Ex of natural forest : Satpura forest

Pvt Forest : BILT paper mill

Panchayat Forest : Lalwan community reserve, Punjab

Conservation reserve : Ropar Wetland Conservation Reserve

Community reserve: Lalwan community reserve, Punjab

Commercial forestry: production of bamboo to fulfil domestic demands, fodder, cottage industries etc

Industrial forestry: timber production for cricket bat industry,

popular production in Terai region for century paper Mill

MFP :
Gums and resins: Bengal kino from Butea monosperma
Essential Oils : sandalwood oil
Tans & dyes : Brazilian dye from Caesalpinia sappan

Many species do not show secondary growth (diameter growth): bamboo, canes

Sal , Deodar and light increment:

Sal:
— Can persist under moderate shade
— Requires partial shade in the beginning
— Best developed under complete overhead light right from earliest stage

Deodar:
— can persist under moderate shade in early stages
— but satisfactory development is under complete overhead light

Light demander

Pinus wallichiana ( Mountain Temperate Forest)

Pinus roxburghii, Quercusincana( Mountain Sub Tropical forest)

Shorea robusta , Tectona grandis, Delbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba, Adina cardifolia ( Tropical moist deciduous forest)

Dipterocarpus spp ( Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest)

Shade bearer Shade demander

Abies pindrow (silver fir), Taxus baccata ( Mt Temperate F)

Cedrus deodera ( Mountain Temperate F).

Rhododendron ( Mt Subtropical F)
Other Quercus spp ( Mountain Sub Tropical F)

Syzygium cumini, Mallotus philippinensis ( Tropical Moist Deciduous F)

Dalbergia latifolia , Toona ciliate ( Tropical Moist Deciduous F)

Mesua ferrea ( Tropical Wet Evergreen F)

Artocarpus spp ( Tropical Wet Evergreen Fj
Frost hardy species
Moderately frost hardy
Acacia catechu. Dalbergia sissoo
Pinus roxburghii. Diospyros melanoxylon Adina cordifolia. Bombax ceiba. Dalbergia latifolia.
Gmelina arborea. Anogeissus latifolia

Frost tender

Acacia nilotica. Azadirachta indica. Tectona grandis. Terminalia arjuna

Suitable species for water logging

Eucalyptus spp. Acacia nilotica Terminalia arjuna (Arjun). Syzygium cumini (jamun)

Water tappers / Phreatophytes

Long tap root system : Acacia nilotica ( Babool ). A. senegal. Azadirachta indica ( neem). Prosopis cineraria ( Khejari )

Ziziphus mauritiana ( Ber )

Long superficial lateral roots : Acacia tortilis ( Israeli Babool)

Water saver / Xerophytes : Scotoactive stomata

Mainly CAM plants: Crassulaceae family ( Cactus, Opuntia), Bryophyllum

Water storer

Drought hardy species

A. nilotica. A. senegal. A. tortilis. Albizzia lebbeck. Azadirachta indica. Prosopis spp. Ziziphus spp

Boswellia serrata. Diospyros melanoxylon. Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Drought sensitive species

Shorea robusta. Tectona grandis. Terminalia arjuna. Madhuca indica. Mangifera indica
Influence of parent rock :

SOIL PROPERTIES:
Granite : produces coarse-textured soil, which later changes to loamy bcz of chemical decomposition of fsp to kaolinite

Basalt : dark coloured fine textured soils (Ex: black cotton soil of Deccan Traps)

Quartzite : poorest & shallowest soils

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE SPECIES:

QUARTZITES: In Western Himalayas:

— Chir-Pine on Qzite rks, Blue Pine on Mica Schists
— Chir-Pine absent in Kashmir & Kullu valleys (since no Qzite there), it appears in Parbatti Valley ( H.P ), since Qzite is there

Dendrocalamus strictus practically absent in Odisha from Qzite soils

Deodar occurs at Lower altitudes on fresh & old alluvium,

Chir occurs above Deodar on Qzite

LIME RICH ROCKS:

— Cupressus torulosa - occurs on Lst rks like Chakrata Hills, Uttarakhand
— teak grows on lime Rich rks, Sal avoids them

Teak absent from Qz & black cotton soils,

LATERITES:
— Teak avoids Laterite sands
— Xylia xylocarpa occurs gregariously in laterites

Ecto mycorrhiza

Fungal partners: Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes

Higher plants: most common In conifers ( Pinaceae family like Chir, Pine, Deodar, Fir, Spruce).
Found in Casuarina, Salix, Eucalyptus and several members of Cesalpiniaceae and Dipterocarpaceae

Endo mycorrhiza

Fungal partner: Phycomycetes or VAM (vascular arbuscular mycorrhiza)

In a more or less uniform climate,

1 type of vegetation gives way to another only bcz of change in edaphic factor
 Biofertilizers

Phosphate dissolving and

Nitrogen fixing bio fertiliser: mineralising bio fertiliser

SYMBIOTIC (nodule forming) NON SYMBIOTIC: Free living

1. Fungi Fusarium & Mycorrhiza
1. In Legumes : bacteria Rhizobium) 1. Aerobic bacteria
2. Bacteria Bacillus
Azobacter, Azospirillum (In cereals)
2. In Casuarina & Alnus : bacteria Frankia
2. Anaerobic bacteria: Clostridium
3. In Azolla leaves : BGA Anabena azollae
3. Oscillatoria ( BGA/ Cyanobacteria)
4. In Cycas collaroid roots : BGA Nostoc

Note: BGA = Blue Green Algae

Internal nutrient cycle

Deciduous trees Re mobilise N from roots, trunks, twigs For spring growth of leaves and With draw leaf N during senescence

Evergreen trees re-translocate N from previous years’ foliage to apical growing points during periods of Flushing

A new study suggests that significant reforestation across Europe has the potential
To reduce the number of extra tropical cyclones by up to 70%
(by making the land surface rougher)

Transpiration loss - eucalyptus evaporates ~3500 tonnes of water / ha / yr

Leaf litter generated

1. Standard size tree : ~ 5 - 25 tonnes of Leaf litter / ha / yr

2. Conifers : litterfall is very high – ~ 1–2 feet thick litter bed

 WESTERN HIMALAYAS EASTERN HIMALYAS

Tree line at 4500 m Tree line at 5000 m

Btw 3500-4500 m
Btw 4000-5000 m
Rhododendron, Junipers Silver fir, Betula utilis
Rhododendron (in plenty) , Junipers

Btw 1500-3500 m Btw 2000-4000 m

Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, P. roxburghii,

Abies spectabilis ( Eastern Himalyan Fir )
Picea smithiana
Picea spinulosa ( Sikkim Spruce) Larix graffithii ( Sikkim larch )
Quercus semecarpifolia (Oak), Arundinaria falcata
Arundinaria spathiflora , Betula
Rhododendron, Walnut, Poplar, Maple
Rhododendron, Willows

Broad leaved forest ( below 1500 m )

Broad leaf trees ( below 2000 m )

S SDM - Subordinate SDM

Sal dry bamboo, riverine savannah, Dry thorn & scrub, mixed deciduous MMA OCB mf e mb

Mapple, Magnolia, Alders Oak, Chestnut, Birch

Mixed forest, open evergreen with moist bamboo

Effect of aspect on vegetation

Relationship between plants of various species

Shady slopes - shade loving plant such as Forbs dominant

Same latitude and middle himalayan valleys:

Symbiotic: Mycorrhiza , Rhizobium
Northern aspect: Fir, Spruce
Southern aspect : dense forest of Deodar
parasitic : Sandalwood is a partial root parasite,
Cuscuta reflexa ( Amarbel or Dodder ) is a total stem parasite
Eastern aspect: cooler —> insolation in morning

Epiphytes : Orchids
Sunny slope : fibrous root
Shady slope : tap root
Climbers : Lianas

Northern slope : more bio mass

Crown shape

Un branched stem & crown formed by larger leaves at the top of unbranched stem: Coconut, Phoenix, Borassus

Conical : conifers ( Pines, Deodar )

Cylindrical: eucalyptus, Ashoka, silver fir

Spherical: mango, Neem, Imli, Mahua

Broad and flat topped: Acacia planifron

Broom shaped : Acacia nilotica

Frondose crown : Prosopis juliflora

Succession in Mountain Temperate Forest: in temperate zone above 2400 m:

1. Shrub associations

2. Pinus wallichiana

3. Mixed Coniferous forests of Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Cedrus deodara

4. Climax stage consisting of mixed forests of Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow, Quercus semecarpifolia

Riverine succession
Estuarine succession

1. Saccharum, Tamarix
1. Mangrove scrub

2. A. catechu, D. sissoo
2. Tree mangrove

3. A. catechu, Adina, Albizia, Holoptelea

3. Slow-growing saltwater Heritiera

4. Adina , Holoptelea, Bombax, Lagerstromia, Terminalia

4. Freshwater swamp forest without Heritiera
(Sundari plant)
5. Adina, Lagerstromia, Terminalia, Shorea

5. Local climax vegetation of evergreen forests

5. Lagerstromia, Terminalia, Shorea

6. Shorea, Terminalia

Succession under sand dunes Good seed year

1. Sand dunes : dune grasses , Andropogon Tectona grandis : produces seeds in good amt every yr

2. Shrub : Crotalaria spp , Euphorbia Shorea robusta: alternate yr

3. Paraclimax stage : Acacia spp , Prosopis spp Khair / Sissoo : every 2nd yr

4. Climax stage : Anogeissus pendula Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburghii : 4th / 5th yr

Abies pindrow : 10 yr
Types of flowering in bamboo

Continuous ( annual ) flowering: Arundinaria falcata and Ochlandra travancorica

Gregarious flowering: most of the bamboo species and Strobilanthes

Sporadic flowering

Seed dissemination Types of resistance

Hydrochory (marine water) : mangroves, coconut, palm

Frost resistance: leafless during winter . Eg : Poplar, Salix
Anemochory : Orchids, Sal, Terminal, Dandelion
Heat hardiness : chloride content in the cell sap
Zoochory : fig seeds spread by birds,
endo-zoochoric dispersals of malus seeds by brown bear Non palatibility : tannin content in Teak leaves ;
Acrid juice in leaves of Rhus, Aegle marmelos

Coppicer

Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Acacia catechu, Prosopis juliflora

1. STRONG COPPICER: Dalbergia spp, Albizzia spp, Anogeissus spp. , Salix spp
Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma , Diospyros ( Tendu) , Eucalyptus globulus

2. FAIR COPPICER Hardwickia binata , Pterocarpus marsupium, Quercus incana, Terminalia bellerica

3. BAD COPPICER Casuarina spp , Acacia arabica , Adina cordifolia , Bombax ceiba , Madhuca indica ,
Salmalia malabarica , Populus ciliate

4. NOT COPPICER Abies , Cedrus , Pinus , Picea

Casuarina equisetifolia, Hardwickia binata etc Produce better shoots when stumps are cut higher

Examples of Pollarding in India

1. Many species are pollarded to obtain fuel wood regularly Exotic species : Poplar, Eucalyptus, Salix etc

2. Salix alba: J&K (for Production of poles for cricket bat industry)
Russian Poplar - a Western American species - Populus deltoids
3. Hardwickia binata: Kurnool ( A.P ) for bast fiber production ( called Eastern Cottonwood in USA )

4. Grewia oppositifolia : UK & foothills of UP for fodder & fiber In 2014, J&K HC banned sale purchase and plantation of
female Russian poplars in Srinagar
5. Cotoneaster bacillaris to obtain walking sticks

6. Moringa oleifera : pollarded for better growth of crown

Plantation schedule (timetable):

1. Layout, demarcation, marking of the felling coupe or Plantation area: 1 yr in advance

2. Collection of seeds and sowing in a nursery: 1–3 yrs in advance

3. Felling of trees and shrubs in the plantation area: 6–8 months in advance

4. Logging of trees & removal of saleable material from the coupe : 6 months in advance

5. Disposal of slash and debris and working of soil: completed by April – May

6. Plantation should start as early as possible after the monsoon

7. After plantation is over, inspection and replacement of seedlings which have died

8. 2-3 weddings in 1st yr, thinning after 5 yrs

Species selection:

<25 cm rainfall : Biotic factors : Gliricidia maculata - good fodder production

HOT DESERT : A. tortolis , A. senegal, Prosopis spp , Tortolis spp
COLD DESERT : Salix , Populus , Juniperus ( S P J )
Edaphic factors : Acacia nilotica & Pongamia pinnata
25-75 cm rainfall can sustain themselves during the development of cracks
TROPICAL SEMI ARID : AAP + Neem + Pongamia pinnata ( Karanj )
TEMPERATE SEMI ARID : S P J

125-200 cm rainfall :
TROPICAL SEMI HUMID : Casuarina , Eucalyptus , Teak , Dalbergia sissoo
TEMPERATE SEMI HUMID : Populus, Pine, Deodar

Exotics

Disease : Pink disease in eucalyptus Karnataka banned eucalyptus plantations in 2017

Sometimes, better performance in new land : leaf eating insect in eucalyptus -

Found in Australia, totally absent in India

Unable to produce viable seeds: >200 yrs of Eucalyptus introduction,

Still unable to produce viable seeds outside Nilgiri

Health issues : Russian poplar in Kashmir valley

Prosopis cineraria issue in Telangana

Eucalyptus makes soil acidic: due to higher rate of calcium recycling

Nurse crop

Arhar , Castor : to protect teak and Sal seedlings from hot sun

Castor : to protect Tephrosia from frost

Gmelina arborea : to protect Dipterocarpus terbinatus plantation from sun

Cover crop

Cover crops are required for tea, rubber etc

Efficient cover crops:

1. Leguminous shrubs & creepers

2. Tephrosia candida : most widely used In Forest plantations ( E.g. : Sal of Bengal & Assam )

3. Indigofera tinctoria ( 1st yr of Sal plantation ) , Imperata grass etc

Types of seed storage

seed collection from fallen fruits: followed in
several species with large fruits like Teak, Terminalia arjuna , Gmelina arborea
Open storage : Acacia spp , Albizzia spp , Prosopis spp

Warm storage with humidity control:

Types of seeds
Cold storage with or without humidity control : Conifers
Orthodox seeds: tropical leguminous species - Acacia, Albizzia, Cassia, Prosopis spp
Cold moist storage : Acer, Quercus, Lichi etc
pines, deodar, spruce , fir can also be stored at 3° C for 10 yrs
Recalcitrant seeds : ??

Embryonic dormancy :

Prominent feature in some temperate genera i.e., Abies pindrow

Presence of inhibitory substances: ABA & CCC (for endogenous dormancy in Fraxinus spp ) , ammonia, ethylene, phenols

Combined/double dormancy: Fraxinus excelsior

Removing seed coat dormancy

Cold water soaking treatment : Deodar seeds

Weathering, partial fermentation & alternate wetting and drying : Tectona grandis

Scarification: for large sized seeds - A. catechu , A. nilotica , Albizzia lebbeck , Santalum album , Terminalia arjuna , Cassia fistula
— mechanical damage
— acid treatment
— Hot water treatment: Acacia spp. , Albizzia spp. , Prosopis spp.

Passage through animals body: A. nilotica , Santalum album

Light fire : Teak

Immature fruits harvesting : ?

Types of seed germination:

Hypogeal : Pongamia pinnata ( Karanj ) , S. robusta , Dendrocalamus strictus

Epigeal germination: Teak , Neem , Pinus roxburghii

Size of nursery

South India : Teak raised in 1.8 m * 1.8 m , with one yr old nursery stock - nursery area is 0.5 % of plantation area

Cedrus deodara : raised in spacing 1.8 m * 1.8 m with 2.25 yrs old stock - nurses area is 2.5 % of plantation area

Time of sowing

1. Teak , Khair : May - June

2. Neem , Sal : July - Aug

3. Sal , Neem , Mango , Dipterocarpus spp. : Sown soon after collection due to short period viability of seeds

Teak and Dalbergia sissoo stump planting gives better results than seedling or transplant planting

Vegetative propagation: cutting

1. Rhizome cutting : Dendrocalamus strictus , Bambusa arundinacea , Bambusa vulgaris

2. Root section cutting : Bombax ceiba

3. Stump cutting : Teak , D. sissoo , B. ceiba , Gmelina arborea

4. Stem and branch cutting : ?

Budding:

70-90% success of bud grafting of Teak during Feb and Oct months In Chandrapur, Maharashtra

Hormonal stimulants to rooting in vegetative propagation material

1. Auxins to induce rooting in Eucalyptus, Dendrocalamus under ctrlled T, humidity in mist chambers

2. IAA , IBA , NAA ( Indole Acetic Acid , Indole butyric acid , naphthalene acetic acid )

Bheema Bamboo is a superior clone selected from Bambusa balcooa

It’s not a GMO but clone was developed from Naturally Occurred Half Sibs
Which was derived out of Open Pollinated Population

Cleaning

To obtain Sal regeneration in moist Sal forest, climber cutting of Mallotus phillipensis & Clerodendron was carried out

Mechanical thinning

Glover’s formula for deodar : D = d

Warren’s formula for Sal : D = 0.5 d
D = spacing btw trees in feet , d = avg diameter of trees in inches

Operational prescriptions for improvement felling:

DDD Unsound, overmature. Unsound, badly shaped. Badly shaped, stunted or injured saplings and adv growth

Crowded Grp of trees or poles. Climber. Inferior species & undergrowth

Grades of ordinary/German / thinning from below :

1. Grade A : Light thinning

DDD & Suppressed
Classes removed : 3/4/5

2. Grade B : Moderate thinning

A + defective , dominated stems & whips + Branchy adv growth that can’t be pruned or lopped
Classes removed : occasional 1 (c) , 1 (d) , 2 (b) , 3/4/5

3. Grade C : Heavy thinning

A + B + all remaining dominated , defective co-dominants (that can be removed without making lasting gaps in the canopy)
Classes removed : 1 ( b/c/d ) , 2/3/4/5

4. Grade D : Very heavy thinning

A + B + C + Some good dominants (so that no lasting or permanent gap in the canopy)
Leftover trees have good boles & crowns , well spaced , evenly distributed
Classes removed : some 1 (a) , 1 b/c/d, 2/3/4/5

5. Grade E : extremely heavy thinning

Heaviest thing that can be made without creating permanent canopy + adopted mainly for research purposes
Classes removed : many dominant stems including all 1 a/b/c/d , 2/3/4/5

Light crown grade : DDD & Wolf trees of top crown

Types of crown training Classes removed : few 1 (a) , many 1 (b) , 5/6 ( not 2 & 3)

Heavy crown thinning ( H.C. Grade) : all trees except very few 1 (a), 2 & 3

Aerial seeding

Done for A. catechu, A. nilotica, Albizzia lebbeck , Dalbergia sissoo , Dendrocalamus strictus , Prosopis juliflora

Pre-monsoon planting : Teak stump plantation in May-June

Planting out
Spring planting : Salix plantation in February

Stump planting Done in Teak , Bombax ceiba , D. sissoo , Gmelina arborea , Pterocarpus marsupium

Planting of cuttings Bombax ceiba , Salix spp. , Populus spp.

Casuarina equisetifolia , Populus deltoides

Irrigated plantations
 Cold deserts

Species of cold deserts

Betula utilis ( Birch ) , Salix alba , Rhododendron campa-nu-latum ( Rhododendron ) , Pinus gerard-iana ( Chilgosa )
Populus alba , P. deltoids , P. ciliata ( Poplar )
Hippo-phae rham-noides ( sea buckthorn )

Sub alpine forests

 13
Rotation

Coastal Redwood ( Sequoia semper-virens )could live for >1000 yrs, Babool for max 120 yrs

Technical rotation

Oak tree for wine barrel use : should be of certain age & min annual ring count

NEPA, WIMCO match factory

Vanvadi - large pvt forest in Sahyadri foothills ( 65 acres)

Examples

Eucalyptus- 10 yrs

Silver fir - 90 yrs ( Modified clear felling system in Kulu ( HP )

Teak - 60-120 yrs ( Nilambur Teak (Kerela) 60 yrs )

Sal - 90 - 180 yrs ( Sal Taungya working circle under 90 yrs rotation , Gorakhpur ( UP )

Chir - Pine - 120 yrs ( Punjab modified shelterwood system , Kangra HP )

Deodar - 150 yrs - ( Punjab Modified shelterwood system Kulu HP )

Yeild prediction

1. Diameter class growth projection: DIPSIM ( Dipterocarpus Forest Growth Stimulation Model) developed in Malaysia

2. Cohort Modelling: CAFOGROM Model , developed in Brazil

Calculating age of standing tree : from general appearance:

1. Size & shape of crown - Pinus roxburghii has a conical crown in earlier stages, which becomes rounded with age

2. Colour & condition of barks : S. robusta: younger trees have rough, crooked, darker bar ; older ones - lighter & smooth bark

3. By counting no. Of annual whorls or annual shoots : Bombax ceiba , pine tree , Borassus
 TREE IMPROVEMENT
14

Objectives:

1. High yeild : a clone Dalbergia sissoo ( DB 18 ) developed by TNAU producing 150 tonnes / ha timber

2. Wood quality : Mimosin present in subabul is toxic to cattle

Phorbol ester present on Jatropha prohibits use of oil cake for animal feed

Limitations: Several yrs to produce seed : Eucalyptus ( 3-4 yrs ) , but some pines ( 10-30 yrs )

Hybridisation

Eucalyptus tereticornis * Eucalyptus camaldulensis = Hybrid FRI 4 ( it has shown heterosis and is 3-5 times superior to parent plants )

Adaptation to high temperature ( Global warming )

1. Morphological adaptation : converting leaves into thorns ( Opuntia )

2. Membrane composition : higher proportion of saturated fatty acids in species like Agave & Cacti

Effect of snow

1. Best forests of SDF ( spruce , deodar , fir ) is found in places of heavy snowfall

2. High winter snowfall needed for satisfactory natural regeneration of Deodar & flowering stimulation in Apple

3. Winter snow Acts ct as seed banks and protect seeds of many conifers from insects, fungi , rodents

-1 . Kail is most susceptible to snow break

-2. Snow favours growth of certain fungi - Fomes

FOREST PROTECTION

Insects : Dindori-Mandla Division : 1996-2002 : 16 lakh trees had to be cut due to Sal Heartwood borer attack

Vast area and difficult to reach every point : Kanha NP : 940 km2 with hills and steep valleys
 75
Causes of deforestation Diversion of forest land : Est of fruit belts in hills : E.g. - Chamba-Mussoorie fruits belt of UP govt during 1960s:
cleared large area of deodar-oak forest of Shivaliks

Grassland

Dominated by Graminae

Major families include : ( Poa , Faba ) ceae

Biotic factors affecting development of grassland : exotic weeds ( parthenium grass allelopathy inhibits germination of native grasses )

Soil types of India Sand dune species

1. Grasses : Lasiu-rus sindicus ( Sewan grass ). Cench-rus ciliaris ( Anjan )

1. ALLUVIAL SOIL : Sal

2. Creepers : Cucu-mus spp

2. BLACK SOIL : Teak. Babool.

3. Trees / Shrubs : tortolis senegal. Juliflora. Ziziphus nummularia

3. RED SOIL :

4. LATERITE SOIL : Xylus xylocarpa. Cashew nut

5. DESERT SOIL : A. senegal. Prosopis cineraria Saline / Alkalaine soil : Salt tolerant species

6. MOUNTAIN OR HILL SOIL : Chir-Pine. Kail Babool. Neem. Prosopis chilensis

7. SKELETON SOIL

8. PEAT SOIL : Salix. Jamun Ravine land suitable species

Cutchh. Karanj ( Prosopis cineraria ). Babool. Shisham

Aerial seeding in 1980-86

Coastal dune afforestation

Cutchh. Babool. Shisham Avicenna officinalis. Atriplex

Juliflora. Lebbeck. Dendrocalamus strictus
C. equisetifolia. Cocus nuci-fera

Bora-sus flabelli-formis

Wetlands suitable species

Babool. Jamun. C equisetifolia. Eucalyptus robusta. Arjun. Lagerstroemia speciosa. Salix spp

Mined area : suitable species

pg 1 : A. auri-culi-formis. Albizia lebbeck.

pg 2 : Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Cassia siamea

Pg 3 : Shisham

Others : Prosopis chilensis. Grevillea robusta

 16

Medicinal plants Sco-pola-mine:

Depressed ‘para-sympathetic
Atropine : nervous system
Bella-donna Atropa bella-Donna
antidote to opium.
Treatment of asthma, pertussis Used with morphine to induce
Ctrl excessive salivation, sweating, nasal secretions ‘Twilight sleep’

Insecticidal. protect clothes, books. Cardiac depressant

Cincona officinalis
Quinine

Ephedra Ephedra major Treatment of malaria, cold, hay fever, bronchial cough

Satpagandha Rauvolfia serpentina Snake bite. Stimulate uterine contraction ( used in childbirth) High BP. intestinal disorder

Ashwagandha Diuretic. Used in Rheumatism

Withania somnifera

Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Power improver

Adusha/ Vasa / Cough syrup

Adha-toda vasica
Malabar nut

Treatment of arthritis, obesity, high blood cholesterol

Guggal Commi-phora wightii

Arrow poison. Treating nervous disorder & paralysis

Nux Vomica Stry-chnos nuxvomica
Higher doses may kill stray dogs, Agri-pests like rabbits, rats

Tulsi Ocimum sanctum

All-ium cepa
Onion

Bael Aegle marmelos

Amla
Emblica officinalis

Neem
 17
Narcotics

Opium Papaver somniferum Morphine: analgesic & sedative, reduces BP Code-ine : pertussis

Cannabis sativa Relieving pain Sedative & hypnotic. Treating nervous disorder
Indian hemp

Aromatic plants:
Exotic species

Coriander : Coriandrum sativum Australia -

—— 4 Acacia spp - auriculiformis. mearnsii. mangium. decurrens
Jeera : Cumi-num cymi-num
—— 3 Eucalyptus - camaldulensis. globulus. tereticornis
Kesar : Crocus sativus
Acacia tortilis - Israel
Clove : Syzygium aromaticum
Myanmar - Bambusa burmanica. Dendrocalamus giganteus
Sounf : Foe-ni-culum vulgare
Casuarina equisetifolia : Indonesia. Cinnamomum camphora - China-Japan

Prosopis juliflora : Mexico Pinus deltoids - North America. Pinus caribea : Honduras

Salix alba - Native of Europe, Western Asia but introduced in India from China

Seed collection from fallen fruit

In which large fruits are there - Tectona grandis. Gmelina arborea. Terminalia arjuna

Viability test 2,3,5 Tri-phenyl tetra-zolium chloride solution

Types of containers

BB DE PR : Brick bamboo. Dona , earthen pot. Poly bag , root trainers

Dona or cup : made of leaves of Bau-hinia vahlii

Coppice shoots arises from adventitious buds at the base of woody plant In Poplar and Willows, branch cuttings easily
 18
Salinity adaptation

Salt accumulation In the form of Cystoliths & Raphides

Bruguera : 1

Lagun-cularia : 2
Root modifications : Examples : Purpose
Rhizophira : 1 3

Avicennia : 1 2. 3 Pneumatophores : Avicennia ( for hypoxia condition)

Knee roots : Bruguera ( for hypoxia condition )

Prop or stilt roots : Rhizophora ( mechanical support + water absorption )

Buttress roots : Xylocarpus granatum ( mechanical support, due to eccentric cambium activity )

Pollination in mangroves occurring via wind ( in red mangroves ) , insects / bees ( in black & white mangroves )

Plant viviparity Rhizophora. Sonneratia

Mangrove community zonation :

Low tidal zone White mangroves ( Bruguera. Ceriops. Lagun-cularia racemosa Knee roots + bee pollination

Low-Medium Black mangroves ( Avicennia germinans. Sonneratia ) Pneumatophores roots + insect pollination

Medium - High Red mangroves ( Rhizophora mangle )

Prop roots + wind pollination

High Buttonwoods
Superficial root system with buttresses

Subgroup 4B : Tidal Swamp Forests

4 B / Ts1 : A C E ( Avicennia , Ceriops , Exocaria ). - S + KG. S = sunderban area

4 C / Ts2 : A B R. ( “. Bruguera , Rhizophora ). S + KG + Mahanadi

4 C / Ts3 : H X + C. ( Heritiera , Xylocarpa. , Ceriops ) S

4 C / Ts4 : H X + B. ( “. “. Bruguera ) S + A&N

 19
Importance of mangroves

Tannins : Bruguera cylindrica. Rhizophora mucronata

‘Keora water’: Sonneratia apetala

Traditional medicine : Avicennia officinalis ( mut kharaab ). Heritiera littoralis : Hagga kharaab

Mangroves carbon sequestration potential : 3-5 times of terrestrial forests

In Sunderbans , Ganges carry little quantities of freshwater , except during monsoon

So, high salinity tolerant species ( Avicennia alba ) replacing Heritiera folmes which requires a regular supply of freshwater for its growth

Add Shailesh Nayak committee + Bangladesh model as best practice

Clear felling system

It is a Silvicultural system in which equi- extensive or equi-productive areas of mature crops are
Successively clear-felled in 1 operation and regenerated, most frequently artificially but sometimes naturally

Examples :
—— Pinus kesiya, Assam: Clear strip system

—— Casuarina equisetifolia in Gujarat and Odisha coast: Clear felling or alternate strip

—— Teak : Nilambur teak plantation

—— Sal : in North Indian plain

Conclusion : After SC judgement of Dec 1996….

Note : teak unde clear felling is managed with rotation of 60-120 yrs ( 80 yrs in Central India )

Shelterwood system

It is a silvicultural system in which there is gradual removal of entire stand in 2 or more successive failings,
Which extend over a part of rotation

As natural regeneration progresses, over wood is gradually removed and

When it does not require Protection any longer, shelter wood is completely removed,
so that newly established group can use the growing space effectively
 20

Uniform System / Compartment system/ shelterwood compartment system :

Concentrated regeneration + uniform opening of canopy + uniform regeneration

It is a kind of shelter would system that aims at concentrated regeneration, in which the
Canopy is uniformly opened up over the entire compartment in one operation,
To obtain uniform regeneration

Uniform System

Pinus roxburghii in HP & UK as Chir regenerates naturally easily

Shade-bearer Deodar is mixed with light demander Kail

No. Of seed bearers retained at the time of seedling felling:

Chir : 15-25 , Kail : 25-30. , Deodar : 45-50

After recommendation of All India Sal Study Tour & Symposium, Sal in frost prone North Indian plains ( MP-UP-BH)
was changed from Uniform Shelterwood system to Indian Irregular Shelterwood system

The Group system / shelterwood group system / Bavarian femelschlag :

A type of silvicultural system in which regeneration felling, instead of being done uniformly over the compartment, are
Carried out in scattered groups, either bcz of presence of adv growths in those grps or to induce regeneration de novo,
And the foci of regeneration can be enlarged centrifugally to merge with each other ultimately

Applied at following places but failed in India: (intensive mgmt cannot be carried out over extensive areas)

1. Deodar and Kail in Chamba HP

2. Deodar ( 1950s & 60s) in Chakrata UK
3. Sal in Odisha

Shelterwood Strip system:

A type of shelterwood system in which regeneration fellings are done in the form of successive strips, from one side of compartment to another,
Progressing against the wind direction

Modifications: 1. Wagner Blender Saumschlag. 2. Strip and Group System. 3. Eberhard Wedge System

Wagner Blender Saumschlag:

Definition / Pattern of felling :

A type of shelterwood silvicultural system in which regeneration fellings are carried out in narrow strips,
extending in E-W direction and advancing from N to S

Width of strip : 0.5 * Ht of trees

Main object : provide side protection to the regeneration from the sun
 2
Irregular shelter wood system / Swiss femelschlag / Baden femelschlag :

A type of shelterwood silvicultural system in which crop is opened up irregularly, by removing trees of above predetermined diameter
( for Eg : 40 cm )

Applications:

1. Deodar forests of HP & UK ( 40 cm dia class + retaining 40-50 tress/ha + where slope is steep , follow selection system in felling

2. Sal Forest : floating P.B. is adopted

3. Tropical rainforest of A&N / Andaman Canopy Lifting Shelterwood

( felling all above gbh 120\150\180 for softwood/ hardwood/ others + fell all non commercial below 10 m + fell all not needed as
seed bearers btw 10-20 m + cleaning in 3 , 6 yrs. + thinning in 6 , 15 , 30 , 50 yrs

Selection system Selection system follows nature in the pattern of felling

Single tree selection system

A type of selection silvicultural system in which fellings and regeneration is distributed over the whole of area and
Resultant crop is so uneven-aged that trees of all ages are found mixed together on every part of the area

Crop is called selection Forest or all aged forest

Group selection system

A type of selection silvicultural system in which fellings are carried out in small patches or grps,
And not a scattered tree (as chosen in single tree selection system )

Applications of selection system

1. Teak forests of MP ( Bori forest division)

2. Moist & dry Sal forests of MP & Terai

3. Sandalwood forests of Karnataka

4. Tropical evergreen & semi-evergreen forest

Accessory systems

They are those high forest systems that originate from other even aged systems by modifying techniques,
Resulting in an irregular or 2-storeyed high forest

2-storeyed high Forest system:

Canopy can be differentiated into 2 strata & each storey is approximately even-aged and usually seedling in origin
 22

High forests with reserved system

An accessory Silvicultural system in which Selected trees of the crop being re-generated are retained,
for part or whole of the 2nd Rotation, to produce large sized timber

E.g. : in uniform system, at the time of final felling, some trees are retained for light increment of these trees

Simple coppice system

A silvicultural system based in stool coppice, in which old crop is clear felled completely, and
New crop grows naturally through stool coppice

Applications : Eucalyptus globulus plantation in Nilgiri. Eucalyptus hybrid plantation in North India

Modification 1: Coppice of 2 Rotation System:

A modification of simple coppice System in which a few selected poles are left scattered Singly over the coupe at the end of 1st rotation,
to attain a bigger size in the 2nd rotation period.
These trees are felled at the end of rotation , but new trees of 1st rotation age are selected for retention

Modification 2 : SHELTERWOOD COPPICE SYSTEM:

A modification of simple coppice system in which we leave some shelterwood trees ( 125-150 / ha ) after clean felling the remaining trees,
for frost protection till the new coppice shoots are wilfully established

COPPICE WITH STANDARD SYSTEM

A silvicultural system based on coppice in which an overwood of standards is kept over coppice crops,
for periods which may be several rotation period long.

These overwoods are a permanent feature of the crop throughout its life

The overwoods are usually of seedling origin and composed of trees of various age

Applications :

1. Sal forests in parts of Pilibhit ( UP ) on rotations of 30 yrs for coppice and 60 yrs for stds

2. Dry peninsular Sal in Bihar, WB, Odisha

3. Jamun belt along Gonda-Gorakhpur division in UP

 23
COPPICE WITH RESERVES SYSTEM:

A coppice based silvicultural system in which felling in done only in suitable areas that are likely to benefit, and
We reserve all financial immature growth of principle as well as other valuable miscellaneous species,
Either singly or in groups

PATTERN OF FELLING:
1. Emphasis is more on conservation than felling

2. There is no predetermined pattern , but there is :

—— reservation by area : determine areas needing protection, or some improvement felling and areas whr felling can be done

—— reservation by species : felling is done as per crop requirement, local ppl and site

—— reservation by diameter : felled only after getting a particular girth range ( Eg: 60-70 cm )

APPLICATIONS: Dry deciduous forests of Bihar, UP, MP, Raj , Maharashtra etc

Forest management

FM is the practical application of SET principles of Forest estate to achieve certain objectives
(SET = Scientific, economic and technical )

Comparison btw public forest , pvt forest , agriculture, industries

O I P B W - only in Pakistan, bullies win

Ownership. Investment period. Purpose of mgmt. Benefits. Welfare of ( beneficiaries )

Legal factors Karnataka Tree Preservation Act prohibits felling and transportation of 42 tree species without permission + Judicial overreach

Ways to overcome peculiarities of Forest management

Enrichment plantation. Ecosystem modelling using advanced technology like remote sensing. Forest certification

Carrying capacity based forest management. Revision of tree act. Promote an alternate economy

National CFM Mission (community forest management)

 24
COMPARTMENT HISTORY

Compartment enumeration, description. Details of NTFP , harvesting of NTFP. Biodiversity assessment. Past events

COMPARTMENT DESCRIPTION

Area. Location. Boundaries. Legal status. Land use. Topography. Altitude. Slope. Aspect.

Rock & geology. Soil composition. Soil erosion. Crop composition. Regeneration status. Plantation status

Presence of ( grasses. Weed. Bamboo). Grazing incidence. Damages to crops

Both the above done as per NATIONAL WORKING PLAN CODE 2014

Felling series in a uniform shelterwood system ( Periodic Blocks ) Chir-Pire forests : 120 yrs rotation , 30 yrs regeneration.
So, we divide working circle into 4 sections ( periodic blocks )

In 1806 : Govt of Madras appointed Captain Watson as the 1st conservator of forest

1867 : est of IFS

Public vs Pvt forestry

Silvicultural treatment : ecological model of stand mgmt Vs. Agronomic model of of stand development

Management : ecological model as basis of Forest Mgmt. Vs. Economic models of Forest mgmt

Increasing or progressive yield was proposed by Hartig

Intermediate or intermittent yield

Material or cash return obtained by various thinning operations from time to time, from a regular forest, before its final felling

Rotation

Different scholars like Brasnett , Osmaston , Jerram Have given their definition of rotation

We can define the rotation/production period as the time period a forest crop takes between its formation and final felling

Term rotation is applied for regular crop only

( I.e. when entire crop of a sizeable area is felled at a time (clear felling system) or periodically (shelterwood system )

For uneven or irregular forest, we use ‘exploitable age’ or ‘utiliseable age/size’

 25
It’s the rotation Corresponding to the age until which trees remain sound and
Physical rotation
Produce viable seeds in high forests or coppice shoots in coppice forest

It corresponds to longevity of trees

silvicultural rotation Rotation corresponding to age till which crop shows satisfactory vigour of growth and reproduction on a given site

Technical rotation Rotation under which species yields the maximum amount of material of a Specified size or use,
To meet the needs of markets and industries

Ex : for wine barrel usage, Oak tree must be of certain age and have a minimum annual ring count

Rotation of highest income/revenue:

Biological rotation/
rotation of max vol pdn
Rotation which yields highest
avg annual gross or net revenue,
Rotation that yields maximum annual quantity of material Irrespective of the capital value of the forest

It is the rotation of max vol / area / yr Calculated without: interest, production time, locked up capital in forest investment

It is the age at which MAI is maximum Often referred to as forest rental

Graphically, when MAI = CAI

It’s longer than Financial Rotation

Financial/economic rotation
 26

Drawbacks of champion and Seth

1. Forest formations not included : MMD forests ( moist mixed deciduous) in south of Brahmaputra containing 15% Sal not covered

2. Forests of J&K and Sikkim - uncovered

3. New species have been introduced and being regenerated naturally- Teak in North India , P. roxburghii in Balaghat, MP

4. Floristic composition in dry ( subtropical, temperate ) don’t match favourably with examples given, especially in Bastar MP

Seedling establishment

Teak , Sal - light demander, need overhead light for proper development, at least in initial stages

Abies pindrow - seedling needs protection from overhead sun/light, otherwise it may burn

Growing shoots from Root sucker

1. Felling the main trunk / parent tree : D. sissoo. D. latifolia. Prosopis cineraria. Bombax ceiba

2. Injuring the roots by digging up a trench around the trees: D. sissoo

Dying back happens in Sal. Bombax ceiba. Boswelia serrata. Pterocarpus santalinus

Russian poplar = Populus deltoides = Eastern Cottonwood = a West American species

Modification of rotation Pinus radiata plantations in NW USA shortened from 40-50 yrs in 1970s to 25-30 yrs in 1990s

MAI of vol of teak plantation upto 30 yrs is 30 m3/ha/yr

PAI ( periodic annual increment) : ht growth in teak plantation in 10-15th yr is 0.5 m / yr

QAI (Quality annual increment ) : price of 30-yr old sandalwood tree in higher than 20 yr old tree,bcz
Hardwood , which is the source of sandalwood oil increases with age, and its formation increases with age

Significance of increment & increment percentage:

To Determine maturity of trees and fix the rotation period: example – plantation of Babul solely for fuel wood production –
Once its increment percentage begins to fall, we fell the trees

For virgin forests, net increment is 0 : as the GS of forests doesn’t change over time & they’re in static equilibrium
 27

Impact of thinning on stand vol increment

Crown projection area increases : spruce and pine - 80% , Birch - 200%

Vol increment : conifers - strong increase , Deciduous species - intermediate effect

 S
FIBRES:

Fibres from Stems ( Bast Tissue ) : C A S H : Cannabis sativa. Acacia leuco-phloea Sterculia villosa. Hardwickia binata

Fibres from leaves : M A A : Musa textilis. Agave americana. Agave sisa-lana

FLOSSES: GRASSES:

Bc. Cp. Cr : Bombax ceiba. Ceiba pentandra. Cochlo-spermum religiosum Saccharum munja (Munj ). Saccharum spontaneou-m ( Ekra)

Pc : Populus ciliate Imperata cylindrica ( all 3 are also thatching grasses)

GUMS & RESINS: Lipid soluble mixture of volatile and non volatile
terpenoid and phenolic secondary compounds RESINS
GUM

Gums : H C C P ( Hydrophilic complex carbohydrate polymers ) Pine resins : Pinus ( roxburghii. wallichiana. kesiya. gerardiana)

Acacia : costemics , in lithography as an adhesive Resin from broad leaved tree species: Canarium strictum
Tamarind gum : textiles
Oleoresins: Boswellia serrata. Dipterocarpus turbinatus
Soluble gum : Indian gum Arabic ( Babool ). Turpentine. Balsam
Partially soluble gum : Morocco gum ( Acacia gummifera )
Gum resins : Garcinia morella
SPECIES :
Hard resins : Amber
Acacia [ catechu nilotica (Indian gum Arabic). senegal (true gum Arabic
of commercial importance) Uses : adhesives , paints , coatings , decoration , jewellery

Butea monosperma ( Bengal kino ). Bombax ceiba ( Katira gum ). Metal replacement , electronic components , medical device
Pterocarpus marsupium ( Gum kino )
Boat and car parts
Moringa oleifera ( Moringa gum ). Anogeissus latifolia ( Dhaura gum )

DYES
Water soluble phenolics , which in addition to displaying
classical reactions of phenols, can also precipitate GAP Wood dyes : Ac + Cs = A. catechu + Cae-sal-pinia sappan ( Brazilian dye)
TANNIN:
( gelatine, alkanpids & other proteins )
Bark dyes : Ac + Ce : A. concinna + Casuarina equisetifolia

Wood tans : A. catechu

Flower & fruit dyes : Butea monosperma + Mallotus philippensis

Bark tans : A. ( m + n ). + Sal + T. arjuna. - (mearnsii & nilotica )

Leaf dyes : Indigofera spp

Fruit tans : Imli + Amla + Kaju ( Cashewnut testa )

Root dyes : Rubia cordifolia

Leaf tans : Amla + Axle-wood ( Anogeissus latifolia )

 Essential oils are odour rich liquids occurring in many plants, CANES
OILS: Which volatilise on contact with air

Calamus guruba : WB + Assam

Wood oils : pine + Chandan : Pinus spp + Santalum album
Calamus rotang : in Central and South India
Flower oils : Keora oils ( Pandanus tecto-rius )

Canes ( ‘rattans’ of commerce ) are stems of

Leaf oils : Eucalyptus + Camphor ( Eucalyptus globulus + Cinna-momum camphora )
climbing trees, generally of genus Calamus

Root oils : Valerian oil ( Valeriana wallichii )

Seed oil : Mahua butter + Sal butter + Need seed oil + Olive oil ( Oleo europoea )

BIDI: It’s a thin cigarette or mini cigar filled with tobacco flakes . It’s commonly wrapped in ( give species name )

Used for Bidi wrapping : Dio-spyros melan-oxylon ( family : Ebena-ceae ). Bauhinia racemosa. Pilio-stigma racemosum

LAC

Lac insect : Laccifer lacca

Hosts : S F G + Sch-lei-chera oleosa ( Shorea talura + Ficus spp ( F. glomerata + F. religiosa ) + Grewia spp )

CUTCHH & KATTHA : A. catechu in North india & A. chundra in South India

Kattha = 3,4,5,7 - tetra-hydroxy-flavan-3-oles

OTHERS :
BAMBOOS :

Honey & Bee dammer : Apis indica

Tall , perennial grasses which have woody stems called culms, which arise from rhizome
Silk : Bombyx mori ( under sericulture )
Family : Poa-ceae or Gramin-eae
Ivory : from elephants

Guano : excreta of birds

 30
Felling season : Felling by roots:

In himalyas above 2000 m : snowfall. So feeling season in summer ( April onwards ) When roots and underground portion is very valuable

In plains and peninsular mountains : October - March Sandalwood + Khair + Walnut ( Juglans regia )

Grading of timber

Seasoning behaviour of wood :

Wounds : upto 2.5 cm in depth. /. 4 cm. / ——

Boreholes : same as above Highly refractory wood : Sal, Mahua

Moderately . : Babool, Arjun

End split / cracks : upto 2.5 cm. / 4 cm. / > 4 cm
Non. : Aam , Chir, Kail
Surface cracks : same as above

Live knots : upto 4 cm in dia , 10 in no per 3 m log /. 10 cm , 4 in no / ——

Dead knots : upto 4 , 2 in no. /. 7 cm , 4 in no /. ——

Flute : upto 4 cm depth / Upto 7 cm / > 7 cm

Curvature : deviation upto 7 cm / Upto 15 cm / > 15 cm

Radial , star , heart shake : —— / Not exceeding 15 cm depth at both ends / ——

Mechanical properties of woods : Types of grazing :

Flexibility : soft and light Woods are more flexible than hardwoods Unitary grazing : Only buffalo in pollarding area ( camel not permitted )

Fissility : Yew ( Taxus beccata) Shows excellent

Elasticity: Dendrocalamus strictus shows excellent elasticity

Hardness : Teak and Sal wood are extremely hard

Wood preservatives:

Oil type : creo-sote , Coal tar

Water soluble type : CuSO4 , ZnCl2 , HgCl2 , ASCU ( As2O5 + CuSO4. 5 H2O + K2 or Na2Cr2O7 in 1:3:4

Organic solvent type : Zn & Cu salts of organic acids like naphthenic acids , steric acid & chlorinated phenols
Hardiproof & Cuprinol ( both contain copper naphthenate base )
Grazing :

Grazing causes retrogressive succession : high biotic pressure in UP forests converted it to savannah

GRAZING MANAGEMENT:

Tree fodder based protein banks : Hardwickia , Subabul

Grasses to supplement fodder requirement : Sorghum , fodder cowpea

Grasslands :

Major families found in grasslands : ( Poa , Faba ) ceae

FACTORS AFFECTING GRASSLAND DISTRIBUTION:

Biotic factors : allelopathy by Parthenium grass ( an invasive species ) releases chemicals that inhibits germination of native grasses

Ecological status of Indian grasslands :

Climatic climax : alpine meadow ( Merg - Kashmir , Bughyal - UK ) + Shola grasslands ( Kerela )

Edaphic climax : Grasslands of Terai belt - alluvial deposits at the foothills of Himalyas - Sal savannah

Biotic climax : Manas ( fire climax )

Sub climax : Vidhi grassland + Banni grassland ( Kutch) - both Gujarat

Other injuries caused by wild animals :

Deer & antelopes : Strips bark off Sal

Bison : strips bark off Artocarpus , Fraxinus species

Wild pigs : eats germinating seeds of Sal + girdles Deodar ( porcupine fences + firing guns )

Birds :

Elephants : strips bark of Sal and Artocarpus ( anti elephant trenches + beating drums & firing guns + rehabilitation of degraded forests )

Black bear :

Monkey :

Rodents : porcupine fences or fences with underground wires

 FENCING TYPES :

Live fences : Agave , Atropha , Euphorbia plantation

Brushwood fencing : Dense-plantation of woody plants - Acacia nilotica

Important leaf defoliators :

Deodar : Ectropis deodara

Wildlife conservation approach:

Sustainable forest management criteria :

Tree & forest cover + health & vitality + soil & water resources = productivity Laws + Proetcted areas + specific schemes like Project Tiger

Biodiversity Prevent deforestation + Habitat improvement

Social & cultural benefits +. Policy, legal and institutional framework Periodic census + preservation of breeding stock

Ppl’s participation + conservation biology in school/cllg courses

Provenance trial :
Teak from different states grown in Chandrapur forest division for planting in central India region

Progeny test : Developed by Vilmorin , so called Vilmorin principle or Vilmorin isolation principle

Seed production area :

SPA is a phenotypically superior stand of commercially important forest tree species in a Permanent forest estate,
Consisting of vigorously growing trees, which have been updated by thinning of poor phenotypes and
Treated to produced large quantities of seeds

The genetic quality of seed is not known

Conclusion for SPA:

Although the amount of genetic improvement from a SPA is small,

but seed obtained from it still has better qualities than seed from commercial collections in routine plantations

This is specially true in adaptability, form & pest resistance

Use Panchmitra , INDC + Delhi declaration + Kunming declaration + Sharm al sheikh

Categorisation:

1. Territorial classification - range — block (15-30) - compartment. - sub-compartment

TYPES OF INCREMENT :
CAI , MAI , PAI , Final Mean Annual Increment , Quality increment , Price increment

INCREMENT ESTIMATION:

1. Individual tree :
Felled tree ( Stem analysis ) + Standing tree ( Presslers increment borer + Schneider’s formula + Cmpd interest formula ) + Yeild table

2. Tree Crop :
Regular forest ( by Yeild Table ) + Irregular forest ( MAI formula )

ESTIMATION OF FOREST’S GROWING STOCK :

1. Actual Growing Stock : By total enumeration + Partial Ennumeration ( Sampling )

2. NGS :

A. Clear Felling System ( By final MAI ( Theoretical NGS + By Yield Table ( Actual NGS ) : In Both ( Flury’s constant )

B. Uniform Shelterwood System : Fisher Formula + Strzelecki’s formula

C. Selection system : Munger formula

TRINITY OF NORMS :
1. Ideal Growing Stock. 2. Ideal age class distribution. 3. Ideal increment

KINDS OF STANDS :

1. Based on composition : Pure stand + Mixed stand

2. stand form / structure :

even aged Stand (S) + Two aged S + Uneven aged S ( balanced uneven aged + irregular uneven aged S ) + even aged stratified mixture

3. Based on stand density : fully stocked stand + under stocked stand + over stocked stand

4. Location : up land + bottom land

STAND DEVELOPMENT STAGES :

Herb-shrub stage ( stand initiation stage ) + young stage ( stem exclusion stage or Aggregation phase ) +

Mature stage ( understorey stage ) or transition stage + Old growth stage ( steady state phase )
YEILD PREDICTION:

1. Diameter class growth projection ( DIPSIM )

2. Cohort Modelling ( CAFOGROM Model )

BASIS OF YEILD REGULATION:

1. AREA ONLY : annual coupe by ( gross area + reduced area )

2. VOLUME ONLY ( Growing stock volume ) :

Von Mantel’s formula + Howard’s modification + Burma modification + Simmon’s modification + Smythies’ modification

3. AREA & VOLUME : Public resource se funding jugado :

Permanent PB allotment method + Revocable PB allotment method + Single PB method + Floating PB method +
Judeich’s stand selection method ( Management method )

4. INCREMENT :

Increment method + Swiss method + Biolly’z check method or methode du controle

5. VOLUME & INCREMENT OF WHOLE GROWING STOCK :

a. Formula method : FH FH BVS ( batman v/s superman ) : Austrian + Heyer’s + Hundeshagen’s + Karl’s + Breymann’s method

b. Hufnagal’s method

c. French method & it’s modification : Melar’s method + Smythies modification + Chaturvedi’s modification

d. Hufnagal’s diameter class method. e. Brandis’ dia class method ( Indian method ) f. Volume unit method.

g. Smythies safeguarding formula ( UP safeguarding formula )

YEILD REGULATION IN SHELTERWOOD SYSTEM :

1. BY ALLOCATING AREA IN PB : Public resource se funding jugado :

Permanent PB allotment method + Revocable PB allotment method + Single PB method + Floating PB method +
Judeich’s stand selection method ( Management method )

2. BY MEASURING VOLUME ( GROWING STOCK ) :

Von Mantel’s formula + Howard’s modification + Burma modification + Simmon’s modification + Smythies’ modification

3. BY MEASURING VOLUME ( GS ) & INCREMENT :

a. Formula method : FH FH BVS ( batman v/s superman ) : Austrian + Heyer’s + Hundeshagen’s + Karl’s + Breymann’s
method

b. Hufnagal’s method

c. French method & it’s modification : Melar’s method + Smythies modification + Chaturvedi’s modification
YEILD REGULATION IN IRREGULAR FOREST : BASED ON

1. GS ONLY : Von Mantel’s formula + Modified French Method

2. INCREMENT ONLY : Increment method + Swiss method + Biolly’s check method

3. GS & INCREMENT :
Hufnagal’s dia class method + Brandis’ dia class method + Volume unit method + Smythies’ safe-guarding formula

REGENERATION CATEGORIES : Socio economic survey & assessment ;

e w+ w. u+ u. s+ s. r o 2 stage strategy random sampling + stratified multi stage random sampling

TYPES OF MAPS PREPARED ON WPO :

125 k : Reference
Working M ( 12.5 k ). Management map ( 50 k ). Reference ( 125 k )

50 k : Mgmt + Forest type

Regeneration survey M ( 5k / 4k ). Stock M ( 15 k ). Enumeration M ( 15 k )

15 k : Stock + Ennumeration
Forest type M ( 50 k ) Soil M (

12.5 k : Working Plan

4 - 5 k : Regeneration

INSTRUMENTS USED IN MEASUREMENT :

1. DIAMETER MEASUREMENT :
a. At Breast Height : Wooden scale + Tree Callipers + Diameter tape + Biltmore stick + Bitterlich sector fork

b. Upper stem diameter :

Ruler + Finnish Parabolic calliper + Dendrometers ( Kramer’s dendrometer ; Barr & Stroud dendrometer )
Relaskops (Bitterlich’s mirror relaskop + Spiegal relaskop ) + Wheeler’s pentaprism

2. For Girth measurement :

Tape + Girth calliper
HEIGHT MEASUREMENT METHODS WITH ITS PRINCIPLES :

1. OCULAR METHOD : scale fixed in mind

2. NON INSTRUMENTAL METHODS : Based on geometric principles of similar triangle

Shadow method + Single pole method +. Pencil method

3. INSTRUMENTAL METHOD :
a. Based on geometric principles of similar triangle
Christian hyspometer + Smythies Hypsometer + Improvised callipers

b. Based on trigonometric principles:

Brandis hypsometer + Abney Level+ Haga Altimeter + Blume-leiss hypsometer + Spiegal relaskop + Suunto clinometer + Electric clinometer

METHODS OF STUDYING STEM FORMS :

1. COMPARING STD FORM RATIO : FF + Form Height + Form quotient

2. CLASSIFYING STEM FORM ON BASIS OF FORM RATIO : Form class + Form point ratio

3. BY COMPILATION OF TAPER TABLES : Ordinary taper table + form class taper table

1. FORM FACTOR :
CLASSES of form factor : Artificial / BH FF + Absoulute FF + Pressler’s Normal or true FF

TYPES of FF :Tree FF + Stem Timber FF + Stem small wood FF

2. FORM HEIGHT : = V / S at b.h

3. FORM QUOTIENT : Mid dia / dbh

4. FORM CLASS : Intervals of form quotients

VOLUME MEASUREMENT :

1. FELLED TREES : Smalion formula + Huber’s formula + Newton’s / Prismoidal formula + Small end diameter + Quater girth formula

2. STANDING TREES :

a. Ocular estimation

b. Direct methods : Standard section + Grey’s taper-line + Graphical method

c. Indirect methods : Volume table + Volume equation + Instrumental methods

3. STACKED SMALL WOOD : Xylometric method + Specific gravity method + Photographic method
CONTROLLING SHIFTING CULTIVATION :

NITI Aayog recommended mission mode programme on “Shifting Cultivation “ under aegis of Min of Agri
with close cooperation with MoEFCC & MDoNER

Promote : agroforestry model + Oil palm cultivation in Manipur under Taungya system +
Cottage industries based on forest products ( PM Van Dhan )

Permitting shifting cultivation as per LCC ( Land Capability Classification )

Promote Improved Fallow System & Taungya system

FOREST FIRE CLASSIFICATION : BASIS OF :

1. CAUSATIVE FACTORS : Natural + Accidental + Intentional

2. PLACE OF ACTION : Ground fire + Creeping fire + Surface fire + Crown fire

Forest fire has a role in Sal regeneration

Grasslands of Kazoranga are subjected to controlled burning every yr

To ctrl forest fire : 2,4 D & 2,4,5 T herbicides to check weed growth

Ctrl FF by eliminating heat : use heat retardant chemical like Bentonite, DAP

LOPPING : PREVENTIVE MEASURES

4 yr cycle + below 30 cm dia - NO + <2/3 rd crown ht + <= 25 cm sickle , no heavy tools like axe

CONTROL MEASURES OF INSECTS & PESTS :

1. DETECTION & ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE : Old methods + New methods

2. PREVENTIVE MEASURES :

Silviculture ctrl + Biological ctrl + Mechanical ctrl + Chemical ctrl + Host plant resistance

Silviculture ctrl ( choice of species + crop composition + Thinning + size of regen area + Regen methods + Forest fire )

Biological ctrl : Cedria paradoxa insect kills Teak leaf skeletonizer insect + Trichogramma is endo parasoids of insect eggs

Mechanical ctrl : humus heaps to prevent oviposition . Ex : Ectropis deodarae

Chemical ctrl : synthetic insecticide ( Aldrin ,DDT ) +

natural insecticide ( male/female hormones + Pyrethrin in chrysanthemum flowers )
DAMPING OFF : Primarily affects Conifer seedlings, though also attacks broad-leaved seedlings

PATHOGENS CAUSING DAMPING OFF :

Saprophytic fungi which become parasitic under favourable conditions
Ex : Fungi Pythium + Rhizoctonia + Fusarium + Phytophthora

In India, Rhizoctonia solani most imp in damping off in conifer nurseries

PREVENTION& CRTL :
Site preparation + Sowing density. +. Partial or full sterilisation ( steaming ) of poly-bags by chemicals like Captan, Formlin

SEEDLING WILT : CHARCOAL ROOT ROT :

Example : Verticillium wilt Affects : Eucalyptus, C. equisetifolia, Juliflora

Affects : AAD ( Babool + neem + Shisham ) Pathogen : Rhizoctonia bataticola

Pathogen : Fusarium ( solani + oxysporum ) Ctrl : Dithane M-45

Ctrl : drenching soil with Dithane

NURSERY DISEASE :
Damping off + seedling wilt + Charcoal root-rot

Leaf ( spot + rust ) + Powdery Mildew ( caused by Uncinula spp in CAT ( Cassia siamia , Neem , Tectona grandis )

DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES :

Chemical : poisonous pesticides like Sodium Nitrate

SEED ORCHARD MANAGEMENT :

Silvicultural management + Pollen management + Protection + Seed Orchard record

MATING DESIGN :

1. INCOMPLETE MATING DESIGN : Open Pollinated Mating + Poly cross design

2. COMPLETE PEDIGREE DESIGN : Nested D + Factorial / Tester D + Simple Pair D + Full Diallel D + Half diallel D + Partial Diallel D

TYPES OF HETEROSIS : BASED ON :

1. FUNCTION : Luxuriant + Adoptive + Selective + Reproductive

2. TRANSMISSIBILITY : Liable + Fixed

3. COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE : R H S :
Relative H ( mean parent ) + Hetero-beltiosis ( better parent ) + Standard H / Useful h / Economic H ( check variety )
 SILVICULTURE OF TREES :
1. A. catechu + A. nilotica + A. auriculiformis + Albizzia lebbeck (Khair + Babool + Australian wattle + Flywood tree )

2. Albizzia procera+ Anogeissus latifolia+ Azadirachta indica+ Butea monosperma + Cassia siamia (white siris +Axle wood +neem + Palas+
Siamese senna

3. C. equisetifolia + Cedrus deodara + Dalbergia sissoo + Dipterocarpus indicus + D. macrocarpus ( beaf wood + Deodar + Shisham + Gurjan + Hollong

4. Dipterocarpus turbinatus + Emblica officinalis + E. camaldulensis + E. globulus + E. tereticornis + Gmelina arborea ( —— + Amla + Red gum + Blue gum
Mysore gum + Gamhar

5. Hardwickia binata + Pinus roxburghii + Populus deltoids + Pterocarpus marsupium + Prosopis juliflora + Santalum album ( Anjan + Chir +
Eastern cottonwood + Kino tree + —— + Chandan / sandalwood tree )

6. Salmalia malabarica + Sal + Teak + Terminalia tomentosa + Tamarindus indica ( Silk cotton tree + —— + —— + Aini tree + Imli )

1. All good + ba + a + bw
X X X

2. b + a + Ped ki chhao me barf me aag laga ke kha jao + all good + Babool & h
X
X

3. r h + rhb - -

+ rba
=>
+ a + Babool & shade
X X

4. a w + bs + rps + r& awbs + same - b w + bs&aw

-
X X W ~/ X

5. r b a +. rbsk & ap + aw + bs + a + aws

w 2 X X ~ X X

6. b & r a s +. Sal me hawa aur paani ke Bina kha jao + tike na teak barf aur paani me + bas + bw
X X X

a = aag ; b = barf ; h = hawa. ; k = Khana / grazing. ; p = paani / water logging r = Roshni / light

s = sukha / drought. w = weed

 ACACIA WALA :
Rainfall : 5-20. 60-125. 50-100. 60-250 Temp : 15-45. Same. 20-30. -5 to 45

ALBIZZIA PROCERA WALA :

Rainfall : 100-200. Same 50-100. 75-150. 60-240. Temp : All 15-45 , Only last 20-50

CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA WALA :

Rainfall : 100-150. Same. 75-750. 250-800. 250-400. Temp : 20-25. -10 to 40. 5-40. 15-40. 5-40

DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS WALA :

Rainfall: 250-450. 75-150. 50-75. 100-250. 75-150. 75-450. Temp: max 38. 5-45. 15-35. 5-25. 15-35. 15-45

HARDWICKIA BINATA WALA :

Rainfall : 25-100. 50-200. 75-150. 75-150. 25-100. 75-150. Temp : all 15-45 but pine and deodar is 15-38

SALMALIA MALABARICA WALA :

Rainfall : 100-400. 100-400. 100-200. 75-200. 75-200. Temp : 1st & last is 15-45 ; sal is 5-40 and teak and 5th is 10-40

Albizzia Casuarina Hardwickia Salmalia

Dipterocarpus
Acacia

⑪ ② ③ ⑭ ⑤ ⑥
↓ ↓ do CPR ↑4
↑↑

is
↓ ↑p => ?
CPR
↑R ↑ y R
↑4
↑ CP
d ↑
↑4 ↑↑
↑ ↑ ↑Y
pr

↑4 ↑
1. ACACIA WALA :
Seed & DSP & 24 hrs soaking + Same & 40 hrs + same + same & hot water 30 min ( seeds scanty )

2. ALBIZZIA PROCERA WALA :

Same + Seed & Transplanting + Seed, CR & DSP+Stump +. Seed , R & DS+Stump +. Seed & DS+Stump & acid 30 min

3. CASUARINA WALA :
Seed (poor) & TAR & Water soaking. +. Seed ( 3 yrs me) & DST +. Seed & ST+CR+Stump & water soaking 48 hr. +. Seed & DSP. + Same

4. DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS WALA :

Seed & DSP +. Seed (poor) & DS+CIB. + Ltd fm seed & Transplanting ( for all 3 eucalyptus). +. Seed & DSP & alt wet/dry

5. HARDWICKIA BINATA WALA :

Seed & DSP & acid scar. +. Seed & DSP. + No & SC. + No & DST+Stump. +. Seeds & DST+Stump. +. Seed & ST / leg host & acid scar
CHAMPION & SETH :

TROPICAL FOREST :

1. Tropical Wet Evergreen ( TWE ) : Southern TWE + Northern TWE

Top canopy : Artocarpus spp + Dipterocarpus spp /. DSM - Dipeterocarpus + Shorea + Michelia

Middle canopy : Hydrocarpus spp + Syzygium spp. /. Dendrocalamus hamiltoni + Garcinia

Undergrowth : Epiphytes + Ferns + Orchids. /. canes, Ixora

2. Semi-Evergreen : Sourthen SE + Northern SE

Hopea + Mallotus + Clerodendron /. DSM + Dendrocalamus hamiltoni

3. Moist Deciduous :

Andaman’s MDF ( Pterocarpus + Bambus + Mallotus ) +

South Indian tropical MDF ( Teak + Dendrocalamus + Clerodendron ) + North Indian T MDF ( Sal + Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni )

4. Littoral & Swamp :

4 A : Littoral Forest : C. equisetifolia + Calophyllum inophyllum + Manilkara littoralis 4 B : already done in notes.

4C : Tropical freshwater Swamp F : Mystrica spp

4D Tropical seasonal swamp F : Barringtonia , Syzygium spp

4 E : Tropical riparian fringing F : Arjun + Lagerstromia speciosa

5. Dry deciduous : Southen TDDF + Northern TDDF

Teak + Terminalia + Anogeissus latifolia /. Sal + A. catechu + Adina

6. Thorn : Southen & Northern - Acacia spp ( c n etc ) + Prosopis spp

7. Dry evergreen : Neem + Canthium + Manilkara hexandra

2. MOUNTAIN SUB-TROPICAL FORESTS :

8. Mt. St broad leaved hill : Mangifera + jamun + Manilkara hexandra

9. Mt. St Pine Forest : Chir + Kail + Deodar + Rhododendron

10. Mt St Dry Evergreen : Acacia modesta + Olea cuspidata

3. MOUNTAIN TEMPERATE FORESTS :

11. Mt Wet temperate Forest : R S M ( Rhododendron + Syzygium + Michelia )

12. Himalyan Moist temperate Forest : Chir-Pine + Quercus incana + Q. dilatata

13. Himalyan Dry temperate Forest : Blue pine + Deodar + Pinus gerardiana + Q. ilex + Juniperus macropoda

4. SUB ALPINE FORESTS : 14. Sub alpine forests : SAAJ : Spruce + + Abies densa + Abies spectabilis + Juniperus

15. Moist Alpine forest : Rhododendron + Birch + other deciduous species

5. ALPINE FORESTS : 16. Dry Alpine forest : Juniperus wallichiana + J. communes + Artimisia + in alpine pastures Iris & Primula