Local Hormones

Introduction :

°
Substances which act on the same area
of their secretion or in

immediate
neighborhood .

Local hormones released in inactive form and

usually
°

are an

are activated by some conditions / substances .

Classified into two

types :

( as Hormone synthesized in tissues

bi Hormones
synthesized
(
in blood .

Local Hormones synthesized in Tissues ,

-

( as
Prostaglandins (b, some other local hormones -

& derivatives
a-
-

Acetylcholine
Thromboxane -

serotonin
Pro stacy din -
Histamine
leukotriene -
substance P

Lipoxins
-

Heparin
leptin
-

Prostaglandins
-

-
: -
GI hormones

unsaturated
They fatty acids with cyclopentane ring
•

are
a

and 20 carbon atoms

They are
from Arachidonic acid
synthesized .

° A
variety of prostaglandins identified Active forms an .
an

PG Az , PG Dz . PG Ez and PG Fa

ACTIONS
-

lis on blood Acct RBC to through minute blood vessels

pass
-
.
.
( iii On blood vessels - PG Ez causes vasodilation .

ciii , on GI tract -

Prostaglandins reduce
gastric secretion .

In experimental animals ,
prostaglandins inhibit formation
of peptic ulcer .

broncho dilation
( in On
respiratory system : PG Ez causes .

cut On
lipids Anlilipolytic agents Inhibit
-
. the release
of free
fatty acids from adipose tissue .

Nervous In brain it controls

( un On
system -

.
falter the actions 7 He,

evil , On Reproduction - Cannes

degeneration y Corpus Luteum . It also

the
increases
velocity of sperm transport female genitals
in .

Gt
plays important role
during parturition and
-

an

facilitate labor
by increasing force of uterine contraction .

secreted
-

by uterine tissues .
fetal membrane 9
placenta .

Hus On kidney -
The
prostaglandins stimulate IG apparatus and
enhance the secretion diuresis and natriuksis
of Renin ,
.

*
Prostaglandins mainly act via the
formation of secondary
messenger cyclic AMP .

derived arachidonic
•

They are
from acid :

Two
types ca ) Thromboxane Az ( by platelets)
-
.

( bi Thromboxane Bz ( the metabolite g Az)

ACTIONS
#

( is cause Vasodilation

Iiis Plays an
important role in hemostasis

( iiis Accelerates clot formation .

 Pnostayclin :

It also derivative arachidonic acid 9T produced

of is in
°

is a .

the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells blood vessels

og
-

ACTIONS :

• Caines vasodilation and inhibits platelets aggregation .

leukotriene :

They are derived

from Arachidonic acid .

mediators
.

They are
n allergic responses
.

•
Also mediate allergic responses ,
and promote inflammatory
reactions
leukotriene 9
Release when
agents
.

all
°

g
genic combine
with
IgE
Actions :

cat Bronchi olar constriction

( bi Arteriolar constriction -

vascular
cc ,
permeability
(d) Attraction
of neutrophils and eosinophils towards
inflammation
Lipoxim :

• Derived
from arachidonic acid .

. Two
types -
ca)
lipoxin A

cbs lipoxin B

Actions :

dilation
of animate vessels
Cama blood
o
. Both types inhibit
cytotoxic effects of Killer T cells .
 Other Local Hormones :

Acetylcholine :

It the neurotransmitter
in
cholinergic
°
.

It is transmitter substance at Neuromuscular

junction
•
.

SOURCES :
-

terminals
( as
Presynaptic
(b) the
ganglionic parasympathetic nerve d
Sympathetic N

Post
H
ganglionic parasympathetic N .
I
Sym . N .

d) Nerves in amacrine cells Retina

og
.

(e) Mast cell

if , Gastric mucosa

g) Lungs
ch ) Brain
Many regions of .

Actions :

ca , Produces
excitatory function of synapse by opening the

Nat channels .

(b) Activates smooth muscles tract

urinary tract
in GI .
and
skeletal muscles .

Inhibits
H cardiac
function .

( di Cannes vasodilation .

Serotonin :

Als known 5
hydroxy tryptamine
°

as - .

SOURCES :

( is
Hypothalamus ciii , cerebellum cus Retina Hill lungs
his lymbic system civ , spinal Cord µ, GI tract Mlb Platelets
 ACTIONS
÷

cis gt in an
inhibitory substance .

ciii Inhibits impulse of pain sensation in posterior gray

hoon 7

Ciii ) Cannes mood depression and induces sleep .

spinal cord .

civ ) Cannes Vasoconstriction .

Histamine :

. It in secreted in nerve
endings y hypothalamus ,
limbic cortex &

other
parts of cerebral cortex &
spinal cord -

•
Also released from tissues
during allergic condition . inflammation
or
damage .

Actions :

cis It in an
excitatory neurotransmitter .

ciis Causes vasodilation .

tract
Iii is In GI .

motility 9
Substance P :

• Secreted
by Nerve
endings in
spinal Cord & Retina .

.
GI tract .

ACT 10115

cis St in Neurotransmitter for Pain

It the and movements Small Intestine

ciii increases
mixing propulsive g

local Hormones Produced in Blood :

-

• Some are :

(a) Serotonin

bi
(
Angiotensin og en

(c) Kinins .
 Kinin :

o gt is
biologically active
protein hormones .

. Two types : ca ,
Bradykinin
( bi Kalle'd in

( vasodilators )

( vasodilators )

Actions : ( Bradykinin )
( it Dilates blood vessels .

(2) Decrease Blood pressure

permeability of capillaries during inflammatory

( 31 Increases conditions .

stimulates
( 4,
pain receptors
(5) Cannes contraction extravascular smooth muscles
of
.

( Kaki din )
•
9T in also a
vasodilator .

② M-edklotesfmednotes.in )