Building Technology ER.

AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Chapter 6
Temporary construction
Temporary construction is that construction which is constructed in order to
support and provide strength to the weak structure or any pre-cast structures.
These constructions are removed after gaining the final strength by the structures
The different types of temporary construction are
• Scaffolding
• Formwork
• Timbering
• Shoring
Why we required constructing the temporary construction?
Temporary construction are required to construct in-order to
• Support the super structure when large openings is to be made in the main
wall.
• Support old buildings when they show the sign of bulging or leaning out-ward.
• Provided a platform for workmen to work at different level for laying bricks,
plastering, painting, pointing etc.
• Provide a platform for modeling the concrete structure to the desire shape
and size from the initial setting stage to final setting stage.

6.1 Scaffolding: Single and Double Scaffolding

Scaffolding is a temporary structure constructed very close to the wall having
platform for work men or mason to work at different level for laying brick,
plastering, painting as the building height increases.
When the height of wall, column or other structural member of a building
exceeds 1.5m, scaffolding is needed to sit masons and place construction
materials. These constructions are removed after gaining the final strength by the
structures. Scaffolding provides a temporary safe working platform for:
 Erection
 Maintenance
 Construction
 Repair

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 Access
 Inspection, etc.
Need of construction of Scaffolding
• When the height of the wall or column of the building exceeds about 1.5m it
is necessary to support the platform over which the workmen can sit and
carry on the construction.
• Scaffolding is also needed for the repair or even demolition of a building.
• The scaffolding should be stable and strong enough to support workmen and
other construction material placed on the platform. The height of scaffolding
goes no increasing as the height of construction increases.
Different elements of a scaffolding (part of scaffolding)
(important for exam)
 Scaffolding has different elements or components which are explained below:-
 Standards:-these are the vertical members of the formwork, supported on
ground or embedded into the ground.
 Ledgers:- these are horizontal members, running parallel to the wall
 Braces:- these are the diagonal member fixed on standards.
 Put logs: These are transverse member placed at right angle to the wall with one
end supported on ledgers and other end on the wall
 Boarding: these are the horizontal platform to support workmen and material.
These are supported on put logs.
 Transoms: These are those putlogs whose both ends are supported on ledgers.
 Guard rail: This is a rail, provided like a ledger, at the working level
 Toe Board: These are boards, placed parallel to ledgers and supported on put-
logs, to give protection at the level of working platform.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Scaffolding

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Types of Scaffolding:
The different types of scaffolding are
i. Single Scaffolding (brick layer scaffolding)
ii. Double Scaffolding (Masons Scaffolding)
iii. Cantilever or Needle scaffolding
iv. Suspended Scaffolding
v. Steel Scaffolding
i) Single Scaffolding:
 This consists of a single frame work of standards, ledgers, put-logs etc
constructed parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2m.
 The standards are placed at 2.0 to 2.5 m interval.
 Ledger are connected to standards and are provided at a vertical interval of
1.2m to 1.5m. Put logs are placed with one end on the ledger and other end
in the hole left in the wall.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 Wooden planks are placed over the put-log to form a platform where the
mason can sit and carry out the construction.
 This type of scaffolding is commonly used in brick laying.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Double Scaffolding
• Double scaffolding consists of double row of standards provided at a distance of
1.5m from each other.
• This scaffolding is entirely independent of wall, since there is no hole in the wall.
• This type of scaffolding is preferred in stone masonry where it is difficult to
provide holes in the wall to support put-logs.
• The put logs are supported on both the standards with the help of ledgers and
rope.
• Wooden planks and sheets are laid over the put-log to form a platform.
• Rakers are also provided to make the scaffolding more strong and stable.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

• This kind of scaffolding is used for finishing work and also called Mason’s
Scaffolding.

Fig: Double Scaffolding

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

iii) Cantilever Scaffolding:

• This type of Scaffolding is provided in the area where provision of standard
from the ground is not possible due to a flow of traffic or any other reason.
• It can be also used when the ground is weak to support standards;
construction of upper-part of the wall is to be carried out and so on.
• The scaffolding is constructed by providing cantilever or needle beam
inserting to the wall at floor level and supported by inclined member called
strut.
• Above the cantilever or needle beam working platform is created as usual.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

iv) Suspended Scaffolding:

• This is light weight scaffolding used for repair works such as pointing,
painting, etc.
• The working platform is suspended form roofs by means of wire ropes or
chains.
• The Platform can be raised or lowered at any desire level.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Suspended Scaffolding

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

v) Steel Scafoldding
• Steel scaffolding is similar to timber scaffolding.
• In this case the wooden members are replaced by steel tubes and instead
of rope lashing special steel couplets are used.
• It has greater strength, durability and fire resistance properly.
• It is extensively used now-days although its initial cost is high.
• Standards are spaced about 3m apart and connected with the help of steel
tube ledgers at a vertical interval of about 1.8m.

Fig: Steel Scaffolding

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Steel or tubular scaffolding consists of:

 Steel tubes 1.5inch to 2.5inch diameter.
 Coupler or clamps to hold pipe in different positions
 Prop nuts to hold single pipe
 Bolts, nuts and washers.
 Wedge and clips.
Advantage of steel scaffolding:
 Can be usedfor very large height.
 Strong and durable
 Can be easily assembled.
 Higher fire resistance
 High scrap value.
Disadvantages of steel scaffolding:
 High initial cost
 Require skilled painting.

6.2) Formwork of excavation and trenches

Excavation means a dug out area of ground and includes a deep foundation
excavation, trench, tunnel and shaft.
Open excavation means an excavation in which the width is greater than the
depth, measured at the bottom.
Excavation – A man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed by earth
removal.
Trench – A narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the width, but not wider
than 15 feet.
Shoring - A structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against
collapses.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Objectives
• Minimum requirements for working in excavations and trenches
• Safe methods for working in and around trenches
Timbering of trenches
 When a trench of large depth has to be excavated in the loose soil in such case
the soil of the side may get collapsed.
 Hence, to minimize such problems timber, sheet, plank, strut, Wales etc are
used as temporary member to support the soil.
 This process of supporting the loose soil is know as timbering of trenches.

Methods of timbering of trenches

The different methods for timbering the trenches are
1. Stay bracing:- vertical depth of 2m
2. Box sheeting:-used for loose soil
3. Vertical sheeting:- used for very loose soil of large depth upto 10 m
4. Runner system:-vertical sheeting except sheet consist of metal shoe and
thick runner
5. Sheet piling:- for more larger deep and done by machanical means
1) Stay bracing:
• In this method vertical member called polling board are used to support the
sides of excavated trenches.
• Polling boards are fixed by using strut as shown in fig.
• These boards are provided at the spacing of 2-4 meters.
• There may be single or double row of struts depending upon the site
condition.
• These type of timbering is done for the vertical depth of 2 meters.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig (a) single row of strut Fig (b) Two row of struts

2) Box Sheeting
• Box sheeting is used for very loose soil which consists of vertical member or
sheets closed to each other which are fixed by the longitudinal member
known as wales.
• The wales of opposite side are supported by horizontal members called struts.
(i) Loose water logged soils
 For these soils vertical sheeting is adopted.
 It consists of vertical sheets placed very near to each other sometimes
touching each other and keeping them in position by longitudinal row of
wales.
 Struts are then provided across the wales.
 This system of timbering is used when depth of exccavation does not exceed
4 meters and soil is loose water logged.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: touching each other fig: Not touching each other

Fig: Timbering in loose water logged soil upto 4m deep trench / Fig: Box sheeting

(ii) Loose Dry Soils

 For loose dry soils horizontal sheeting is adopted.
 In this system the sheeting is provided horizontally and supported by vertical
wales and horizontal struts.
 If soil is too loose and depth comparatively large barcing may also have to be
used along with struts to impart more rigidity to the timbering.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

3) Vertical Sheeting
• This type of timbering of trench is carried out for very loose soil of large
depth up to 10m.
• Excavation is carried out in the stage of 3m depth and at each stage an
offset of 25 to 30cm is provided. The width of trench decreases as the
depth increases.

4) Runner System
• This is similar to vertical sheeting except that the sheet consists of metal
shoe and is relatively thick used as runner.
• It is used for very loose soil which needs immediate timbering during the
excavation.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

• The runner is hammered from the top and dip into the ground below the
surface before excavation.

Fig: Runer System

5) Steel sheet

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

• Sheet Piles are used for supporting soil where the excavation is large, deep
and there is possibility of surface water to reach in trench.
• The driving of sheet pile may be done by mechanical means.
• It also helps to support the lateral pressure of the soil during excavation.

6.3) Formworks for reinforced concrete construction

Formwork
Form work is a temporary construction used for modeling the concrete
structure to the desired shape and size from the initial setting stage to final
stage for gaining the strength of concrete. The form-work is removal after
setting the concrete.
Formwork is commonly made of
Steel
wood
Formwork construction & casting is of prime importance in concrete industry.
It share a significant amount of concrete cost.
Characteristics of a good formwork (requirements of good formwork):
A good formwork must satisfy the following requirements.
• The material of the formwork should be cheap and it should be suitable for
re-use several times
• It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it
• It should be as light as possible
• It should be easy to erect and dismantle without damage
• It should not be wrapped or distorted when exposed to sun or water
• It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water from
concrete

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

• It should permit easy nailing in case of timber formwork

• The formwork should rest on firm base
Quality of Requirement of formwork
i. It should be water tight.
ii. It should be strong.
iii. It can be reusable.
iv. Its contact surface should be uniform.
v. It should be according to the size of member.
vi. It should be light as possible.
vii. It should be easy to errect dismental without damage.

Types of Formwork
Formwork are mainly of two types
Steel formwork
Woodenformwork ( Timber & plywood)
Steel formwork is made of
steel sheets
Angle Iron
Tee Iron
Wooden formwork consists of
Props
Planks battens
Ledgers
Sheeting

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Types of Formwork:
The different types of formwork are
• Timber formwork
• Plywood formwork
• Steel Formwork
Timber Formwork
• This form work is made from timber which should be well seasoned, strong,
light in weight easily workable with nails and free from knots.
• The surface coming in contact with concrete should be smooth and plain.
• The size of timber section for different component of formwork depend
upon the span of the slab or beam.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Plywood formwork:
• In this type of formwork ply-wood is use instead of timber planks and the
surface of formwork is smooth and plane then that of timber.
• It is used for large exposed surface of concreting.
• Plywood sheets can be attached to the timber frame work to make
different panels of required shape and size.
• It is much easier to assemble as compared to timber formwork.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Steel Formwork:
• This formwork is used in large construction project and for structures
having curved geometry like water tank, chimneys, tunnels, bridge etc.
• The initial cost of steel form work is very high but can be used for repeated
number of times.
• It consists of steel posts made of steel pipe, angles, channels and steel
sheets.
• The shuttering is made of steel sheets connected to angles and channel
with nut bolts and clamps.
• The process of assembling and de-assembling of this form work can be
done easily and quickly.

Fig: Steel formwork

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Formwork for Reinforced construction

The formwork or shuttering is a temporary construction used as a mould for the
structure in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matres. The cost
of formwork may be upto 20-25% of the cost of concrete work and even higher in
bridges.
(i) Formwork for slab and beams
 It consists of sole plates,wages,vertical posts, head tree, planks, battens,
ledgers.
 Beam formwork rests on head tree
 Slab from work rests on battens and joists.
 If props heights are more than 8 feet provide horizontal bracing.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

fig: formworkfor column, Beam and slab

(ii) Formwork for column
It consists of side and end planks, yoke, nut bolts. Two end and two side planks
are joined by the yokes and bolts.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Isometric view

Fig: Formwork for column

(iii) Formwork for staircase

It consists of vertical and inclined posts, inclined members, wooden planks or
sheeting stringer, riser planks.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(iv) Formwork for wall

Wall formwork consists of:
 Timber sheeting
 Vertical posts
 Horizontal members
 Rakers
 Stakes
 Wedges
After completing one side of formwork reinforcement is provided at the place
then the second side formwork is provided.

Fig: Formwork for wall

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Construction of a formwork:
The construction of a formwork normally involves the following operation
• Centering
• Shuttering
• Provision of camber
• Cleaning and surface treatment
Centering:
• Centering is done with the help of props like steel, timber post etc.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

• Pillar made up of brick masonry in mud mortar can be also used as prop.
• The prop used should be strong enough to bear load imposed on it.
Shuttering
• Shuttering can be made up of timber planks, plywood or from steel sheets.
• The shuttering should be done in such a way that the joints are tight against
leakage.
• Steel shuttering are easy to handle (ie assemble and de-assemble) than
timber and plywood shuttering.
• The opening for fan clamps and other fittings should be provided in the
shuttering according to the need.
Provision of camber:
• There can be certain amount of deflection in structure.
• In order to counter-act the effect of deflection an upward camber in the
horizontal member of the concrete structure is provided.
Surface treatment:
• Before laying concrete the formwork should be cleaned from all rubbish
like saw dust, nails etc.
• All surface of timber shuttering should be wetted with water before laying
concrete so that it does not absorb moisture form concrete and the
warping, swelling and distortion of timber can be minimized.

6.4) Shoring, Horizontal, Slant, Vertical Shores

Shoring
• Shoring is the temporary structure required to support an unsafe structure. It
may be used in all cases of strengthening any parts of building andto give
support to the building at risk. It provides lateral support to the structure.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Objectives of shoring
• Defective parts of the building are to be dismantled and rebuilt.
• Support upper part of the wall during formation of large openings on the
wall.
• Avoid failure of structure while removing adjoining structure.
• Intermediate building is to be dismantled.
• Give support to walls of building develops sign of bugling.
Types of shore
a) Raking shoring ( Sloped shore )
b) Flying shoring ( Horizontal shore )
c) Dead shoring ( Vertical shore )
a) Rake shoring
• Provide when inclined support to unsafe wall.
• Consists of wall plate, rakers, bracing, cleat, needle,iron hook, etc.
• Transfer loads to the ground by means of inclined members.
Procedure:
• Wall plate about 20cm-25cm wide and 5 to 7 cm thick is placed vertically
along the face of the wall to be supported.
• Wall plate is supported by needles of 7.5 to 10 cm section and strengthens
by means of cleats which are nailed directly to the wall plate.
• Rakers are fixed against inclined sole plate embedded into the ground and
the needles and braced to prevent their buckling.
• While shoring rakers should be inclined from 45 to 75 degree.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

b) Flying shore (Horizontal shore)

• Flying shore are used to give horizontal support to two adjacent walls of
building which have become unsafe due to removal or collapse of
intermediate building. Depending upon the span it may be single or double.
• If the walls are quite near to each other (distance up to 8 m) single flying
shore can be installed.
• It consists of wall plate, needles, cleat, struts, horizontal shore, straining
pieces.
• The struts should be inclined at 45 degree.
• Flying shores are inserted when the old building is being removed and should
be kept in position till the new unit is constructed.
• The Center lines of the flying shores and struts and those of the walls should
meet at floor levels of the two building.

Fig: Flying shore

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(c) Dead Shore (vertical shore)

• This type of shoring consists of vertical member known as dead shores
supporting horizontal members known as needles. The needle transfer the
load of the wall etc to the dead shore. This type of shoring is preferred
• To build the defective lower part of the wall
• To rebuild or deepen the existing foundation
• To make large opening in the existing wall at lower level
• Holes are made in the wall at suitable height and the needles are
inserted in the holes. Each needle are supported by vertical posts or
dead shores. The dead shore stand away from the wall so that repair
work is not obstructed.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Dead Shore

Underpining
• The process of placing a new foundation under an existing one or
strengthening an existing foundation is called underpinning of foundation.
• It can be also used to replace an existing weak foundation. The whole
operation is carried out without obstructing the passage of people or other
type of movements

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Underpining process

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Purpose of underpinning
Underpinning is carried out to serve the following purposes
• To increase the load bearing capacity of foundation
• To construct a basement in the existing building
• To replace the defective structure
• To increase the underground structure
• To deepen the existing foundation so as to rest it on deeper soil strata of
higher bearing power
• When excessive settlement has occurred due to uneven loading, action of tree
roots, action of subsoil water, unequal resistance of sub soil, cohesive soil
settlement.
• To strengthen the foundation
• To increase floors
• If foundation is weak the underpinning is done
• When new building with deep foundation has to be constructed adjacent to an
existing building in that case it is necessary
Necessary precaution to be taken before underpinning
 The detail survey of the structure to be underpinned should be carried out to
identify the weakness such as poor brick work or poor masonry and for
effects of settlements which may arise during this process
 Give Notice to the adjacent building owners. Brief them about the operation
to be carried out and inform them of any prepared temporary supports
 Fix stick or any suitable indicator across vertical wall. Lateral cracks should be
periodically examine during the process of underpinning so as to take
suitable preventive action if unwanted settlement exists.
 Investigate the sub-soil so as to predict the soil movement and underpinning
operation can be carried out properly.
 The loading on the structure should be reduced as much as possible to make
the process of underpinning more easier

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 Carryout remedial measures, eg in case of old buildings, badly damaged

building the structure may require strengthening by grouting up cracks and
loose rubble masonry. Temporary supports may be required in terms of
shores and shuttering up of opening.
Methods of underpinning
• Basically there are two methods by which underpinning can be carried out
• Pit Method
• Pile Method
Pit Method
• In this method, the entire length of the foundation to be underpinned is
divided into sections of 1.2 to 1.5m lengths.
• One section is taken at a time. For each section a hole is made in the wall,
above the plinth level and needle is inserted in the holes.
• Bearing plates are placed above needle to support the masonry above it.
• The Foundation pit is then excavated up to desired level and new
foundation is laid. If the wall to be underpinned is weak raking shores may
be provided.

Fig: Underpinning by pit method

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Pile Method
• Pile method is useful for water logged areas, in clayey soils and for wall
carrying heavy loads.
• In this method there is no need of excavation of trench.
• Piles are driven at regular depth along both sides of wall.
• Needle beam inserted to the wall rest on pile head.
• Pile needle beam becomes the permanent structure.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Underpinning by pile method

Jack pile Underpinning

 Jack Pile Underpinning can be used when the depth of a suitable bearing
capacity subsoil is too deep to make traditional underpinning uneconomic.
 This method is quite, vibration free and flexible.
 The existing foundation must be in a good condition since they will have to
span over the heads of pile caps which are cast onto the jack pile heads after
the hydraulic jack have been removed.

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL

Building Technology ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL
RAPTI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig: Jack pile underpinning

CHAPTER -6, TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION ER. AAYUSH PAUDEL