scheme or orbit of the
B. An image antenna is formed by reflections from the ground satellite in 1940s.
C. A quarter-wavelength of conductor is buried in the ground and forms A. Arthur Clarke C. Carl Friedrich Gauss
the rest of the dipole B. Samuel Morse D. Stephen Gray
20. Why is impedance matching a transmission line to the antenna  = 331.45 + .607TC
important?  = 331.45 + .607 (10C)
A. for maximum efficiency C. for maximum power transfer
B. for minimum time delay D. for greater energy transformer  = 337.52 m / s
d 5 km
21. Which indicate the relative energy loss in a capacitor? t= = = 14.81 sec
 337.52 m / s
A. quality factor C. reactive factor
B. dissipation factor D. power factor 29. What determines which network configuration is most appropriate?
22. A microwave communications system space loss calculation formula A. application layer C. presentation layer
where D is in km and F is in MHz B. network layer D. data link layer
A. 92.4 + 10 log F + 20 log D C. 92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log D 30. In ultra-high frequency range, the frequencies are propagated by
B. 94.2 + 10 log F + 20 log D D. 94.2 + 20 log F + 20 log D means of
23. The minimum number of geostationary satellites required for a global A. surface waves C. space waves
coverage is B. sky waves D. ground waves
A. 1 B. 3 C. 10 D. 4 31. A TDM system
24. What does an FM detector do? A. needs lower bandwidth
A. to extract amplitude variations B. gives low signal to noise ratio
B. to convert frequency changes to amplitude changes C. uses simple circuits as compared to FDM systems
C. to convert phase changes to frequency changes D. none of the choices
D. to increase the frequency change 32. When a quarter-wave section transmission line is terminated by a
25. In communication satellites, the uplink normally operates at a higher short circuit and is connected to an RF source at the other end, its input
frequency than the down link because it impedance is
A. results in lesser signal attenuation A. inductive
B. gives a narrow-beam shining into space B. capacitive
C. gives better beam shaping C. resistive
D. is easier to polarize a high frequency beam D. equivalent to a parallel resonant LC circuit
26. For a cascaded amplifier stages, each with noise figures of 2 dB and 33. The frequency normally used for ionospheric transmission is known as
power gain of 10 dB, calculate the total noise figure in dB? ____.
A. 1.64 dB B. 1.58 dB C. 2.15 dB D. 2 dB A. Optimum Working Frequency
Solution: B. Critical Frequency
NF1 = 10logF1 C. MUF
D. Nominal Frequency
2 dB = 10logF1
34. If the spectrum is shifted in frequency with no other changes, this is
F1 = 1.58
known as
GdB = 10logG A. frequency multiplication C. sideband movement
10 dB = 10logG B. baseband reorientation D. frequency translation
G = 10 35. The beam width angle of a parabolic dish antenna _____ the dish
F − 1 F3 − 1 diameter.
FT = F1 + 2 +
G1 G1G2 A. decrease with increase in
1.58 − 1 1.58 − 1 B. independent of
= 1.58 + + C. decrease with decrease in
10 10 (10 )
D. is equal to
FT = 1.64
NFT = 10logFT = 10log (1.64 )
36. How far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the
transmitting and receiving antennas were 40 m and 20 m respectively,
NFT ( dB ) = 2.15 dB above level terrain?
A. 45 km B. 60 km C. 15 km D. 20 km
27. A half-wave dipole is operated using 60 MHz frequency. Calculate its Solution:
effective area.
d = 17ht + 17hr = 17 x40 + 17 x20 = 44.5 km  45 km
A. 2.35 sq. m B. 2.53 sq. m C. 5.23 sq. m D. 3.25 sq. m.
Solution: 37. Find the cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode in the air-dielectric
 3  108 m / s  waveguide with an inside cross section of 2 cm by 4 cm.
1.64   A. 7.51 GHz B. 3.75 GHz C. 1.88 GHz D. 2.15 GHz
G 2  60  108 / s 
A= =   = 3.25 sq. m. Solution:
4 4 c
fc = ; where a = size of the larger dimension
2a
28. What time is required for sound to travel 5 km if the temperature of the
3x108 m/s
transmission medium in air is 10 degrees centigrade? = = 3.75 GHz
A. 14.81 s B. 15.625 s C. 14.28 s D. 15.41 s 2 x 4x10−2 m
Solution: 38. Assuming there is negligible noise, what would be the data rate of one
satellite transponder used for binary data transmission?
A. 72 Mbps B. 144 Mbps C. 36 Mbps D. 108 Mbps
Solution:
Typical satellite transponder bandwidth: 36 MHz A. Impossibility of a good ground connection
( 6
)
C = 2BW log2 M = 2 36x10 Hz log2 2 = 72Mbps B. Provision of an earth for the antenna
C. Protection of personnel working underneath
D. Improvement of the radiation pattern of the antenna
39. Which of the following is a function of an amplitude limiter in an FM
receiver?
A. amplify low frequency signals
B. To reduce the amplitude of the signal 1. What is the ITU emission designation for the single sideband full carrier
C. To eliminate any change in the amplitude of the received FM type of amplitude modulation?
signal A. H3E B. A3E C. C3F D. J3E
D. None of the choices 2. This refers to a type of a linear error – correcting codes that can detect
40. In a waveguide, ______ is a specific configuration of electric and up to two – bit errors and correct one – bit errors without detection of
magnetic fields that allows a wave to propagate. uncorrected errors.
A. set-up B. coupler C. channel D. mode A. Gray Code C. Checksum
B. Hamming code D. CRC
41. What is the gain of a simple dipole above an isotropic antenna?
A. 1.74 dB B. 1.64 dB C. 2.14 dB D. 3.64 dB 3. Name the concept in mobile communications in which the same set of
frequencies can be allocated to more than one cell, provided the cells are
42. Which IEEE 802 standard applies to Token Ring? separated by sufficient distance.
A. 802.2 B. 802.3 C. 802.4 D. 802.5 A. Scheming C. Sectoring
43. Which stage increases the selectivity of the circuit in an AM receiver? B. Quad diversity D. Frequency Reuse
A. Detector B. IF stage C. Modulator D. Mixer 4. What is the term used for a special type of transformer that is used to
44. The term _________ applies to troposcatter propagation. connect a balanced transmission line to an unbalanced load or vice
A. fading C. Faraday rotation versa?
B. SIDs D. atmospheric storms A. QWT B. Balun C. Stub D. Any of these
45. An ungrounded antenna near the ground 5. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 Ω and a loss
A. acts as a single antenna of twice the height resistance of 5 Ω, measured at the feed point. Calculate the antenna
B. is unlikely to need an earth mat efficiency. Round-off your answer to the nearest whole number.
C. acts as an antenna array A. 92% B. 93% C. 94% D. 95%
D. must be horizontally polarized Solution:
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 67
46. Find the carrier-to-noise density ratio given a desired power of -80 𝜂= = ≈ 𝟗𝟑%
dBw at a temperature of T = 270 K. 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 67 + 5
A. 67.33 dB B. 15 dB C. 30 dB D. 124.29 dB 6. How much information (in bits) can you get if the probability of a certain
Solution: event is equal to 0.8?
 C  A. 0.515 B. 0.415 C. 0.223 D. 0.322
 KT  = C dBw − KT dBw
 dB Solution:
1.38 x 10 −23 ( 270 )  𝐼 = − log 2(𝑃) = − log 2(0.8) ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟐
= − 80 dBw − 10log  
 1 
7. The core of a fiber optic cable has an index of refraction of 1.6 and its
= 124.29 dB
cladding has and index of refraction of 1.4. Calculate angle of refraction
47. Find the 4th harmonic of a one (1) meter long radio wave. for angle of incidence of 70 degrees.
A. 0.25 m B. 0.30 m C. 0.5 m D. 0.6 m A. 70 deg B. 49.41 deg C. 54.21 deg D. 31.51 deg
Solution: Solution:
8 m 𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑
 3 x 10 𝜃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = arcsin ( ) ≈ 61𝑜
f= = s = 3000 Hz 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
 1m Since 𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑐 > 𝜃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 then, total internal reflection
occurs. Hence, the refracted angle is equal to the
f 4 = 4f = 4 ( 300 MHz ) = 1.2 GHz incident angle, which is 70o
 8. What happens to a signal's frequency as its wavelength gets longer?
4 = = 0.25 m
f4 A. It disappears C. It stays the same
B. It goes down D. It goes up
48. Determine the resolution for an 8-bit linear PCM with the maximum
9. In radio transmission maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest
decoded voltage of 2.55 Vp.
radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via
A. 256 B. 0.02 C. 255 D. 2.55
reflection from the ionosphere ( skywave or "skip" propagation) at a
Solution: specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially
2n − 1 = Vmax useful in regard to shortwave transmissions. What usually happens to
radio waves with frequencies below the maximum usable frequency
2.55 V
27 − 1 = (MUF) when they are sent into the ionosphere?
resolution A. They are changed to a frequency above the MUF
resolution = 0.02 V B. They are completely absorbed by the ionosphere
C. They are bent back to the earth
49. Which ionosphere layer has an average height of 225 km at night? D. They pass through the ionosphere
A. D layer B. E layer C. F1 layer D. F2 layer
10. In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal
50. Indicate which of the following reasons for the use of an earth mat with to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound
antennas is false:
wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time Solution:
signal). However, this process is not perfect for a form of distortion called 3𝑥108
the foldover distortion may occur and cause the sampled signal to be 2 (70 ( ))
70𝜆 6 𝑥 109
impossible to reconstruct. Foldover distortion is most likely caused by: 𝜙𝑜 = 2 ( )= = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒐
𝐷 2
A. noise
B. too many samples per second
C. too few samples per second 20. The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of dBm. If the
D. all of the above receiver is receiving 200 mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this
11. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent signal?
sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in A. 46dBm B. -46dBm C. 23 dBm D. -23dBm
computers, Compact Discs, digital telephony and other digital audio Solution:
applications. In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is 200 𝑚𝑊
sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample is quantized to 𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 10 log ( ) = 𝟐𝟑 𝒅𝑩𝒎
1 𝑚𝑊
the nearest value within a range of digital steps. One problem that may be
encountered during the quantization is the quantizing noise. What can one
say about the quantization noise? 21. The process-to-process delivery of the entire message is the
A. It decreases as the sample rate increases responsibility of the _______ layer.
B. It decreases as the sample rate decreases A. Network C. Transport
C. It decreases as the bits per sample increases B. Application D. Physical
D. It decreases as the bits per sample decreases
22. Frequency of failure and network recovery time after a failure are
12. The highest frequency that can be set back to earth by the measures of the _______ of a network.
ionosphere, if wave is sent vertically upward. A. Performance C. Reliability
A. maximum usable frequency C. critical frequency B. Security D. Feasibility
B. propagating frequency D. cut-off frequency
23. What is the correct order for data encapsulation?
13. A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one complete A. Segment, packet, frame, data, bit
sideband are transmitted but only part of the second sideband is B. Bit, frame, packet, segment, data
transmitted. C. Data, segment, packet, frame, bit
A. Single Sideband Reduced Carrier (SSBRC) D. Data, packet, segment, frame, bit
B. Double Sideband Reduced Carrier (DSBRC)
C. Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC) 24. In optical properties of radio waves, this refers to the reflection of
D. Vestigial sideband (VSB) plane waves from a smooth surface.
A. Rayleigh reflection C. specular reflection
14. The abrupt change in refractive index from core to cladding of fiber- B. total internal reflection D. plane wave reflection
optic cable is called the
A. Total internal reflection C. Dispersion 25. The Iridium system is a satellite constellation composed of
B. Numerical aperture D. Step index _______________, which is typically used in mobile communications.
A. 288 LEO satellites C. 56 MEO satellites
15. A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an B. 66 LEO satellites D. 278 MEO satellites
obstacle midway between the transmitter and receiver. By how much must
the path between the towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid diffraction 26. A single-mode fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.13. What is the
at a frequency of 11 GHz? maximum core diameter it could have for use with infrared light with a
A. 17.52 m B. 10.51 m C. 8.76 m D. 7.52 m wavelength of 820 nm?
A. 4.2 μm B. 2.1 μm C. 4.8 μm D. 2.4 μm
Solution:
Solution:
(22.5)(22.5) 0.383𝜆 0.383(820𝑥10−9 )
𝐹𝑐 = 0.6(17.3)√ ≈ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 𝒎 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 2.4 𝜇𝑚
11(45) 𝑁𝐴 0.13
𝑑 = 2(2.4) = 4.8 𝜇𝑚
16. FSK systems are much superior to two-tone amplitude-modulation
systems with respect to
27. At what frequencies does the combination of the earth’s surface and
A. Noise performance
B. Ionospheric fading characteristics the D layer act as a waveguide?
A. LF B. MF C. VLF D. HF
C. Bandwidth requirements of the channel
D. Power consumption 28. Satisfactory performance of a digital microwave system is defined as:
A. a carrier-to-noise ratio that exceeds a given value
17. What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere
as a medium of transmission and / or reception of radio signals? B. an ERP level that exceeds a given value
C. an energy-per-bit to noise density ratio that exceeds a given value
A. ground wave C. sky wave
D. all of these are correct
B. space wave D. all of these
29. A technique used to minimize the pulse dispersion effect is to
18. The angular separation between the two half-power points on the
power density radiation pattern. A. maximize core diameter
B. minimize numerical aperture
A. bandwidth C. beamwidth
C. maximize numerical aperture
B. footprint D. azimuth
D. minimize the core diameter
19. Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector
30. Determine the signal strength at the receiving antenna if the EIRP is
used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors are often used at that frequency as
37.82 dBW and the hop is 30 km. A gaseous loss of 3 dB is present in the
antennas outside broadcast television microwave links.
atmosphere and the operating frequency is 5 GHz. The antenna used is a
A. 14o B. 7o C. 3.5o D. 0.875o
parabolic antenna with 30 dBi. Assume that transmission line losses are A. 56 Mbps B. 72 Mbps C. 84 Mbps D. 92 Mbps
negligible. Solution:
A. -71.1 dBW C. -71.3 dBW
B. -101.3 dBW D. -101.1 dBW C = 2BW log2 M where : M = number of levels
Solution: ( )
= 2 36 x 106 Hz log2 2
Find ISL (Isotropic Receive Level)
= 72 Mbps
ISL = EIRP – FSL - Lg = 37.82 dBW – (92.4 + 20log(5x30))-3 = -101.1
dBW
31. In cellular telephone system, co-channel interference can be 41. A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity modulation of
decreased by replacing a single omnidirectional antenna with several the electron beam
directional antenna referred as: A. buncher B. gunn device C. bunching D. klystron
A. whip antennas C. horn antennas 42. The name given for a set of standards for communicating among
B. parabolic antennas D. sectoral antennas computers in which the primary purpose is to serve as a structural
32. Telemetry may be defined as _____ metering. guideline for exchanging information between computers, workstations
A. remote B. distance C. specialized D. distance and networks.
A. OSI B. TCP/IP C. PDU D. LAN
33. In satellite communications, what is the orbital height of LEO
satellites? 43. It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium
A. 100 – 1200 miles C. 6000 – 12000 miles after encoding and modulation have occurred.
B. 22,300 miles D. Any of these A. Bit rate B. Baud C. Bit D. Signaling element

34. Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over 44. The highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to the general
short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band manager of the network by providing access to the OSI environment.
from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices and building A. Application layer C. Presentation layer
personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in B. Transport layer D. Session layer
1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data 45. Network topology wherein individual terminals, microcomputers and
cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of workstations are connected directly to a central computer.
synchronization. Bluetooth radio employs which of the following A. mesh B. bus C. ring D. star
techniques? 46. It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from
A. CDMA B. FHSS C. FDMA D. DSSS a receiver signal.
35. From the previous question, it was stated that Bluetooth uses shot- A. Carrier Recovery C. Squaring Loop
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz. B. Coastal Loop D. Remodulator
What does ISM stand for?
A. IEEE Standard Message 47. The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial
B. IEEE Secure Message cable is 52 V and its minimum voltage is 17 V. How many percent of the
C. Industrial, Scientific, and Messaging incident power is the reflected power?
D. Industrial, Scientific, and Medical A. 51% B. 26% C. 3% D. 97%
36. Which of the following is not a web browser?
A. Chrome. C. Firefox.
B. Bing. D. Safari
Solution:
37. Pre-emphasis in FM modulator can be classified as what type of filter?
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = Γ 2 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐
A. Low-pass filter. C. High-pass filter. 2
B. Bandpass filter. D. Notch filter. 52
−1
2
Γ =( 17 ) = 𝟐𝟔%
38. An asynchronous communications system uses ASCII at 9600 52
+1
bits/sec., with eight data bits, one start bit, one stop pit, and no parity bits. 17
Express the data rate in words per minute (assume a word has five letters
and one space) 48. At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the short-circuited transmission
A. 600 words/min C. 900 words/min line behaves as a(an) ___________ circuit.
B. 9600 words/min D. 8900 words/min A. inductive C. capacitive
Solution: B. parallel-resonant D. series-resonant
1 word = 60 bits 49. For a PCM system with the following parameters, determine the
(60 bits because it contains 6 characters and each character has 10 bits minimum number of bits used in the PCM code, resolution and
overall) quantization error.
9600 bits/sec (1 word/60 bits) (60 sec/ 1 min) = 9600 words/min Maximum decoded voltage at the receiver =  2.55 V
Minimum dynamic range = 46 dB
39. Calculate the electric field intensity in millivolts per meter at 30 kW A. 7.64 V B. 199.53 V C. 0.01 V D. 0.005 V
from a 5 km source. Solution:
A. 190 mV/m C. 95.49 uV/m
B. 0.189 W/m D. 13.416 V/m
Solution:
30PT (30)(30x103 W )
= R
= 5000m
 0.18974 V / m  190mV / m

40. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for one satellite
transponder used for binary data transmission.
DR = 10(46/20)  199.53 B. Same phase and same amplitude
Minimum number of bits : C. Opposite phase and same amplitude
n = log2 (DR + 1) = log2 (199.53 + 1) D. Same phase and lower amplitude
 7.64 bits 11. What is transmission rate of E1 lines?
n = 8 bits (answer) A. 1.544 Mbps C. 2.048 Mbps
V
resolution= max =
2.55
= 0.01V B. 3.152 Mpbs D. 6.312 Mbps
2n − 1 2 8 − 1
12. Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?
resolution 0.01V
Qe = = = 0.005V A. Spread-spectrum C. Single sideband
2 2
B. Packet radio D. Phase shift keying
50. A radio station has a transmitting antenna located 2000 ft above
13. Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF
average terrain. How far away could the signal be received by a rooftop
voice repeaters?
antenna 30 ft above the ground?
A. FM B. AM C. SSB D. PSK
A. 43.49 miles C. 70.98 miles
B. 67.49 miles D. 33.74 miles 14. What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband voice signal?
Solution: A. 1 kHz B. 3 kHz C. 6 kHz D. 15 kHz
dmiles = 2hT ( ft ) + 2hr ( ft ) = 2(2000) + 2(30)  71 miles 15. How much transmitter power should be used on the uplink frequency
of an amateur satellite or space station?
A. The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact
B. The maximum power of your transmitter
C. No more than half the rating of your linear amplifier
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND TECHOLOGIES D. Never more than 1 watt
1. A short-circuited transmission line would have a reflection coefficient of
_______. 16. Regarding satellite communications, what is Doppler shift?
A. 0 B. 1 C. -1 D. ∞ A. A change in the satellite orbit
B. A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits
2. Which of the following is not a search engine? on another
A. Yahoo. B. Google. C. Bing. D. Chrome. C. A special digital communications mode for some satellites
3. In traffic engineering, this refers to a dimensionless unit (minutes per D. An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative
minutes) used to measure the amount of traffic in a given route. motion between the satellite and the earth station
A. grade of service C. call blocking 17. What causes "spin fading" when referring to satellite signals?
B. erlang D. routing metrics A. Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun
4. Determine the channel capacity for a cellular telephone area comprised B. Doppler shift of the received signal
of seven macrocells with 10 channels per cell if each macrocell is split into C. Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band
four minicells. D. Rotation of the satellite and its antennas
A. 70 B. 280 C. 140 D. 1120 18. Which of the following is true regarding vertical antennas?
Solution: A. The electric field is perpendicular to the Earth
4 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 10 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 B. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the Earth
7 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 ⋅ ⋅ = 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒔
1 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 C. The phase is inverted
5. In computer networks, the IP address [Link] can be classified as: D. The phase is reversed
A. Class D B. Class A C. Class C D. Class B 19. How would you change a dipole antenna to make it resonant on a
6. The bandwidth of a certain channel is 200 Hz. If the center frequency of higher frequency?
the channel is 100 Hz, determine the lower cut-off frequency? A. Lengthen it
A.100 Hz B. 0 Hz C. 50 Hz D. 150 Hz B. Shorten it
Solution: C. Add capacity hats to the ends of the radiating wires
𝐵𝑊 D. Insert coils in series with radiating wires
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑐 −
2 20. In which direction is the radiation strongest from a half-wave dipole
200 antenna in free space?
𝑓1 = 100 − = 𝟎 𝑯𝒛
2 A. Broadside to the antenna
B. Off the ends of the antenna
7. In satellite communications, what is the uplink frequency for a satellite
C. Equally in all directions
operating at Ku-band?
D. In the direction of the feedline
A. 12 GHz. B. 10 GHz. C. 14 GHz. D. 10 GHz.
21. Why is it important to have a low SWR in an antenna system that uses
8. What is the value of the standing wave ratio when the load impedance
coaxial cable feedline?
matches the characteristic impedance of a transmission line?
A. To reduce television interference
A. 0 B. -1 C. infinity D. 1
B. To prolong antenna life
9. ISM stands for: C. To allow the efficient transfer of power and reduce losses
A. IEEE Standard Message D. All of these choices are correct
B. Industrial, Scientific, and Messaging
22. What is the impedance of the most commonly used coaxial cable in
C. IEEE Secure Message
typical amateur radio installations?
D. Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
A. 50 ohms B. 8 ohms C. 600 ohms D. 12 ohms
10. In a short-circuited transmission line, what would be the direction and
23. Approximately how long does it take the increased ultraviolet and X-
amplitude of the reflected voltage?
ray radiation from solar flares to affect radio-wave propagation on the
A. Opposite phase and lower amplitude
Earth?
A. 28 days C. 8 minutes 36. Where the radial wires of a ground-mounted vertical antenna system
B. 1 to 2 hours D. 20 to 40 hours should be placed?
24. Which of the following applies when selecting a frequency for lowest A. As high as possible above the ground
attenuation when transmitting on HF? B. Parallel to the antenna element
A. Select a frequency just above the LUF C. At the top of the antenna
B. Select a frequency just below the critical frequency D. On the surface or buried a few inches below the ground
C. Select a frequency just above the critical frequency 37. Which statement about a three-element, single-band Yagi antenna is
D. Select a frequency just below the MUF true?
25. What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the A. The reflector is normally the shortest parasitic element
Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) and above the Lowest Usable B. The director is normally the shortest parasitic element
Frequency (LUF) when they are sent into the ionosphere? C. The driven element is the longest parasitic element
A. They are bent back to the Earth D. Low feed-point impedance increases bandwidth
B. They pass through the ionosphere 38. What is meant by the "main lobe" of a directive antenna?
C. They are amplified by interaction with the ionosphere A. The direction of maximum radiated field strength from the antenna
D. They are bent and trapped in the ionosphere to circle the Earth B. The magnitude of the maximum vertical angle of radiation
26. What does the term “critical angle” mean as used in radio wave C. The point of maximum current in a radiating antenna element
propagation? D. The maximum voltage standing wave point on a radiating element
A. The long path azimuth of a distant station 39. This states that a semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth
B. The short path azimuth of a distant station surface if the cosine of the angle of incidence is greater than λ/8d.
C. The highest takeoff angle that will return a radio wave to the Earth A. Rayleigh criterion C. Snell’s Law
under specific ionospheric conditions B. Huygens’ principle D. Specular reflection
D. The lowest takeoff angle that will return a radio wave to the Earth under 40. This refers to the principle that any point on a wavefront of light may
specific ionospheric conditions be regarded as the source of secondary waves.
27. What type of radio wave propagation allows a signal to be detected at A. Rayleigh criterion C. Snell’s Law
a distance too far for ground wave propagation but too near for normal B. Huygens’ principle D. Specular reflection
sky-wave propagation? 41. What frequencies are used in the DTMF signaling when the number 8
A. Scatter C. Faraday rotation is pressed in the keypad?
B. Sporadic-E skip D. Short-path skip A. 756 Hz and 1226 Hz C. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz
28. What does an S meter measure? B. 251 Hz and 1456 Hz D. 122 Hz and 1566 Hz
A. Received signal strength C. Conductance 42. For FSK modulator with space, rest, and mark frequency of 60, 70, 80
B. Impedance D. Transmitter power output MHz respectively, and an input bit rate of 20 Mbps, determine the peak
frequency deviation.
29. What is one advantage of carrier suppression in a single-sideband A. 20 MHz B. 30 MHz C. 40 MHz D. 10 MHz
phone transmission?
Solution:
A. Simpler receiving equipment can be used |𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 | |80 − 60|
B. Audio fidelity is improved Δ𝑓 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑯𝒛
C. Greater modulation percentage is obtainable with lower distortion 2 2
D. The available transmitter power can be used more effectively
43. A transmitter operating at 30 MHz with 4 W output is connected via 10
30. Which of the following phone emissions uses the narrowest frequency m of RG-8 A/U cable to an antenna that has an input resistance of 300 Ω.
bandwidth? Find the magnitude of the reflection coefficient.
A. Single sideband C. Double sideband A. 0.714 B. 0.417 C. 0.174 D. 0.471
B. Phase modulation D. Frequency modulation Solution:
31. Which of the following is an effect of over-modulation? 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜 300 − 50
Γ= = = 0.714
A. Insufficient audio C. Insufficient bandwidth 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜 300 + 50
B. Excessive bandwidth D. Frequency drift 44. Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed
32. What receiver stage combines a 14.250 MHz input signal with a together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a
13.795 MHz oscillator signal to produce a 455 kHz intermediate frequency guard band of 10 kHz between the channels to prevent interference?
(IF) signal? A. 450 kHz B. 540 kHz C. 125 kHz D. 520 kHz
A. BFO B. VFO C. Mixer D. Discriminator Solution:
33. What is another term for the mixing of two RF signals? For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the
A. Synthesizing C. Cancellation required bandwidth is at least 5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz
B. Heterodyning D. Phase inverting 45. This refers to a signal processing operation on two functions f and g,
34. How does the attenuation of coaxial cable change as the frequency of producing a third function that is typically viewed as a modified version of
the signal it is carrying increases? one of the original functions, giving the area overlap between the two
A. It increases functions as a function of the amount that one of the original functions is
B. It is independent of frequency translated
C. It decreases A. Correlation C. Sampling
D. It reaches a maximum at approximately 18 MHz B. Compression D. Convolution
35. What standing wave ratio will result from the connection of a 50-ohm 46. What is the IEEE standard used for personal area networks such as
feed line to a non-reactive load having a 200-ohm impedance? Bluetooth and Zigbee?
A. 4:1 B. 1:4 C. 2:1 D. 1:2 A. 802.15 B. 802.11 C. 802.3 D. 802.4
47. In fiber optics communications system, this refers to the distribution of
refractive indices of materials within an optical fiber.
A. mode B. index profile C. grade D. abberation
48. A transmitter supplies 50 W through a line with an SWR of 2:1. What
is the power absorbed by the load?
A. 44.4 W B. 41.2 W C. 6.6 W D. 13.2 W
Solution:
4𝑆𝑊𝑅
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃
(1 + 𝑆𝑊𝑅)2 𝑖𝑛𝑐
4(2)
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = ⋅ 50 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒 𝑾
(1 + 2)2

49. A certain AM receiver is tuned to a station at 630 kHz. What is the

image frequency rejection ratio in dB, assuming that the input filter
consists of one tuned circuit with a Q of 100. Use high – side injection.
A. 65.2 dB B. 46.2 dB C. 26.5 dB D. 24.6 dB
Solution:
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑔 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 2𝐼𝐹 = 630 + 2(455) = 1540 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑔 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 1540 630
𝛼= − = − = 2.035
𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑔 630 1540
𝐼𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 20 log (√1 + 𝑄2 𝛼 2 ) = 46.2 𝑑𝐵

50. Determine the output voltage of a mu-law compressor when the input
voltage is 2.2 V with Vmax = 8 V.
A. 2.162 V B. 5.162 V C. 6.152 V D. 2.156 V
Solution:
𝑉
ln [1 + 𝜇 ⋅ ( 𝑖𝑛 )]
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑜 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
ln(1 + 𝜇)
2.2
ln [1 + 255 ⋅ ( )]
𝑣𝑜 = 8 ⋅8
ln(1 + 255)
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝑽
Question 1 Question 5
This refers to the relationship between output What is the minimum value that the
current and input light power for a characteristic impedance of an air-dielectric
photodetector. parallel wire could have?

efficacy 150 Ω
efficiency 83 Ω
responsivity 1Ω
dark current 75 Ω

Question 2 Question 6
A new type of antenna has a 2.742 dB gain over What is the characteristics impedance of a two-
an isotropic antenna. How much power must be wire transmission line with an air dielectric for a
delivered to the Hertz antenna to match the conductor 0.150 cm in diameter separated by a
field strength of the new type of antenna distance of 0.750 cm?
radiating with the same distance if the input
power of the new type is 1 kW? 762 ohms
267 ohms
1164 W 276 ohms
1416 W 726 ohms
1614 W
1146 W Question 7
The "attenuation of free space" is due to:
Question 3
This refers to the phenomenon by which the losses due to absorption in the upper
electrons flowing in a conductor go near and/or atmosphere
the conductor's surface at high frequencies the decrease in energy per square meter due
to expansion of the wavefront
End effect losses in the characteristic impedance of free
Boella effect space
skin effect the decrease in energy per square meter due
Edison effect to absorption of the wavefront

Question 4 Question 8
At what frequencies does the combination of This refers to the orientation of the electric field
the earth’s surface and the D layer act as a vector in space
waveguide?
ERP
MF Directivity
VLF Radiation
HF Polarization
LF
Question 9 Question 13
In a radio link of 40 km length and operating In radio wave propagation, the major loss of
frequency of 7.5 GHz, 60% of the free-space loss energy is mainly due to the _________.
is compensated by using high-gain TX and RX
antennas. How much is the received signal level absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere
in dBm if the TX output power is 1 W. Account multipath fading
for 15 dB additional losses. attenuation due to selective fading
spreading out of the wavefront as it travels
-45.15 dBm away from the transmitter
-46.35 dBm
-43.42 dBm Question 14
-41.78 dBm Which of the following is another term for
characteristic impedance?
Question 10
The numerical aperture of a fiber if the angle of Surge impedance
acceptance is 15 degrees is Load impedance
All of the choices are correct
0.52 Series Resistance
0.41
0.35 Question 15
0.26 In refraction, what can be said about the angle
of refraction if the wave passes from a denser
Question 11 to a less dense medium?
Calculate the beamwidth of a helical antenna
having a diameter of 80 mm and pitch of 62.5 angle of refraction is greater than the angle of
mm. The antenna operates at 1.2 GHz and has 8 incidence
turns. angle of refraction is equal to the angle of
incidence
36.6° angle of refraction is less than the angle of
15.2° incidence
21.2° cannot tell because of lack of data.
35.2°
Question 16
Question 12 A fiber has an index of refraction of 1.6 for the
What can you say about the relationship of the core and 1.4 for the cladding. Calculate the
radio and natural horizon? critical angle.
the radio horizon is actually about four-thirds
farther than the natural horizon 45°
the radio horizon is actually about one-third 32°
shorter than the natural horizon 61°
the radio horizon is actually about four-thirds 73°
shorter than the natural horizon
the radio horizon is actually about one-third
farther than the natural horizon
Question 17 50 Ω
These refer to pulses that can travel through a 40 Ω
medium with no dispersions.
Question 21
optical solitons What is the reflection coefficient of an open –
dispersionless pulses circuited transmission line?
ephemeris
celotex ∞
1
Question 18 0
A single microwave path radio link has a path -1
distance of 30 km. It operates at 6 GHz.
Calculate the third Fresnel zone radius at a Question 22
distance of 12 km. What is the gain of the Hertzian dipole over
isotropic antenna?
33.39 m
33.01 m 1.76 dB
32.82 m 2.15 dB
32.63 m 1.55 dB
0 dB
Question 19
What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength Question 23
transmission line present to a generator when This is a type of path wherein the microwave
the line is shorted at the far end? beam barely touches the obstruction, i.e. has
zero clearance.
A capacitive reactance
The same as the characteristic impedance of Grazing path
the line line-of-sight path (LOS)
The same as the input impedance to the final Uncleared path
generator stage Obstructed path
An inductive reactance
Question 24
Question 20 Which of the following is not a characteristic of
A dipole antenna is connected to a 50-Ω single mode fibers?
transmission line at its center. A slotted line is
inserted in series with the transmission line and The core size of single mode fibers is large.
the dipole antenna. The maximum voltage is Single mode fibers have higher information
found to be 0.450 V and the minimum voltage is capacity (bandwidth) than multimode fibers
found to be 0.360 V. Since a standing wave Single mode fibers are capable of transferring
exists, it is desired to match the line with the higher amounts of data due to low fiber
antenna using a quarter-wave transmission line. dispersion
Single mode fibers have a lower signal loss
60 Ω
70 Ω
Question 25 Question 29
The standard reference antenna for the A parabolic antenna is to have a power gain of
directive gain is the 41.55 dB at 55% efficiency. If the frequency of
operation is to be 8 GHz, what is the diameter
elementary doublet of the antenna?
half wave dipole
isotropic antenna 10 ft
infinitesimal dipole 6.3 ft
2.3 ft
Question 26 4 ft
A microwave-transmitting antenna is 550 ft.
high. The receiving antenna is 200 ft. high. The Question 30
minimum transmission distance is A positive voltage pulse sent down a
transmission line terminated in a short-circuit:
33.2 mi
53.2 mi would reflect as a negative pulse
20 mi would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a
38.7 mi negative pulse
would not reflect at all
Question 27 would reflect as a positive pulse
Determine the signal strength at the receiving
antenna if the EIRP is 37.82 dBW and the hop is Question 31
30 km. Assume a gaseous loss of 3 dB and the This refers to a technique that can be used to
operating frequency is 5 GHz. locate impairment in a metallic cable

-101.1 dBW time domain reflectometry

-101.3 dBW failure analysis
-101.4 dBW slotted-line analysis
-101.2 dBW critical spectrometery

Question 28 Question 32
What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength This refers to the instrument that is used in
transmission line present to a generator when measuring the virtual height of the ionosphere
the line is open at the far end?
ionosonde
The same as the characteristic impedance of time-domain reflectometer
the line quarter-wave transformer
Very low impedance slotted-line
Very high impedance
The same as the input impedance to the Question 33
generator This refers to parameters that describe the
transmission characteristics of a transmission
line.
 primary line constants transmission lines may be plotted and
characteristic impedance evaluated fairly easily
impedance inversion
secondary line constants Argand diagram
Black-Magic Circle
Question 34 slotted-line
The microwave signal path should clear Smith chart
obstacles by at least:
Question 38
60% of the highest obstacle height In a transmission line having reflections, which
60% of the odd Fresnel zone of the following is true about the voltage
60% of the first Fresnel zone minima:
60% of the Faraday zone
It is in-phase with voltage maxima
Question 35 It is always 90o from the load
A quarter wave transformer is connected to a It does not exist
parallel wire line in order to match the line to a It offers a purely resistive impedance.
load of 1000 Ω. The transformer has a
characteristic impedance of 316.23 Ω. The Question 39
distance between centers is 4 inches. What is The dielectric strength of air is about 3 MV/m.
the percentage reduction in the diameter of the Arcing is likely to take place at field strengths
line? greater than that. What is the maximum power
density of an electromagnetic wave in air?
84%
86% 79.21 GW/m^2
85% 18.24 GW/m^2
90% 82.91 GW/m^2
23.9 GW/m^2
Question 36
A standard Hertz antenna has a feed point Question 40
impedance of ________ ohms while a standard This refers to a microwave semiconductor
folded dipole has a feed point impedance of device used to generate microwave energy.
________. When combined with a microstrip, stripline or
resonant cavity, simple low power oscillators
46, 23 with frequencies up to 50 GHz are easily
292, 73 implemented.
23, 46
73, 292 All of the choices are correct
Gunn diode
Question 37 Tunnel diodes
This refers to a polar impedance diagram Schottky diodes
consisting of two set of circles, or arcs of circles,
which are so arranged that various important
quantities connected with mismatched
Question 41 will be sent back to the Earth at two different
A transmitter supplies 50 W through a line with directions
an SWR of 2:1. What is the power absorbed by will pass through the layer and be lost in space
the load? will be bent to a certain angle by the
ionosphere
15 W will be reflected back to the Earth’s surface
31 W
44.4 W Question 46
22.5 W Determine the numerical aperture: ncore = 1.55
and nclad = 1.52.
Question 42
In transmission lines, what does an SWR reading 0.28
of 1 signify? 0.31
0.30
The SWR meter is broken 0.29
No power is going to the antenna
The best impedance match has been attained Question 47
An antenna for another frequency band is Why is the physical length of a coaxial cable
probably connected transmission line shorter than its electrical
length?
Question 43
If the spacing between the two conductors in a Skin effect is less pronounced in the coaxial
parallel-wire transmission line is decreased, the cable
shunt capacitance _________________. The characteristic impedance is higher in a
parallel feed line
not enough information Electrical signals move slower in a coaxial cable
will increase than in air
will not be affected The surge impedance is higher in a parallel
will decrease feed line

Question 44 Question 48
A microwave communications system free- This refers to the assumed resistance that
space loss calculation formula for D in km and f would dissipate the same amount of power that
in GHz the antenna takes to radiate the energy.

94.5 + 20 log F + 20 log D antenna resistance

93.5 + 20 log F + 20 log D ohmic resistance
92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log D radiation resistance
96.6 + 20 log F + 20 log D feedpoint resistance

Question 45
What happens to radio waves transmitted at
frequencies higher than the critical frequency?
Question 49 Question 53
This is a measurement of the ability of an Calculate the energy of the photon in eV of
optical fiber to capture light and is used to infrared light energy at 1.55 μm.
define the acceptance cone of an optical fiber.
1.28x10^-19
acceptance angle 0.8x10^-19
acceptance angle 0.8
numerical aperture 1.29
incidence angle
Question 54
Question 50 A microwave band of 18 to 27 GHz is considered
In optical fibers, as the angle of incidence as the ______ band.
becomes larger, the angle of refraction
approaches 90 degrees. At this point, no S
refraction is possible. The light ray is totally K
reflected back into the glass medium. No light L
escapes into the air. This condition is called X
_______.
Question 55
modal dispersion When the load of a transmission line is an open
forced reflection circuit, the first voltage minima will definitely:
total internal reflection
critical refraction not exist
appear λ/4 section from the load
Question 51 appear 5λ/8 section from the load
The device commonly used in microwave ovens appear λ/2 section from the load
is the:
Question 56
TWT What is the gain in dB of a helical antenna w/a
magnetron diameter of λ/3, 10 turns at pitch of λ/4, used at
klystron 100 MHz?
YIG
1.61 dB
Question 52 3.22 dB
What antenna is circularly polarized? 32.2 dB
16.1 dB
sectoral antenna
loop antenna Question 57
helical antenna This refers to a special type of transformer used
horn antenna to interface a differential line to a single-ended
line or vice-versa

quarter-wave transformer
balun
 slotted line 106 ohms
directional coupler 87 ohms

Question 58 Question 62
In optical properties of radio waves, this refers In ionospheric propagation, the highest
to the reflection of plane waves from a smooth frequency that is returned to earth in the
surface. vertical direction is called ______________.

total internal reflection gyro frequency

plane wave reflection maximum usable frequency
Rayleigh reflection critical frequency
specular reflection ionospheric sounding

Question 59 Question 63
A transmitter operating at 30 MHz with 4 W In radio systems design, this refers to a
output is connected via 10 m of RG-58U cable graphical representation of a path between two
to an antenna that has an input resistance of adjacent radiolink sites in two dimensions
300Ω. Find the reflection coefficient.
path profile
0.76 ephemeris
0.97 Smith chart
0.77 link budget
0.71
Question 64
Question 60 At 20 km in free-space from an antenna (gain
When applied with a potential that goes beyond not specified), the power density is 2 GW/m2.
the breakdown voltage of a dielectric, the Calculate the power density 25 km from this
tendency of two conductors is to release a source.
visible discharge called _______.
1.28 GW/m^2
flare 1.82 GW/m^2
ephemeris 2.81 GW/m^2
corona 2.18 GW/m^2
radiation loss
Question 65
Question 61 The velocity factor of a transmission line
Determine the characteristic impedance of a
quarter-wave transformer that is used to match is higher for a solid dielectric than for air
a section of an RG-8/U coaxial cable to a 150- increases the velocity along the transmission
ohm resistive load. The frequency of operation line
is 150 MHz depends on the dielectric constant of the
material used
102 ohms is govern by the skin effect
118 ohms
Question 66 Question 70
This refers to the difference in gain between the A medium 1 has an index of refraction of 1.6
direction of maximum antenna gain and the and medium 2 has and index of refraction of
minimum direction of gain which is usually in 1.4. Calculate angle of refraction for angle of
the opposite direction. incidence of 70 degrees.

footprint 55.31 degrees

radiation pattern Math Error
front-to-back ratio 70 degrees
beamwidth 28.69 degrees

Question 67 Question 71
This refers to the shortest distance measured Find the cut-off frequency for the TE11 mode in
along the earth’s surface that a skywave is an air dielectric waveguide with an inside cross
returned to earth section of 2 cm by 4 cm.

MUF 3.8 GHz

skip distance 8.3 GHz
quarter-wavelength 3.4 GHz
skip zone 8.4 GHz

Question 68 Question 72
This refers to a type of linear beam tube that Calculate the antenna capture area for a
uses velocity modulation of the electron beam, rhombic antenna with gain of 30 dB operating
used for microwave amplification and at a frequency of 2 GHz.
oscillation.
2.29 m^2
ignitron 1.79 m^2
TWT 0.015 m^2
magnetron 1.14 m^2
klystron
Question 73
Question 69 In antennas, this refers to the angular
A single-mode fiber has a numerical aperture of separation between the two half-power (-3dB)
0.13. What is the maximum core diameter it points on the major lobe of an antenna's plane
could have for use with infrared light with a radiation pattern.
wavelength of 820 nm?
bandwidth
2.1 μm beamwidth
4.8 μm front-to-back ratio
2.4 μm directivity
4.2 μm
Question 74 Question 78
What is the free space loss, in dB, between two A drift in the baseline is called _________.
microwave antennas 38 km apart operating at 7
GHz? any of these
Baseline Jitter
145.6 dB Baseline Drift
135.5 dB Baseline Wandering
116.6 dB
140.89 dB Question 79
Method of data compression by encoding the
Question 75 length of a string of ones and zeroes
In antenna theory, this refers to the polar
diagram or graph representing field strengths or Graphical Encoding
power densities at various angular positions Huffman Encoding
relative to an antenna. Run-Length Encoding
Line Encoding
radiation pattern
footprint Question 80
eye diagram This refers to a utility in computer networks
Smith chart that uses the protocol ICMP. This enables the
user to validate that an IP address exists and
Question 76 can accept requests
This refers to a media access technology
wherein a three-byte pattern is inserted in a ping
frame and passed in a single direction from one latency
node to another and in which the node that has traceroute
possession of this bit pattern is the only one delay
that can send data at any given time on that
LAN. Question 81
In classful IP addressing, determine the total
polling number of valid Class B networks.
CDMA
token passing 65,535 networks
chirping 254 networks
16,382 networks
Question 77 128 networks
Calculate the Nyquist bandwidth for an 8-PSK
modulator with an input data rate of 27 Mbps Question 82
and a carrier frequency of 50 MHz. _____________is the process accomplished in
the transmission whereby code words are
12 MHz assigned to n-symbol groups of symbols.
15 MHz
10 MHz Receiving
9 MHz Source Coding
 Compressing highest frequency that may be sent over a
Sending given channel
maximum number of quantizing levels in a
Question 83 channel of a given bandwidth
This refers to a 56-bit (seven-byte) pattern of maximum capacity of a channel with a given
alternating 1 and 0 bits at the start of an noise level
Ethernet frame, This allow devices on the maximum number of coding levels in a channel
network to easily synchronize their receiver with a given noise level
clocks, providing bit-level synchronization.
Question 87
start bit Compared to PCM, adaptive delta modulation
preamble can transmit voice:
stop bit
sync bit with a lower bit rate but the same quality
only if the voice is band-limited
Question 84 only over shorter distances
For an FSK modulator with space, rest, and with a lower bit rate but reduced quality
mark frequency of 60, 70, 80 MHz respectively,
and an input bit rate of 20 Mbps, determine the Question 88
H – factor. This refers to a category of UTP cables that can
handle speeds up to 16 Mbps and is meant to
2 be used with token ring network topology
1
3 Category 5E
4 Category 3
Category 4
Question 85 Category 5
The channel capacity of a digital
communications system is 14 Mbps when the Question 89
signal-to-noise ratio is 30 dB. Determine the This refers to a technique in implementing
new channel capacity if its original bandwidth is computer networks wherein it allows the user
halved. to divide an IP address space into a hierarchy of
subnets of different sizes, making it possible to
3.2 Mbps create subnets with very different host counts
2.7 Mbps without wasting large numbers of addresses.
7.7 Mbps Give the full name.
2.3 Mbps
routing
Question 86 Variable-Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
The Hartley – Shannon theorem sets a limit on Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
the subnetting
Question 90 Question 94
The Hartley law states that Companding is used to?

redundancy is essential Maximize the useable bandwidth in digital

the maximum rate of information transmission transmission
depends on the depth of modulation Reduce dynamic range at higher bit-rates
only binary codes may be used Compress the range of base-band frequencies
the maximum rate of information transmission Preserve dynamic range while keeping bit-rate
depends on the channel bandwidth low

Question 91 Question 95
The biggest disadvantage of PCM is In error correction and detection, what is the
binary equivalent of the polynomial generator
its inability to handle analog signals g(x)=x^7+x^6+x^3+x
the high error rate which its quantizing noise
introduces 11001010
the large bandwidths that are required for it 11001011
its incompatibility with TDM 10001110
10001011
Question 92
In the frequency division multiplexing analog Question 96
hierarchy, how many voice channel are there in This refers to the sequence of bit generated by
one jumbo group? applying the error checking function to a
codeword.
1200
540 stop bit
3600 carry
60 syndrome
preamble
Question 93
The _________ (for noisy) and ________ (for Question 97
noiseless) refers to the maximum information What is the IEEE standard for low-rate wireless
rate that is allowed to pass a medium. personal area networks such Zigbee,
WirelessHART and MiWi?
Hartley Limit, Shannon – Hartley
Shannon – Hartley, Shannon Limit IEEE 802.11ac
Shannon Limit, Hartley Limit IEEE 802.15.4
Shannon Limit, Shannon – Hartley IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.16
Question 98
This refers to a TCP/IP protocol that provides
terminal emulation to a remote host by creating
a virtual terminal.

FTP
SMTP
DHCP
Telnet

Question 99
Determine the number of bits required and the
coding efficiency in encoding a system of 50
equiprobable events with a binary code.

2 bits, 87.8 %
5 bits, 84 %
6 bits, 94 %
4 bits, 74 %

Question 100
Determine the quantization error for a 9-bit
linear sign magnitude PCM for a maximum
decoded voltage of 2.55 Vp.

5 mV
10 mV
2 mV
2.5 mV
Question 1 Question 5
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive Is an error-correcting code used for correcting
index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with transmission errors in synchronous data
a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place streams.
from air. What numerical aperture does the
fiber have? Bisync Code
Trellis Code
0.852 Hamming Code
0.352 EBCDIC
0.235
1.032 Question 6
When the signal from a mobile cellular unit
Question 2 drops below a certain level, what action occurs?
A number from 0 to 1 representing the ability of
a surface material to absorb sound energy is the MITSO increases power level
known as the call is terminated
the cell site switches antennas
Reflection Coefficient the unit is “handed off” to a closer cell
Room Constant
Sound Absorption Question 7
Absorption Coefficient A form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier and one complete sideband are
Question 3 transmitted but only part of the second
A special digital modulation technique that sideband is transmitted.
achieves high data rates in limited-bandwidth
channels is called Double Sideband Reduced Carrier (DSBRC)
Vestigial sideband (VSB)
Pulse-coded Modulation (PCM) Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
Pulse-amplitude Modulation (PAM) Single Sideband Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Delta Modulation Question 8
The abrupt change in refractive index from core
Question 4 to cladding of fiber-optic cable is called the
The highest frequency that can be set back to
earth by the ionosphere, if wave is sent Total internal reflection
vertically upward. Step index
Dispersion
maximum usable frequency Numerical aperture
propagating frequency
critical frequency Question 9
cut-off frequency Reed–Solomon codes utilize a technique called
________ to rearrange the data into a nonlinear
ordering scheme to improve the chance of data
correction.
 interleaving Question 14
pseudorandom FSK systems are much superior to two-tone
BSC amplitude-modulation systems with respect to
quantizing
Ionospheric fading characteristics
Question 10 Bandwidth requirements of the channel
The characteristic impedance of a transmission Power consumption
line does not depend upon its Noise performance

conductor radius Question 15

conductor spacing What is the mode of radio wave propagation
conductor diameter that utilized ionosphere as a medium of
length transmission and / or reception of radio signals?

Question 11 all of these

IP version 4 address length is space wave
24 bits sky wave
40 bits ground wave
32 bits
48 bits Question 16
The angular separation between the two half-
Question 12 power points on the power density radiation
The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a pattern.
telephone system is restricted in order to:
beamwidth
allow lines to be "conditioned" bandwidth
all of these azimuth
allow signals to be multiplexed footprint
prevent "singing"
Question 17
Question 13 Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-
A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz. Note: such
Suppose that there is an obstacle midway reflectors are often used at that frequency as
between the transmitter and receiver. By how antennas outside broadcast television
much must the path between the towers clear microwave links.
the obstacle in order to avoid diffraction at a
frequency of 11 GHz? 7o
0.875o
8.76 m 14o
17.52 m 3.5o
7.52 m
10.51 m
Question 18 Question 22
This is often used to cure the problem of great Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular
thickness required of lenses used at lower orbit 36,000 km above the earth’s surface if the
microwave frequencies or for strong curved earth’s radius is 6400 km.
wavefronts.
1440 mins
polarizing 24 days
zoning 3600 sec
splicing 1440 sec
curving
Question 23
Question 19 The quality of a space-link is measured in terms
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is of the ______ ratio.
useful for long-distance communication by
amateurs; about 100 to 115 km above the earth C/N
is known as the _____ layer. This is often EIRP
termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer. S/N
G/T
D
E Question 24
F1 Determine the radio horizon for a transmit
F2 antenna that is 200 m high and a receiving
antenna that is 100 m high
Question 20
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with 95.87 km
appearance and disappearance of dark 96.5 km
irregularly shaped areas. 99.5 km
97.5 km
Ionospheric storms
Sporadic E-layer Question 25
11-year sunspot Why does the downlink frequency appear to
SID vary by several kHz during a low earth orbit
satellite pass?
Question 21
Geostationary satellites are located at ____ The distance between the satellite and ground
with respect to the equator. station is changing, causing the Boyle’s Law
effect
90o latitude The distance between the satellite and ground
0o latitude station is changing, causing the Boyle’s Law
45o longitude effect
0o longitude The distance between the satellite and ground
station is changing, causing the Doppler effect
The distance between the satellite and ground
station is changing, causing the Kepler effect
Question 26 ITU-R S.1001-2
The outline of a communications satellite ITU-R M1854
antenna pattern on the earth is known as: ITU-R S 009
ITU-R S.004
propagation pattern
footprint Question 31
beam A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish
spot designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation. The
owner wants to use the same dish with a new
Question 27 feedhorn, for Ku-band (12 GHz) satellites. What
How far from the transmitter could a signal be effect will the change in frequency have on the
received if the transmitting and receiving gain and beamwidth of the antenna?
antennas where 40 m and 20 m, respectively,
above level terrain? Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth
increases to thrice of its former value.
65.14 km Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth
54.4 km decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
45.4 km Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth
44.5 km increases to thrice of its former value.
Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth
Question 28 decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
The height above the earth’s surface from
which a refracted wave appears to have been Question 32
reflected. A mammography service examined 327 patients
during the third calendar quarter of 1996. 719
average height films were exposed during this period, eight of
actual height which were repeats. What is the repeat rate?
mean height
virtual height 45.5%
2.45%
Question 29 1.1%
The most ambitious LEO constellation to date is 54.52%

NAVSTAR Question 33
Iridium It consists of 36 unique codes representing the
Teledesic 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters
Globalstar
code 39
Question 30 20 code
An ITU radio communication standards for continuous code
satellite services which provides information on discrete code
the range of frequencies that can be used by
fixed satellite service systems for emergency
and disaster relief operations.
Question 34 Question 38
The minimum sampling rate according to Radiation doses in the range of approximately
Nyquist Theorem 200 to 1000 rad produce the

equal to the highest frequency of a signal Hematologic syndrome

equal to the lowest frequency of a signal Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome
twice the highest frequency of a signal Central Nervous System (CNS) syndrome
twice the bandwidth of a signal Prodomal syndrome

Question 35 Question 39
What is the phase velocity of a rectangular Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a
waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm and a continuously varying quantity as one of a
desired frequency of operation of 6 GHz? number of discrete values.

3.45 x 108 m/s quantizing errors

5.43 x 108 m/s slope overload
4.53 x 108 m/s distortion
4.35 x 108 m/s alias signal

Question 36 Question 40
A signal propagated in a waveguide has a full It is an undesired shift or width change in digital
wave of electric intensity change between two bits of data due to circuitry action which causes
further walls, and no component of the electric bits to arrive at different times
field in the direction of propagation. The mode
is parity
jitter
TE22 alias
TE10 impulse
TE20
TE11 Question 41
The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide
Question 37 _________.
A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna
aperture to eliminate sidelobes interfering depends only on the waveguide dimensions
nearby stations is called and the free space wavelength
is inversely proportional to the phase velocity
radome is greater than in free space
shield is directly proportional to the group velocity
shroud
bass drum Question 42
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in
terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200
mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this
signal?
 23 dBm Question 47
-46dBm A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses
46dBm velocity modulation of the electron beam
-23dBm
bunching
Question 43 buncher
A small variable capacitance in parallel with klystron
each section of ganged capacitor is called gunn device
_______.
Question 48
trimmer The name given for a set of standards for
patter communicating among computers in which the
autodyne primary purpose is to serve as a structural
converter guideline for exchanging information between
computers, workstations and networks.
Question 44
Determine the time taken for a signal to travel LAN
down a 10 m transmission line, if its velocity OSI
factor is 0.7. TCP/IP
PDU
76.8 μs
47.6 ns Question 49
14.52 ns Any transmission system which conveys more
23.33 ns than one signal simultaneously can experience
this type of interference due to the reception of
Question 45 portions of a signal from one channel in another
Combination of compression at the transmitter channel.
and expansion at the receiver of
communications system. Distortion
Echo
Coding Noise
Compression Crosstalk
Decoding
Companding Question 50
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the
Question 46 transmission medium after encoding and
It is an error detection technique in which a modulation have occurred.
redundant bit is appended to every data unit so
that the total number of 1s in the unit Bit rate
(including the parity bit) becomes even. Signaling element
cyclic redundancy check Bit
longitudinal redundancy check Baud
vertical redundancy check
checksum
Question 51 Question 55
What do you call the accumulation of additional Lightning rods must be mounted a top structure
sounds such as wind, street noise, and other not less than ____________ above the highest
voices that contribute to what the listener point.
hears?
40 cm
flutter sound 30 cm
sound amplitude 10 cm
ambience 20 cm
natural sound
Question 56
Question 52 A basic antenna connected to a transmission
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is line plus one or more additional conductors
analogous to the general manager of the that are not connected to the transmission line
network by providing access to the OSI form a
environment.
parasitic array
Application layer half-wave dipole
Transport layer counterpoise
Session layer bi-directional array
Presentation layer
Question 57
Question 53 When the characteristic impedance of the
Network topology wherein individual terminals, transmission line matches the output
microcomputers and workstations are impedance of the transmitter and the
connected directly to a central computer. impedance of the antenna itself,

mesh minimum power transfer will take place

bus the SWR will be 1:10
ring the SWR will be 10:1
star maximum power transfer will take place

Question 54 Question 58
Simple form of redundancy error checking A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or
where each character has a numerical value balanced transmission line of a specific
assigned to it. The characters within a message impedance connected between a load and a
are combined together to produce an error source in order to match impedances is
checking character.
dummy load
VRC a balun
Checksum a quarter wave transformer
CRC an autotransformer
LRC
Question 59 0.68
It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent 0.47
reference carrier from a receiver signal. 0.32
1.47
Squaring Loop
Remodulator Question 64
Coastal Loop What is the termed refer as the rapid
Carrier Recovery degradation of output signal quality with
channel induced errors?
Question 60
The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG- saturation
11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V and its intersymbol interference
minimum voltage is 17 V. How many percent of quantization
the incident power is the reflected power? threshold effect

97% Question 65
51% Handles error recovery, flow control
26% (synchronization), and sequencing (which
3% terminals are sending and which are receiving).
It is considered the “media access control
Question 61 layer”.
At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the short-
circuited transmission line behaves as a(an) Application Layer
___________ circuit. Transport Layer
Data Link Layer
series-resonant Session Layer
capacitive
inductive Question 66
parallel-resonant Which of the following methods is used to
lower the resonant frequency of a shortened
Question 62 vertical antenna?
Which of the following is the most widely used
UTP cable that can carry baseband data at rates drooping radials
up to 100 Mbps at a range up to 100m? top hat loading
grounding
CAT 6 loading coil
CAT 4
CAT 5e Question 67
CAT 5 In fiber optics, it is a measure of the conversion
efficiency of a photodetector. It is the ratio of
Question 63 the output current of a photodiode to the input
The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V optical power and has the unit of amperes per
and the unmodulated carrier value is 85V. What watt.
is the modulation index?
 Light Sensitivity 100 – 1200 miles
Spectral Response Any of these
Responsivity 22,300 miles
Dark Current 6000 – 12000 miles

Question 68 Question 73
Telemetry may be defined as _____ metering. Bluetooth radio employs which of the following
techniques?
remote
distance FDMA
data CDMA
specialized DSSS
FHSS
Question 69
The major difficulty faced by delta modulators is Question 74
Which of the following is not a web browser?
Complexity of design
Excessive noise producing errors Safari.
Slope overload Firefox.
Insufficient frequency response of the Chrome.
intelligence signal Bing.

Question 70 Question 75
The ground wire in a USB cable is ______. Pre-emphasis in FM modulator can be classified
brown as what type of filter?
yellow
blue High-pass filter.
red Low-pass filter.
Bandpass filter.
Question 71 Notch filter.
In cellular telephone system, co-channel
interference can be decreased by replacing a Question 76
single omnidirectional antenna with several In digital communications, this term is
directional antenna referred as: commonly mistaken as bit rate.

whip antennas bandwidth

horn antennas baud
sectoral antennas data rate
parabolic antennas entropy

Question 72
In satellite communications, what is the orbital
height of LEO satellites?
Question 77 Question 81
The AT&T T1 lines Which of the following is not a search engine?

Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice Chrome.

channels Yahoo.
Use delta modulation and include 48 voice Bing.
channels Google.
Use delta modulation and include 24 voice
channels Question 82
Use 16-bit PCM code and include 24 voice In traffic engineering, this refers to a
channels dimensionless unit (minutes per minutes) used
to measure the amount of traffic in a given
Question 78 route.
A short-circuited transmission line would have a
reflection coefficient of _______. erlang
routing metrics
0 grade of service
1 call blocking
-1
∞ Question 83
Determine the channel capacity for a cellular
Question 79 telephone area comprised of seven macrocells
Aurora(sun cycle) happens at what layer of the with 10 channels per cell if each macrocell is
ionosphere? split into four minicells.

D layer. 70
F1 layer. 140
E layer. 280
F2 layer. 1120

Question 80 Question 84
What is the corresponding gain reduction if the In computer networks, the IP address [Link]
power is reduced by 50%? can be classified as:

-3 dB Class D
6 dB Class C
-6 dB Class A
3 dB Class B

Question 85
PPM and PWM are superior to PAM systems in

Frequency response of the intelligence signal

Bandwidth characteristics
 Noise characteristics Question 90
Simplicity in design ISM stands for:

Question 86 IEEE Secure Message

In satellite communications, what do you call IEEE Standard Message
the point in which the satellite is closest to the Industrial, Scientific, and Messaging
earth? Industrial, Scientific, and Medical

node Question 91
apside In a short-circuited transmission line, what
perigee would be the direction and amplitude of the
apogee reflected voltage?

Question 87 Same phase and same amplitude

The bandwidth of a certain channel is 200 Hz. If Opposite phase and lower amplitude
the center frequency of the channel is 100 Hz, Opposite phase and same amplitude
determine the lower cut-off frequency? Same phase and lower amplitude

100 Hz Question 92
0 Hz What is transmission rate of E1 lines?
50 Hz
150 Hz 3.152 Mpbs
1.544 Mbps
Question 88 6.312 Mbps
In satellite communications, what is the uplink 2.048 Mbps
frequency for a satellite operating at Ku-band?
Question 93
14 GHz. In fiber optic communications system, why does
10 GHz. multimode fiber not used in long distances?
10 GHz.
12 GHz. A single ray might attenuate for long distances.
The data rate might be reduced when
Question 89 travelling at long distances.
What is the value of the standing wave ratio Multimode fiber suffers from modal
when the load impedance matches the dispersion.
characteristic impedance of a transmission line? Multimode fibers are cheaper and therefore
not reliable for long distances.
infinity
0
1
1
Question 94 Question 97
The bandwidth of a communications system Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed
______________________. received data bits that provide information on
noise, jitter, and linearity is called a(n)
is the frequency where a communications
equipment operate. Eye pattern
describes the relationship between Constellation pattern
frequencies used in the system. Statistical concentration
is the same as analog filter. Loopback
defines the amount of data that can be sent
through a data-transmitting medium. Question 98
Why isn't Morse code well suited to today's
Question 95 telegraphic equipment?
Which of the following is the correct
arrangement of the components in the block It uses an automatic request for repetition.
diagram of a high level AM transmitter? The parity bit is difficult to detect.
It has excessive redundancy built into the
Oscillator, Driver, Modulator, Power amplifier, code.
Antenna Differing between various widths of the pulses
Oscillator, Driver, Power amplifier, Modulator, is an extremely complicated process.
Antenna
Oscillator, Modulator, Driver, Power amplifier, Question 99
Antenna The acronym ________ refers to peripheral
Power amplifier, Modulator, Driver, Oscillator, computer equipment such as a modem, printer,
Antenna or mouse.

Question 96 CEP
Which of the following is the correct DCE
arrangement of the components in the block CIE
diagram of an FM transmitter? CEC

Audio amplifier, FM modulator, Power Question 100

amplifier, Pre-emphasis, Antenna By how much should two antennas be
FM modulator, Pre-emphasis, Audio amplifier, separated for space diversity in the 11 GHz
Power amplifier, Antenna band?
FM modulator, Pre-emphasis, Power amplifier,
Audio amplifier, Antenna 11.5 m
Audio amplifier, Pre-emphasis, FM modulator, 5.5 m
Power amplifier, Antenna 7.5 m
7.7 m