SCIENCE REVIEWER (2nd QUARTER)

LESSON 1 – EM Waves  Observatory

 Electromagnetic waves or EM waves

are waves that are created as a result
of vibrations between an electric field UV rays
and a magnetic field  Tanning salon
 Electromagnetic fields are present  Sunglasses store
everywhere in our environment – the  Suntan lotion
earth, sun and ionosphere are all  Observatory
natural sources of EMF.
X – ray
 Dr. Bob’s Health Clinic - uses X – ray
 High energy x – rays are used for
treating cancer

Gamma rays
• Dr. Bob’s Health Clinic -gamma
radiation is used for treating cancer
• Gamma radiation – sun, stars

What is Radiation?
 Wave  The process of emitting energy in the
 Frequency form of particle or waves
 Energy  Both natural and man – made

LESSON 2 – EM Radiation Natural radiation

 Cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation,
Radiowave internal radiation
 Ray’s TV
 Satellite dish Man – made radiation
 Taxi – car radio  Science, Medicine, Industry
 Radio tower
 Large satellite dish in the field

Microwave
 Microwave in Waves Grill
 Dish – like antennae on tower

Infrared
 heat lamps above foods in Waves Grill
 Ray’s TV – remote control
 Trees, bushes, grass, farm
 Observatory – thermal infrared from
stars  According to a U.S. study published in
JAMA Dermatology, any fully-
Visible light functioning handheld umbrella can
 Rainbow block more than three-quarters of
 Photographer’s studio ultraviolet (UV) light on a sunny day.
 Black ones do even better, blocking at to large amounts of microwave
least 90 percent of rays. radiation.

What are the different types of UV Radiation  There are risks associated with the use
rays? of X-ray imaging, which uses ionizing
 Ultraviolet A (UVA), radiation to generate images of the
 Ultraviolet B (UVB) body. Ionizing radiation is a form of
 Ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation that has enough energy to
 These groups are based on the potentially cause damage to DNA.
measure of their wavelength, which is  There's no magic number of how many
measured in nanometers (nm= X-rays are safe in each year, the
0.000000001 meters or 1×10-9 American College of Radiology
meters). recommends limiting lifetime
diagnostic radiation exposure to 100
mSv, which is the equivalent to about
10,000 chest X-rays, but only 25 chest
CT scans.

 All of the UVC and most of the UVB Radiation therapy is used to treat many
radiation is absorbed by the earth’s conditions, including:
ozone layer, so nearly all of the  Acoustic neuroma.
ultraviolet radiation received on Earth  Arteriovenous malformations.
is UVA. UVA and UVB radiation can  Bone cancer.
both affect health. Even though UVA  Brain tumor.
radiation is weaker than UVB, it  Breast cancer. A disease in which
penetrates deeper into the skin and is malignant (cancer) cells form in the
more constant throughout the year. tissues of the breast.
Since UVC radiation is absorbed by the  Cancer. The uncontrolled growth of
earth’s ozone layer, it does not pose abnormal cells in the body.
as much of a risk.  Chondrosarcoma.
 Chordoma.
 Microwaves are a type of
electromagnetic radiation which are
non - ionizing  Not all cancer is caused by
 Microwave radiation can heat body radiation
 tissue the same way it heats food.  biological or internal factors, such
Exposure to high levels of microwaves as age, gender, inherited genetic
can cause a painful burn. defects and skin type
 Two areas of the body, the eyes  environmental exposure, for
and the testes, are particularly instance to radon and UV radiation,
vulnerable to RF heating and fine particulate matter
because there is relatively little  occupational risk factors, including
blood flow in them to carry carcinogens such as many
away excess heat. Additionally, chemicals, radioactive materials
the lens of the eye is and asbestos
particularly sensitive to intense  lifestyle-related factors.
heat, and exposure to high  Up to 10% of invasive cancers are
levels of microwaves can cause related to radiation exposure,
cataracts. But these types of specifically ionizing radiation
injuries – burns and cataracts –  Additionally, the vast majority of
can only be caused by exposure non-invasive cancers are non-
 melanoma skin cancers caused
by ultraviolet radiation
 Exposure to ionizing radiation is Cellular phones produce radiation
known to increase the future  Why is there concern that cell phones
incidence of cancer, particularly may cause cancer or other health
leukemia problems?
 There are three main reasons why
A person exposed to radiation has no chance people are concerned that cell phones
of survival (also known as “mobile” or “wireless”
 It depends on the type of radiation telephones) might have the potential
 Factors that determine the effect of to cause certain types of cancer or
exposure to radiation other health problems:
 Type  Cell phones emit radiofrequency
 Time radiation (radio waves), a form of non-
 Distance ionizing radiation, from their antennas.
Parts of the body nearest to the
antenna can absorb this energy.
 The number of cell phone users has
increased rapidly.
 Over time, the number of cell phone
calls per day, the length of each call,
and the amount of time people use
cell phones have increased. Because
of changes in cell phone technology
and increases in the number of base
stations for transmitting wireless
signals, the exposure from cell phone
use—power output—has changed
Food irradiation
 In response to public concern,
 (the application of ionizing radiation to
the WHO established the International
food) is a technology that improves
EMF Project in 1996 to assess the
the safety and extends the shelf life of
scientific evidence of possible health
foods by reducing or eliminating
effects of EMF in the frequency range
microorganisms and insects
from 0 to 300 GHz.
 All reviews conducted so far have
Three sources of radiation approved for use
indicated that, as long as exposures
on foods.
are below the limits recommended in
 Gamma rays
the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines,
 X-rays
which cover the full frequency range
 Electron beam
from 0–300 GHz, such exposures do
not produce any known adverse health
Food has radioactive content
effect.
 Technically, all food is slightly
 The WHO states that "A large number
radioactive. This is because all food
of studies have been performed over
and other organic molecules contain
the last two decades to assess
carbon, which naturally exists as a
whether mobile phones pose a
mixture of isotopes, including
potential health risk.
radioactive carbon-14. Carbon-14 is
 To date, no adverse health effects
used for carbon dating, a method for
have been established as being
identifying the age of fossils. However,
caused by mobile phone use.
some foods emit much more radiation
than others.
Radioactive materials are present particle-emitting lump of americium-
everywhere 241—add 10 millirems per year.
 There is a "background" of natural  Contamination from atomic weapons
radiation everywhere in our tests may sound scary, but they
environment. It comes from space contribute less than 1 millirem.
(i.e., cosmic rays) and from naturally  Nuclear power plants supply the same
occurring radioactive materials small dose, on average
contained in the earth and in living  The average American gets a dose of
things. around 360 millirems of radiation per
year—roughly the equivalent of 36 X-
Animals are not affected by radiation rays.
 When it comes to radiation, mammals,  About 200 millirems of that comes
whether humans or roe deer, are quite from radon gas, a colorless, odorless
similar but creatures such as crabs by-product of natural uranium, found
and mollusk are actually better at in trace amounts almost everywhere.
withstanding radiation than mammals  Medical X-rays come in second place,
dosing a person with 53 millirems a
Only non - living things are radioactive year on average.
 Everything Emits Radiation—Even You  The food we eat, the clothes we wear,
 Right now, everyone on Earth is even the paper of this magazine—all
bathed in a soup of radioactive energy. are naturally laced with tiny amounts
Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma of unstable isotopes, radioactive
rays, muons, neutrinos: The list is long cousins of normal atoms.
and puzzling, and most of it has  Radiation from cosmic rays comes in
nothing to do with human activities. next, at 27 millirems per year. Cosmic
rays are mostly protons plus a
smattering of alpha particles and other
atomic nuclei.
Everything Emits Radiation — Even You  Consumer products like smoke
 The average American gets a dose of detectors—which rely on a small alpha-
around 360 millirems of radiation per particle-emitting lump of americium-
year—roughly the equivalent of 36 X- 241—add 10 millirems per year.
rays.  Contamination from atomic weapons
 About 200 millirems of that comes tests may sound scary, but they
from radon gas, a colorless, odorless contribute less than 1 millirem.
by-product of natural uranium, found  Nuclear power plants supply the same
in trace amounts almost everywhere. small dose, on average
 Medical X-rays come in second place,  All of the above are external sources
dosing a person with 53 millirems a of radiation, but 40 millirems of our
year on average. annual dose is internal, generated
 The food we eat, the clothes we wear, from the decay of isotopes
even the paper of this magazine—all incorporated into the molecules of our
are naturally laced with tiny amounts being: a potassium-40 atom in the
of unstable isotopes, radioactive brain firing off a gamma ray here, a
cousins of normal atoms. carbon-14 atom in the liver spitting
 Radiation from cosmic rays comes in out a beta particle there. Enough
next, at 27 millirems per year. Cosmic radiation escapes our bodies that
rays are mostly protons plus a sleeping nightly with another person
smattering of alpha particles and other adds 1 millirem to your annual dose.
atomic nuclei.
 Consumer products like smoke
detectors—which rely on a small alpha-
  Most mirrors are plane mirrors; they
have a flat surface.
 The reflection in a plane mirror is right
Babies are most affected by radiation side up, but reversed left to right.
 When given equal radiation doses, the  The reflected image will appear to be
risks for children and adolescents are the same size as the original object.
greater than for adults. Children grow The reflected image will also appear to
quickly, and their cells are more be the same distance behind the
sensitive to radiation. Since effects of mirror as the original object is in front
radiation take years to develop, their of the mirror.
youth extends the time for any  A virtual image is an image that
potential effects from ionizing appears to come from a place that the
radiation to occur. But, the radiation light does not actually come from. It is
doses required to obtain pictures of ALWAYS upright and appears behind
children are much lower than adult the mirror
levels. Therefore, the risk associated
with a diagnostic medical examination  More than one mirror is used to reflect
for a child need not be greater than back light
that for an adult, and is often much  Number of images are formed
less. depending on the angle between the
mirrors
LESSON 3 – Reflection in Mirrors
What is the magnification of the images
formed by the plane mirror?
 As the size of the object and image are
the same, the magnification (ratio of
image size to the object size) is equal
to +1.

Can a plane mirror form a real image?

 A plane mirror only forms virtual
images of real objects. However, a
plane mirror can form a real image of
How do mirrors form images? a virtual object when hit by a
 Light waves travel from their source in converging beam of light.
all directions and in a straight line.
 If a light wave hits an object, it may be How do mirrors form images?
reflected, or it may bounce off the  A concave mirror is curved inward like
object. the bowl of a spoon.
 Most objects have rough surfaces that  Concave mirrors cause parallel light
reflect light in many different waves to converge, or come together.
directions.  Parallel light rays shining toward a
 A very smooth surface, such as a concave mirror converge at a point
mirror, reflects light in a uniform way. called the focal point.
 As light hits a mirror, an imaginary
line, called the normal, is
perpendicular to the mirror’s surface.
 The angle that hits the surface is equal
to the angle at which the light is
reflected. This is called the law of
reflection.
  They are used for security in stores
and factories. Many cars, buses, and
trucks use convex side mirrors so the
driver can see more of the surrounding
area.

 SALT is used to describe images

formed by mirrors.
 S- Size: compared to original object is
it same size, smaller or bigger?
 A- Attitude: which way the image is
oriented compared to the original
 If a light source were held at the focal object (upright or inverted).
point, the mirror would reflect parallel  L- Location: location of the image (in
rays of light. front or behind the mirror).
 Concave mirrors are useful for  T- Type: is the image a real image or
producing beams of light and virtual image?
magnifying objects.
 All images are formed where two or  S – they can also be enlarged,
more rays from the same location on reduced, or the same size as
an object converge. object
 A – they can be upright (if virtual)
or inverted (if real)
 L – they can be behind the mirror
(if virtual) or in front of the mirror
(if real);
 T – both real and virtual images

 Concave mirrors can form either

virtual images or real images.
 A real image is formed where light
from an object converges.
 A real image can be projected onto a
screen.
 A convex mirror curves outward like
the back of a spoon.
 Convex mirrors cause a beam of light
to diverge, or spread apart as if it
came from a focal point behind the
mirror.
 All images formed by a convex mirror
are virtual, right side up, and small.
 Convex mirrors are useful because
they make small images of large
areas.