SCIENCE REVIEWER (1ST QUARTER)

LESSON 1 & 2 – Plate Tectonics &  Connect divergent and convergent plate
Boundaries boundaries
 Ridge – ridge transform fault
Convergent Boundary  Dead Sea transform system
 Formed by tectonic plates crashing into  Ridge – trench transform fault
each other  Queen Charlotte Island Fault
 Features: Subduction zones, Trench,  Trench – trench transform fault
Volcanic arc, large earthquakes  Alpine Fault in New Zealand
Possible things that may happen when plates
Oceanic Crust – Oceanic Crust move
 Volcanic island arc: Philippine islands,  Construction of Earth’s surface
Aleutian Islands, Carribean islands,  Destruction of Earth’s surface
Japanese islands
 Trench: Mariana Trench, Tonga Trench, How plate movement directly affects the
Philippine Trench, Kuril–Kamchatka Trench destruction of Earth’s surface
 Convergent plate movements:
Oceanic Crust – Continental Crust Subduction, Earthquakes
 Mountain ranges, trench: Andes
mountains, Cascade Range, Himalayas As the plates continue to grind against each
Mountain, Alps, Rocky Mountains other, what other geologic events could take
place?
Continental Crust – Continental Crust  Divergent plate movements: Formation of
 Tall mountain ranges: Himalayas new ocean floor, Widening of ocean
basins
Divergent Boundary
 Lithospheric plates move apart from each LESSON 3 – Shreds of evidence of
other Plate Movement
 Rifts, normal faults, basaltic volcanism
 Mid – oceanic ridge Alfred Wegener’s Continental Theory
 Continents were once part of a single
Continental – Continental Divergent landmass that broke apart and have
Boundary moved to their present locations
 The East African Rift
 Baikal Rift Valley
 West Antarctic Rift
 Rio Grande Rift

Oceanic – oceanic Divergent boundary

 Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge
 Carlsberg Ridge
 Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
 East Pacific Rise

Transform boundary
 Two plates slide horizontally past one
another: Oceanic fracture zones, Faults
 Connect diverging zones: San Andreas  Exhibit No. 1 – Geologic
Fault  Continents “fit together” like puzzle
pieces
  Some mountains ranges on  The main evidence to support the idea of
different continents seem to match plate tectonics focuses on the different
 Exhibit No. 2 – Fossil Evidences plate boundaries.
 Similar fossils have been  The many different features seen at these
discovered in matching coastlines boundaries provide overwhelming proof
on different continents that the sea floor is indeed moving, in
 Exhibit No. 3 – Climate fact, it is being recycled
 Climatic evidence such as glaciers  Exhibit No. 1 – Earthquake and Volcanoes
in areas that are now close to the  Earthquakes and volcanoes do not
Equator occur randomly throughout the
world, but occur in rather limited
Why did scientists reject Wegener’s idea of belts.
Continental Drift?  The largest active belt in the world
 He could not find the force that was surrounds the Pacific Ocean and is
causing the continents to drift. Because of referred to as “The Pacific Ring of
this, he could not convince anyone that Fire” 90% of all the world’s
continents could move. He died in earthquakes occur there.
Greenland on an expedition. At the time  Some of the more famous
of his death, no one believed his volcanoes are found surrounding
the Pacific.
 When the stress is too great,
fractures (faulting) may occur
hypothesis! within the tectonic plates or the
plates may slip abruptly and
 After 50 years Harry Hess confirmed earthquakes result.
Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of  The boundaries are also places of
seafloor spreading to explain what moved high heat flow where molten rock
continents rises to the surface and forms
Mantle Convection Theory volcanoes.
 Hot rock from deep within the Earth rises,  Exhibit No. 2 – Paleomagnetism (Fossil
but cooler rock near the surface sinks. Magnetism)
 Causes the oceanic lithosphere to move  The permanent magnetism in
sideways and away from the mid-ocean rocks which indicate the
ridge. direction of the magnetic field
when the minerals became
Ridge Push magnetized.
 The oceanic lithosphere is higher than it  Basaltic rocks contain iron-rich
is where it sinks into the asthenosphere. minerals which become
 Because of ridge push, the oceanic magnetized in the direction of
lithosphere slides downhill under the the magnetic field at the time
force of gravity. when the rock solidified.
 If the rocks move or if the
Slab Pull Theory magnetic poles change the
 Oceanic lithosphere is denser than the magnetism in the rocks retain
asthenosphere, the edge of the tectonic its original magnetic alignment.
plate that contains oceanic lithosphere  Polar wandering
sinks and pulls the rest of the tectonic  Is the apparent movement of
plate with it in a process. the magnetic poles as outlined
from studying the magnetism
Plate Tectonic Theory fossilized in successive basaltic
lava flows ranging in age over
millions of years.
  This was clear that either the supporting the theory of Plate
magnetic pole had moved with Tectonics.
time, an idea known as polar  Radioactive age dates of the
wandering, or the basaltic lava seamounts and volcanic islands
flows had moved, explained by confirm that the age increases
continental drift. the farther away you go from
 Plate Tectonic theory is believed Hawaii, and the hot spot.
to be the best explanation for
polar wandering. LESSON 3 – Earth’s Internal Structure
 If the magnetic poles remain
stationary, then their apparent
movement was caused by the
drifting of continents.
 Magnetic reversals
 Certain minerals are magnetic
(e.g., magnetite, iron)
 They lose magnetization when
heated above Curie point
(580oC for iron)
 When cooled below Curie point
magnetic grain aligns with
Earth’s magnetic field
 Exhibit No. 3 – Seafloor Spreading
 Proposed by Harry Hess, in the
early 1960’s
 Ocean ridges are above mantle
upwellings, which cause
seafloor to spread, like a
conveyor belt
 Magma replaces seafloor as it How did scientists determine that the earth’s
moves away, becoming new interior is solid, liquid and semi – solid?
oceanic crust  Scientists are able to understand
 Deep ocean trenches are Earth's interior by studying seismic
locations were oceanic crust waves.
dives back into planet  These are waves of energy that travel
 Exhibit No. 4 – Hotspots through Earth, and they move
 Mapping of the seafloor in the similarly to other types of waves, like
Pacific revealed a chain of sound waves, light waves, and water
volcanoes and seamounts that waves.
extend from the Hawaiian
Islands to the Midway Islands Seismic waves
and continue north to the  Travel outward in all directions from
Aleutian trench of the coast of where the ground breaks at an
Alaska. earthquake
 Scientist proposed that a plume  Primary waves (P-waves) are fastest;
of magma presently exist can pass through solid (fast) and liquid
beneath Hawaii and the Pacific (slow)
plate moved over this stationary  Secondary waves (S-waves) are about
magma chamber. half as fast as P-waves; can pass
 This confirmed that the tectonic through solid, but not in liquid
plates do move in relation to
earth’s interior thereby
  Happens when extreme temperature
and pressure created by the
movement of molten rocks inside the
Earth build up and are spewed on the
surface of the planet
 Extremely explosive eruptions,
producing ash columns that extend
many tens of miles into the
stratosphere and that spread out into
an umbrella shape; produce
widespread deposits of fallout ash
What are the evidences supporting the
findings of the scientists about the earth’s Mt. Pinatubo (June 1991)
interior?  500 years dormant
 Scientists rely on seismic waves—shock  Second largest eruption of the 20th
waves generated by earthquakes and century
explosions that travel through Earth  Ultra – Plinian and Phreatic
and across its surface—to reveal the
structure of the interior of the planet. The hazards of Volcanic Eruption
 Lava flows
Why is it important to understand the earth’s  Pyroclastic flows
internal structure?  Lahars
 Each layer has a unique chemical  Landslides or debris avalanches
composition, physical state, and can  Tephra or ash falls
impact life on Earth's surface.  Releases of gas
 Movement in the mantle caused by  Tsunami
variations in heat from the core, cause Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004)
the plates to shift, which can cause  Strong earthquake (9.1–9.3 M)
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions  Retreating water from the shore
LESSON 4 – Disaster Awareness &  Loud roar from the ocean
 The deadliest in recorded history
Preparedness
Tsunami
Natural Disaster
 Japanese word “tsu”, “name”
 Major adverse event resulting from
 A series of enormous waves caused by
natural processes of the Earth
disruption on the ocean floor
 Examples: floods, storms, tornadoes,
 Occurs when the energy from oceanic
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
convergence travels upward and
tsunamis, and other geologic
produces quick moving waves
processes.

Mt. St. Helen’s Eruption in 1980

 Dormant for 123 years
Luzon Earthquake (1990)
 4.2 – 5.1 M earthquake, steam/gas
 A result of strike-slip movements along
 Plinian eruption the Philippine Fault and the Digdig
 Steam-blast eruption from summit Fault within the Philippine Fault
crater of Mount St. Helens System.
 Turned out to be the ideal laboratory  The earthquake's epicenter was near
to study volcanic activity the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija,
northeast of Cabanatuan.
Volcanic Eruption
3 main types of faults
  Normal Fault  Lies between two major tectonic
 Reverse Fault plates - the Philippine Sea Plate and
 Strike-slip Fault Eurasian Plate
 Philippine sea plate is moving toward
Earthquake the Philippine archipelago at a rate of
 Natural shaking of the Earth’s 7cm/year
lithosphere caused by the release of  Eurasian plate is being subducted
energy stored in the lithospheric rocks along the western side of Luzon and
 Focus is the actual point of rock Mindoro at a rate of 3 cm/year
breakage or movement  Philippine Fault Zone
 Epicenter is the point on the surface of  Philippine Trench
the Earth directly above the focus  At least five earthquakes per day
occurrence
Types of Earthquakes  Most seismically active part: Eastern
 Shallow – focus earthquake caused by Mindanao, Samar, Leyte, Eastern side
subducting slab that is not deeper of Northern Luzon, Lubang island,
than 70 km; considered more Northern Mindoro
dangerous than deep focus
earthquake
 Deep – focus earthquake occur in
subducting slab deeper than 70 km
 Tectonic earthquakes are produced by
sudden movement along faults and
plate boundaries.
 Volcanic earthquakes are induced by
rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes

What boundary will produce the most

dangerous movement?
 Convergent boundaries
 About 80% of earthquakes
occur where plates are pushed
together
 Produced deep, large
magnitude earthquakes

Seismograph
 Measures the Earthquake’s magnitude

Magnitude
 Quantitative value that measures the
amount of energy released from the
focus of an earthquake

Intensity
 Measure of the earthquake’ s strength
based on its impact on specific
location

The Philippines
 An earthquake – prone country