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Important SQL Questions

The document provides an overview of important SQL concepts, including the definition of SQL, differences between DBMS and RDBMS, and E.F. Codd's rules for relational databases. It covers CRUD operations, various SQL constraints, and distinctions between data types like CHAR and VARCHAR. Additionally, it includes sample SQL queries for retrieving employee details based on different criteria.

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18 views2 pages

Important SQL Questions

The document provides an overview of important SQL concepts, including the definition of SQL, differences between DBMS and RDBMS, and E.F. Codd's rules for relational databases. It covers CRUD operations, various SQL constraints, and distinctions between data types like CHAR and VARCHAR. Additionally, it includes sample SQL queries for retrieving employee details based on different criteria.

Uploaded by

godllucifer247
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Important SQL Questions with Answers

1. Basics of SQL & RDBMS

Q1: What is SQL? Why is it used?


SQL (Structured Query Language) is a language used to communicate with databases. It
helps in storing, retrieving, updating, and deleting data in a structured way.

Q2: What is the difference between DBMS and RDBMS?


Feature DBMS RDBMS
Storage Stores data as files Stores data in tables (rows
& columns)
Example MS Access, File System MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle

Q3: Explain the rules of E.F. Codd for relational databases.


• Data is stored in tables (rows & columns).

• Each cell must contain single-valued data.

• Each table must have a unique key (Primary Key).

• A foreign key must reference a primary key.

Q4: Define the following terms:


• Table: A collection of data stored in rows and columns.

• Row / Record / Tuple: A single entry in a table.

• Column / Field / Attribute: A specific category of data in a table.

• Primary Key: A column that uniquely identifies each record.

• Foreign Key: A column that references a primary key from another table.

2. CRUD Operations & Constraints

Q5: What are CRUD operations?


Operation SQL Command
Create INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (...);
Read SELECT * FROM table_name;
Update UPDATE table_name SET column=value
WHERE condition;
Delete DELETE FROM table_name WHERE
condition;

Q6: Explain different constraints in SQL.


• NOT NULL: Ensures a column cannot have NULL values.
• UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.

• CHECK: Ensures values meet a specific condition.

• PRIMARY KEY: A combination of NOT NULL and UNIQUE.

• FOREIGN KEY: Creates a link between two tables.

3. SQL Data Types

Q7: Differentiate between CHAR and VARCHAR.


Feature CHAR VARCHAR
Memory Allocation Fixed-length Variable-length
Speed Faster Slower (because of
flexibility)
Example CHAR(10) (Always 10 VARCHAR(10) (Stores only
characters) needed space)

Q8: What is the difference between VARCHAR and VARCHAR2?


• VARCHAR: Stores up to 2000 characters.

• VARCHAR2: Stores up to 4000 characters (Oracle-specific).

4. SQL Queries (DQL)

Q9: Retrieve all employees' details.


```sql
SELECT * FROM employees;
```

Q10: Retrieve employees earning more than 5000.


```sql
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 5000;
```

Q11: Retrieve employees working in "Sales" department.


```sql
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';
```

Q12: Retrieve employees hired before 2010.


```sql
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hire_date < '2010-01-01';
```

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