PAINT INDUSTRIES
INTRODUCTION
Paints are stable mechanical mixtures of o0e or more pigments which impart
desired colour and to protect the film fromm nenetrating radiation, such U. V. rays. The
pigments and the extenders are caried or suspended in drying oils Called vehile.
Which is a film forming material, to which other ingredients are added in varying
amount e.g. linseed oil, tung oil, castor oil, tall oil etc. Boiled Linseed oil is prefered to
unboil oil because it develops a good drying power and requires only two days for
drying. The drying time is reduced further by gdding driers to the paint. Driers act fo
promote the process of film formation and hardening. Thinners maintain the
uniformity of the film through a reduction in the viscosity of the blend.
The purpose of paint may be protective or decorative or both and can be
applied on a metal or wood surface. It is applied by brushing. dipping, spraying. or
roller coating.
The imnportant varieties of paints are emulsion paints, latex paints, metallic
paints, epoxy resin paints, oil paints, water paints or distempers etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
On the basis of their applications.
paints can be classified as
a) Exterior house paints
(ZnO, TiO2, white lead etc.J,
Generally have constituents such as pigment
(talc, barytes, clay etc), vehicle (e.g. boiled linseed oil) and thinners (e.g.
extenders
naphtha etc.) Coloured pigments for light tint are also gdded in
mineral spirit,
Varying amount.
b) Interior wall paints
pigments (e.g. white and colored pigments), vehicle
It is prepared by mixing (e.g. emulsified phenol
formaldehyde
bodied linseed oil) and resins
(e.a. varnish or
resins and casein)
c) Marine paints
Also known as
antifouling paint and
ingredients such as pigments can be prepared
by mixing
varioUs
(manganese lineolate). vehicle (coal
(ZnO and venetian red). resin (shellac), driers
tar). diluents (pine oil).,
COmponents(cuprous and merc ue videl and small amount or bees waX,toxic
oxide
d) Emulsion paints
ese paints are highly
durable
as thinner impermegble
Tapidly drying, Contain water to dirt,
and can be easily resistantIt
to washing.
emulsion of alkyds, phenol cleaned. Contain an
formnaldehvde
extenders are also added to get other etc.(vehicle) water pIgments and
in
desirable properties.
e) Chemical resistant paints
Consist of
baked oleo resinoUs vornishes.
bituminous varnishes and phenolic chlorinated rubber
compositions,
formulations. dispersion gs chemical resistant materials in paint
f) Fire resistant paints
These paints impart aprotective action on
easy fusion of the pigments and other the article being coated throUgh
paint ingredients giving off fume on
they do not support
combustion. It consist of borax, zinc borate, ammonium heating.
phosphate synthetic resins etc as anti-fire chemicals.
9) Luminous paints
Consist of phosphorescent paint compositions sUch as
Ca, Cd and Zn dispersed in spirit varnish), vehicle pigment (sulfides of
(chlorinated rubber, styrol etc.)
and sensitizer for activation in UV region.
h) Latex paints
These paints usually contain
Protein dispersion: Prepared by soyabean proteins or Casein in agueOUs
ammonia solution for about an hour at room temperature
> Pigments: ZnS,TiOz etc dispersed in water
> Extenders: clay, talc, MgsiO3 BaSO. etc.
> Preservatives: Penta chlorophenol
Antifoaming agent: Pine oil
> Plasticizer: Tributylphosphate
> Latex: Prepared fromna butadiene styrene copolymer in water
Allthese ingredients well stired in water, sCreened, again stired and packed.
i) Aluminum paints
Used as heat
and vehicle (spinit reflecting paints and consist of pigment (aluminum powder)
varnishes) and cellulose nitrate lacquei
0) Metal paints
APpled on the metal surfaces or bodefor
are of two types nrotection and decoraTion and
Barrier coating
Protective baier is formed between the
These consist of pigment, vehicle, anticorosive surfgce coated ond its SurOundings.
agents (e.g. zinc or chrome yellow).
resins (e.g. alkyds, epOxy. polyamides. chiodoated nibbers and
silicones) etc. Akyd
resists weathering of metals, epoxy and polvamides form tough film
chemicals. Chlorinated rubbers resist gctiorn of sogps. detergents and resIsTant to
chemicals and silicons are added as heat resistant and water strong
repellens.
Galvanic coating
Protection is provided by self-undergoing of galvanic corosion. e.g. Zinc
coating (Galvanization) on steel.
Before applying metal paints it is important to clean thoroughly the surface to
be coated. Moreover, paint should be applied over a primer such as red lead by a
high pressure spray gun.
k) Cement paints
or pigments,
It is prepared by mixing white cement with colouring matter
in the form of powder
hydrated lime and fine sand as inert filler. They are available
of particular colour.
or oil, depending upon the purpose of
The dispersion medium may be water stone/brick
and linseed oil are Used as dispersion medium for
COating. Water gpplying
respectively. Before
corugated metal surfaces
structure and for coating of which consist of a dilute solution of
sodium
coat is applied
cement paint a primer
silicate and zinc sulfate.
stable and
marked water proofing copacity, give a
Cement paints have yeors, if
require fresh appliCation even in foUr to five
decorative film and do not
surface.
COated even on rough
I) Distempers
of pigments which may be white as
paints consisting talc), binders
Distempers are water exXTenders (e.g. chalk powder,
(e.g. Reimann's green). water paints have good
wellas coloured medium water. These
casien or glue) and dispersion
(e.g.
covering power, easy
major
proof. disadvantage of applicability, and smooth, pleasant looking durable film. The
these is the porous
nature which is not moisture
of the film
In
general the paints are known for thir aloss
and mechanical properties. They are suitahle for the adhesion as well as chemical
interior deCoraion Os wel
painting. os
CONSTITUENTS OF PAINIS
1. Pigments
Pigments are
widely Used in surfacevarious inorganic or orgonic insoluble substances which are
opacity, good coatings. The most important properties of pigments are
or low covering
toxicity. high hidingpower, mixing ability with oil, chemical inertness. non toxicity
protect fhe film by power, high tinting strength and reasonable cost. They
reflecting the destructietra violet light. to strengthen the film.
Pigments are classified as follows
a) Natural or mineral pigments: e.a. talc mica,
diatomaceous earth etc. chalk, clays, iron ores, barytes,
b) Synthetic or chemical
pigments: ea. white
titanium oxide, and many other organic and lead, zinc oxide, lithopone.
C) Reactive pigments: Those inorganic colours
pigments which react with drying oils or their fatty
acids and form soaps are called reactive
titanium dioxide etc pigments. e.g. zinc Oxide, red lead,
d) Organic dyes: Toners (insoluble
organic dyes) used directly as pigments
because of their durability and colouring power. Lakes, which are organic
dyes on an inorganic adsorbent (such as clay), have
also been used in
colours. Para red, toluidine toner, Hansa yellow G (lemon yellow) etc.many
are
important lakes. Clay, barite. aluminum hydroxide etc. are well known
inorganic adsorbents. Both toners and lakes are ground in oil or applied
any other pigment. like
VariouS pigments used for making paints are
White: White lead, titanium dioxide, zinc Oxide, lithopone.
> Red: Red lead, iron oxides, cadmium reds, rouge etc.
Blue: Ultramarine,cobalt blues, iron blues etc.
Chromium oxide: Chromium Oxide, chrome green, phthalocyanine green.
Yellow: Litharge, lead or zinc chromates, ochre et
Black: Carbon block, lamp blaCk, Turnace blacketc
Orange: Basiclead chromate, Cadmium
Brown: Burnt umber, burnt sienng etc.
orange etc.
> Metalics: Copper powder, zinc dust,
Metal protective
2.
plgments: Red lead.glblve
uminium el
lead. zinc and basic lead etc.
Extenders or Fillers
They are
used for
pigment in increasing the decreasingandthe cost of paint
and to
supplement the
improve consistency,
silica, barite.
covering
levelling and setting ofweathering
power of the film.
Extenders
glass flakes, the paint. E.g. Talc, china clay. gypsum,
3.
asbestos and anhydrite etc.
Film forming materials
The vehicle or
and as formers of film forming materials plays dual role as carriers for the pigments
protective films.
Used as vehicles. These are Reactive
oils Containing olefinic unsaturation are
degree of unsaturation. E.g.usually
Linseedcalled drying andoil,semidrying oils, depending on
oil eovben
Varnishes, casein, fish oil etc. These oils tung oil, talc Oll, COstor Oll,
polymerization of the fomotective film through oxidation and
unsaturated constituents
of the drying
Drying Oll is thusa film forming component which upon
the property of drying to hard, firm. exp0SUre 1o Oxygen has
non-sticky film through oxidofion involving
organic peroxides as the chain initiators.
Ihe various properties of drying oii which gre Used to
decide the grade of
paints are
> Specific gravity: It lies between 0.93 to 0.97
Refractive index: It lies between 1.48 to 1.51
> Saponification value: It lies between 183 to 187
lodine value: For common drying oils close to 90- 120, while semi drying oils
have the value close to 90
Linseed oil is light yellow in colour but becomes colourless after oxidaive
purification. After drying it sets to a hord glossy film.
Linseed oil is used in four different grades by paint and pigment manufacturers.
º Refined oil
> Boiled linseed oil
> Heot bodied linseed oil (stand oil)
Blown linseed oil
Refined linseed oil
Depending on the application, rerined inseed oil may be obtained by acid
treatment or alkali treatment.
In acid refining, the oil is
hour. agitated
by weight) for about an with Concentrated HSO (1% of the total oil
the and Ollowed to stond for about 24 hours for allowing
coaguloted colouring
carefully siphoned off and motter and mucilage to settle down. The cleor oil in
after the
separation of washed with water to remove
exceSS of acid and stored
water.
In alkali
and allowed fortreatment, the slightly warm oil is agitated vigorously with 10% NaOH
setting out
to expel
moisture and finally the precipitate.withThebleaching
oil is carefully siphoned off, heated
decolourised clay and filtering presses.
Refined linseed oil is mainly
used in the manufacture of varnishers.
Boiled linseed oll
It is
obtoined by odding small quantities of the oxides and acetates of Co, Mn
ond Pb to hot linseed oil, during heotino bou Abickens with darkening of colour. Ihis
Change in colour is refered to as boilino Raiod inceed oil provides durcbility to the
paint.
The heat bodied linseed oil or stand oil
Linseed oil is heated alone at elevoted temperatures. Which increase its
VISCOsity due to partial polymerization and attain a state called as bodied. The
Same can also be done by exposing the linseed oil to sun light for many hours.
This oil is Used mainly in making printing inks and enamels.
Blown linseed oil
It is obtained by blowing air through linseed oil to mke if bodied. During
blowing Oxidation and polymerization take place at unsaturated positions. Blown oil
undergoes hardening much faster than the heat bodied oil.
In manufocture of interior paints blown linseed oil is used.
In addition, tung oil and Soyabean oil are extensively used as drying oils. When
properly treated tung oil dries with extreme rapidity forming hard, dense and tough
film, which is more durable and less penetrable than that formed by linseed oil.
Tung oil is used in making water proof paints. The Soyabean oil is used in
making interior paints.
4. Driers
Ioitiglly PbO Was Used as a drier. bUT ihe modern driers are Co, Mn, Pb, Zn.
resinoleate, linoleate and naphinendies elG. Ihey dissolve in the hot oil and the
drving time has been mUCh reduCed. Tney afe usually mixed with hot boiled linseed
oil. Too rapid
drying is not
suffers from wrinkling. desirable becoUse of some unwanted effects, e.g. the film
The drier acts
as
which accelerates Catalyst and
reaction mechanism drying of the promotes the oxidation polymerization proces
which involves film.a The unsaturated drying oils polymerize by
5.
Thinners or Diluents peroxide intermediate.
In
order to
better handling asdissolve film
well as forming material and to thin alsO
Concentrated paints for
pigments.
many contain
brushing
Diluents or thinners may thinner
is added. It is Used to
SUspended
turpentine. include aliphatic or aromatic naphthg fractions or
maintains the fluidity of the Solvent such as turpentine in spite its low volatility,
of
freshly applied film for reasonable period of
time.
6. Lacquer
Lacquer is a liquid
Ingredients cellulose esters orcoating composition
ethers ond
containing the basic film forming
ociizers.
employ aliphatiC chemicas, such as ethere ecters. without or with resin. LÚcquers
The desired controlled volatility. By ketones and dlconOls To proVIde
virtue f evapoation of solvent,
Called non-convertible cooting. When a nioment is they are also
called lacquer enamel or added to o clear lacquer, it is
pigmnented lacquer.
7. Anti-skinning agent
Certain anti-skinning agents are also added to the paint in order to
gelling and skinning of the finished prodUct before prevent
brushing, spraying or dipping. e.g. application of the paint by
Polyhydroxyphenols.
8. Plasticizers
Plasticizers, low melting solids or liquids of low volatility which provide
elasticity to the film and thus prevent cracking of the paint. Chemically.
are mostBy esters. Triphenyl phosphate, plasticizers
dibutylphthalate and castor oil etc are used
as plasticizers.
9. Resins
Resins are required for water base paints contain no oils
and depend on
vinyl acetate, acrylic or butadiene styrene polymer resin as the film
materials.
forming
Varnishes are also, Used in the form or natural or synthetic resins,
ngtural resins are copal or rosin, wnle inal Ol Syntnetic resins are urea Examples of
ncate. vinyl or silicone resinS. LOqoes dsO Contain nitrocelluloseformaldehyde.
as the resin
constituent.
10. Binders
Binders act fo fix
tenaciOUS andglossy flm onthethepaint on the
Binders moy be of surface being painted. Coated surface and
provide tough,
(a) Oll
modified fol owing types.
alkyd resins or
These
drying under coats etc.)oxidizing alkyd polymers
may be forming vehicle with the
drying oil
backing
heat resistant
resin
coats) andalkydalkydandandcellulOse(used
undercoats). for house paints, interior
resins (used for making low paints, air
silicon temperature
resins (used for superior chemical and
(b) Resin
acting as
vehicle and not t containing any drying oil or alkyd resin
PolyestersExamples are
phenoplast (used for making thermosetting under coats).
(used for making
acrylonitrile
paints, fire copolymers, chemical
butadiene
and discolouration resistant glossy film) and
etc.)
resistantas well as coOsioncopoymers
etc. (used for
resistont coats and interior making emulsion
decorafion paints
11. Extenders
Extenders such as clay, talc, barytes etc are added to
prevent the cracking of the film when dry. the paint mix in order to
12. Other Compounds
Water based paints also require dispersing agents
(e.g. casein). antifoam
agent (e.g. pine oil) and preservative (e.g. chlorophenol).
PAINT FALIURE
The failure of
thepaint failure arepaints may be due
as follows.
to VariouS cOUses.
VariouS terms Used to explain
Chalking
It is
progressive
destructive oxidation chalking
of the oil or
after drying of
powdering the paint
of thepaint film and
on the surface. is Used by
Erosion
Very rapid chalking is called as
Flaking or peeling erosion.
Poor attachment of the paint on the Surface to be coated is called flaking or
peeling and
caused by the presence of dirt of grease on the
the surface or water
entering from below the paint.
Alligatoring
e Center portion remains attached to the surface and the portion around
the center peels off, a term alligatoring is
employed.
Checking
Fine surtace cracking is called os checing gnd is due to the absence of
plasticizers in the paint.
Blistering
as
Appearance of blisters on the coat applied to wO0d is generally known
blistering.
Blooming
blooming.
Appearance of dull patches on the surfaces called
Blinding
Discoloration of the film is known as blinding.
Cissing
to be painted is called cissing.
Refusal of some portions of the surface
avoided by
Paint failures can be
ingredients in specified proportions.
Careful mixing of the constituents or
COated before the paint is gpplied.
Proper processing of the surface to be the paint
the applicafion of
Using a primer coat before
1.
PROPERTIES
Sr. Property Example
No.
Gloss/ Matt/ Semi-gloss
Appearance
or Sprayer
2
Application Method By Brush. Roller dry
3 Drying Time Fast dry/ Slow
4 substrates/Existing cooting/
Adhesion Adhesion to
Intercoating
5
Hardness/ Flexibility
Mechanical
Characteristics Fungus/ Algae
6 Resistance Ultra-violet/ Chemical/Abrasion/
UltrO-violet
Color /
7 Outdoor Durability Gloss retention/
Viscosity stability
8 Storage Stability Settling tendency/
Special applications of the paints
Coats.
> Paints are extensively used as acid resistingused for interior decoration of walls.
distempers are widelv
Ol bound paints or soirits have been used aS
protective
dissolved in minerol
Coal tar products
bituminouS paints.
coatings of pipes under the name antifouling paints which are prepared by
protected by oil
º Ship bottoms are resinate dispersed in tung
mercuric oxide and copper
mixing iron oxide,
rosin.
(vehicle).
properties can be prepared by mixing poraffin wax,
Paint with damp resisting (vehicle).
dispersed in tung oil
Bitumen and gutta parcha
