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How To Read NCERT Bio Video PDF

The document discusses the structure and properties of DNA, emphasizing its double-helix formation with complementary base pairing and anti-parallel chains. It also covers the processes of DNA replication, transcription, and the significance of mutations in genetic material. Additionally, it touches on recombinant DNA technology and the methods used for isolating and manipulating DNA in various organisms.

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34 views39 pages

How To Read NCERT Bio Video PDF

The document discusses the structure and properties of DNA, emphasizing its double-helix formation with complementary base pairing and anti-parallel chains. It also covers the processes of DNA replication, transcription, and the significance of mutations in genetic material. Additionally, it touches on recombinant DNA technology and the methods used for isolating and manipulating DNA in various organisms.

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pain. The backbone of ide a pol cl of the cleat re Nucleotide ch oo yar and phosphates. The nitrogenous 1 tide chats formed jo SUBS o] ~ - Das jue ject from the backbone (Figure g 'Ses linked to sugar due pre a 1 RBIRRIETUMR sic ay . Also, resent S found at the place of Of their proposition was er tween, tide chains, However, this proposition was hat for a double st randed but famo f fray simp tS PROMBIIREME ocel for the structure the tv jobased on the observation of Exwi qreonstantand equal } The base pairing conlers a very unique property to the polyrucieotide ss. They are said to be complementary to each other, and the sequence of bases in one strand can be predicted. Als T, and therefore if quence in other (let us call itas.a id, the two DNA) thus, produced e. Béca ase of his, renee! (ne b Thesalient features of the Double-helix structure of DNA are as follows: { Itis made of two polynucleotide chains, where the backbone is constituted by sugar-phosphate, and the bases project inside. (i) The two chains have anti-parallel polarity. It means, if one chain has the polarity 5'>3', the other has 3'95’, The bases in two strands are paired through hydrogen bond (H-bonds) forming base pairs ap iecttstorna aici ry nds with Thymine)from opposite strand and vice-versa (Figure 6.2). ins are coiled in a right-handed fashion. The pitch is 3.4 nm (a nanometre is one billionth of a is 102 m) and there are roughly 10 bp in each Tae aiias Vy ¢ H Figure 6.2 Double stranded polynucleotide chain turn. Consequently, the distan between a bp in a helix approximately 0.34 nm. ; — : nl TD Adenine — Thymine Guanine — Cytosine Compare the structure of purines ai pyrimidines. Can you find out why te distance between two polynucleotit Sener chains in DNA remains almost constant The proposition of a double heli structure for DNA and its simpliciys explaining the g Figure 6.3 DNA double helix replication jpn _fanscription Fe translation eng aneeene Central dogma ran BASIS OF INHERITANCE isc he flow of information is in reverse direction, that Is, . Can you suggest a simple name to the process? purensl +N ceriplign 2 Packaging of DNA Helix the distance between two consecutive ase pains Her jm (0.94X10° m) ifthe length ona typical mammalian cel, Hnultiplying the veen, two consecutive ; ieomes out to be approximately wMtength that is far greater than the paieteng Faension of a typical nucleus (approximately 10m), faw is such along polymer packaged in a cell? am | | if the length of E. coli DNA is 1.36 mm, can you seutate the number of base pairs in [Link]? noel ‘ore Tre eco histone molecules \j In prokaryotes, such as, E. coli, though {ntle pot have adefined nucleus, th I DNA (being negatively charged) ~ _ eee ins (that have inaregion ferned as fimucleoid is organised Figure 6.4a Nucleosome Ineukaryotes, this organisation is much more smplex. There is a set of s call Se Histones are ric ae thdbasicjamino acid residues lysine and argini Pesta SiGe oth the amino acid residues ca 6.4b EM pe ‘Beadsyon-String fidifis. Histones rzanisediofom |G)” Pr oie inIorelght molecules called hl negatively charged DNA is wrapped around ie positively charged listone octamer to form a structure called nucleosome (Figure 6.4 a). A ypical nucleosome containg Ni a a “ ‘The nu mes in e seen al ping structure when viewed under -M) (Figure 6.4 b). eoretically, how many such beads (nucleosomes) do you imagine 66x0" ve present in a mammalian cell? 20D bers that are furth ae cel divisi requires, s that collectively are referred to as . - Assoctakion of AlStone HL “ith a nucleosome indicales ~5 he oe condensed into a Chromatin fibre nia which was infecte' were radioactive, ting that D! the virus to the bactert jis indicates that Protein the viruses. DNA is therefore the ey rus to bacteria (Figure 6.5). ag Ny not enter the bacteria from 1 from vi material that is passe¢ _—Bacteriopha ee Bacteriophage Radioactive ("P) Radioactive (°'S) labelled labelled DNA protein capsule Radioactive (”P) detected in cells | q neti Radioactive (°°S) i No Radioactivity YP detected in s ppernatant detected in supernatant ss 6.2.2 Properties of Genetic Material From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that 118 Unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material was first proposed by (1) Wilkins and Franklin (2) Frederick Griffith ( Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (4) Avery, Macleoid and McCarthy WY Ne ) Jwherea e eas the RNA polymeraseliifis responsible 8 janscripuion ol tRNA, SsrRNA, an (small nuclear ras). The RNA polymerase Il transcribes precursc 1A, the EeiemantcAye sy es precursor of mRNA. Bc tY8 re second ate aa is that the primary transeripts contain both fre exons and the introns and are non-functional. Hence. it is jected to @ process called splicing where the introns are Pye. nd exons are joined in a q order, indergoes > apli a faaitional processing called ; nucleotide Sage e eS a 1 a Ine he (ie processed hnRNA, now called mRN fancieus for translation (Figure 6.11) She significance of such complexities is now beginning to be igg of RNA and RNA-dependent proces: living system have assumed more importance wh : and ise oe \ pv spp ME s copied to form firing replication and transcription a nucleic acid Mother nucleic acid. Hence, these processes are easy to conceptualise the basis of complementarity. The process of translation requires sfer of genetic information from a polymer of nucleotides to synthesise ymer of amino acids. Neither does any complementarity exist between ficleotides and amino acids, nor could any be drawn theore tically. There sted ample evidences, though, to support the notion (faites his led to the proposition of a genetic code that could direct ard xe fe sequence of amino acids during synthesis of proteins pny If determining the biochemical nature of genetic material od the n and deciphering of fructure of DNA was very exciting, the propositio etic code were most challenging. In a very true sense, it required jolvement of scientists from several discipline: Itwa ho argued that since there are and if they have to code for e code should constitute a combination of bases. He Beeste fF order to code for all the 20 amino acids, the code should made up offfiiRSiHeieolides. This was a very bold proposition, because mutation combination of 4° (4 x 4 x 4) would generate 113. What is the role of RNA polymerase III in the process of transcription in Eukaryotes? (1) Transcription of only snRNAs (2)x Transcription of rRNAs (28S, 18S and -8S) (3) Transcription of tRNA, 5 srRNA and snRNA (@¥ Transcription of precursor of MRNA BASIS OF INHERITANCE try the opposite. Following is the seq ; luence of amino aci mRNA. Predict the nucleotide sequen eae ce in the RNA: -phe-Phe-Phe-Phe-Phe-Phe youface any difficulty in Predicting the opposite? you now correlate which two properties of genetic code you have Aa) ? Mutations and Genetic Code BE eee a hips betwee organisat’on tionships mn genes and DNA are best understood by He aoletel mnatemt : * mutation 2 ‘ol You have studied about mutation and its effect in Chapter 5. Effects is ge deletions and rearrangements in a segment of DNA are easy to AARGEST “to hend. It may result in loss or gain ofa gene and soa function, The ALLEST > of point mutations will be explained here. A classical example of mutation is a change of single base pair in the gene for beta globin ENOM E that results in the change of amino acid residue glutamate tovaline 04 CHROMOSOME is into a diseased condition called as sie! a. Effect Gene EN mutations that inserts or deletes a base in structural gene can be understood by following simple example. Niucteotide . onsider a statementthat is made up of the following words each CBlonect statements onect Statements — three letters like genetic cod: i Stare ge code. Yn thes aeee ieee fe the ov binds we insert a letter B in between HAS and RED and rearrange the witn atr ment, it would read as follows: 2) Th ‘ lua Ay Franwis Jawb & HAS BRE DCA P ilarly, if we now insert two letters at the same place, say BI'. Nowit id read, HAS BIR EDC AP low we insert three letters together, say BIG, the statement would read HAS BIG RED CAP same exercise can be repeated, by deleting the letters R, EandD, one and rearranging the statement to make a triplet word. HAS EDC AP HAS DCA P HAS CAP conclusion from the above exercise is very ion of one or two bases changes the ing fr lon or deletion, However, such mutations BS Matieodan ¢ u cacrak. LECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE gisorders that affect human beings. Besides providing clues to derstanding human biology, learning about non-human organisms) sequences can lead to an understanding of their natural capabilities that can be applied toward solving challenges in health care, agriculture, ner ey production, environmental remediation, Many non-human model svsanisms. Such as bacterfa, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free living thogenic jrematode} Drosophila (the fruit fly), plants) (rice and etc., have alsolpeen sequenced. W csiologies): The methoda solved two major approaches: On approach focused on identifying allthe gene! ssed a: aNAyreferred to as Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). The other took =the blind approach of simply sequencing the whole set of genome that contained/all the coding and non-coding sequence, and later assigning ifferent regions in the Sequence with’functions (a term referred to as equence Annotation). For sequencing, the! total) DNA froma Céll/is plated and converted intoragidomifragments ofrelatively smallet'sizes) {recall DNA isa very long polymer, and there are technical limitations in sequencing very long pieces of DNA) andiclonediinistiftable|Host using, pecialised vectors. The cloning resulted into amplificationlof each piece "of DNA fragment so that it subsequently could be/sequenced withieasey The commonly used hosts were PaaS NEES and thé vectors were called as BAC (bacterial artificial Chromosomes), and ¥ACi(yveast artificial chromosomes). aad ‘The fragments were sequenced using automated DNA'sequencers that | worked on the principle of a method developed by Rrederiele Sanden | (RemembéFiSAaliger is also credited for developing method for “(@etermination of amino acid ysequences in proteins): These __ Sequences were then arranged based jon’ some overlapping regions Present in thems This required Generation of overlapping fragments for sequencing. Alignment of these Sequences was humanly not possible. Therefore, specialised computer based programs were developed (Figure 6.15). These sequences were subsequently annotated and were assigned to each chromosome, The sequence of Hromosomell was completed only a ee autosomes and X and Y - to be en 104 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) refers to (1) (2)- (3) (4) Certain important expressed genes. All genes that are expressed as RNA. All genes that are expressed as proteins. All genes whether expressed OF unexpressed. ‘OGY : PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES ~ rons cterium througl Recombinant DNA can then ae cee N10 such cells th with recombinant DNA rel ma efly and then ey them This enables teria to take up the mbinant DNA. ‘This is not the only way to introduce alien DNA into host cells. In a 1 known as micro-injection, recombinant DNA is directly injected . oS aniypal cell. In another method, sultable for plants, mbarded wil particles of gold jor tungsten ina method known as biolisties or gene gun. And the jst method uses ‘disarmed pathogen’ vectors, which when allowed to infect the cell, transfer the recombinant DNA into the host. Now that we have learnt about the tools for constructing recombinant DNA. let us discuss the processes facilitating recombinant DNA technology, chomicot ynudboAtc) Qn ernie ee woth aed 11.3 Processes or Recompinant DNA [Link] Recombinant DNA technology involves several steps in specific sequence such as isolation of DNA, fragmentation of DNA by restiiction endonucleases, isolation of a desired DNA fragment, ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector, transferring the recombinant DNA into the host, culturingithe host cells in a medium at lagejseale and extraction of the desired product. Let us examine each of these steps in some details. 11.3.1 Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA) n majority of organisms this i onucleic acid or DNA. itneeds to be| Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell opén to release DNA along? thi such as RNA, proteins, id is can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells /plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as Figure 11.5 DNA thi 7 separate ), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). separa wy . The RNA can be removed by treatment with ribonuclease whereas proteins can be removed by treatment with protease. Other molecules can be removed by appropriate 121 During the purification process for recombinant DNA technology, addition of chilled ethanol precipitates out (1) Polysaccharides (3) DNA (2) RNA (4) Histones @ qos veddenel NnO ences yerrzebron alpewpracryuy~ 4 To Tet Soret "ey A tree grows In the soll some are eaten by insects and other Nutrients and animals. snter food web. WU) quent ‘A green leaf falls to the ground decomposition by earthworms, bacteria, Further , € ) soil,mites,[Link]. le in a terre estrial ecosystem andreledse tion, of ‘whemeakoorneatiaa detritus and climatic cond}fjon.,decomposition rate and ehitit’ and quicker, if detritus is 7 that regulate decomposition through! ffects Wart ii ‘m and moist enviyonment favour decomposition whereas low (MBey e emperature and anaerdbiosis resulting injbuild ip inhib ing in} Is. cya 130 bb) Cc. D. E. Identify the correct statements : A. B. Detrivores perform fragmentation. The humus is further degraded by some microbes during mineralization. Water soluble inorganic nutrients: go down into the soil and get precipitated by a process called leaching. The detritus food chain begins with living organisms. . Earthworms break down detritus into smaller particles by a process called catabolism. Choose the correct answer from the options given below : (1), D, E, A only (@) A, B, C only GB) B.C, Donly (4) C.D, E only 7 —— Broad fat face | ax Big and wrinkled tongue res ase Palm crease” , ty Figure 5.16 A representative figure showing an iridividual inflicted with " natrome and the corresponding chromosomes of the ts (RZ Irate pan Pt 9 of the individuay Non -dicfanti®, “Individual may lack one of any one pai y es. These situations are known a situation leads to very serious consequences in 4° individual. Down's syndrome, Turner's syndzone Klinefeljer’s syndrome are common examples 4 chromosomal disorders. | at, Down's Syndrome: The cause of thisgUnetic disor is the presence of an faddiional copy) of thy chromosome number 21 (trisomy of 21). Bp ). Uuls disor affected individual if Shorts ome: furrowed tongtie and par Figure 5.16). Palm is broad with characteristic paln () a crease. Physical, and mental ‘and development is retard 4 eee jeveloped iaecakee Se eae, feminine chameter Klinefelter's Syndrome : This genetic disorder isals caused due to the presence of an additiona Figure 5.17 Diagrammatic represe- niation of genetic disorders due to sex chromosome composition in humans : Syndrome; (b) (a3 Which of the following statements are correct about Klinefelter’s Syndrome? A. This disorder was first described by Langdon Down (1866). B. Such an individual has overall masculine development. However, the feminine development is also expressed. C. The affected individual is short statured. D. Physical, psychomotor and mental development is retarded. E. Such individuals are sterile, ; Choose the correct answer from the options given below : (1) AandE only (2) A and B only (3) Cand D only (4) Band E only WY ie such practices should be avoided because these are dangerous both for e young mother and the foetus. Effective counselling on the need to void unprotected coitus and the risk factors involved in illegal abortions well as providing more health care facilities could reverse the mentioned ‘unhealthy trend. ad o oy 14.4 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) Infections or diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted infections (STI) o1 reall yet es (VD ™ 9 Genital herpe) chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B. anfof couS€, the most discussed infection in the recent years are some of the common STIs. Among thes iosedangerusnd is discussed in detail in Chapter 8. ‘ome of these infections like can also be CHuman Simion Vir Q lead to es + Ais & Roo © pele ot given prime consideration under the reproductive health-care, ‘ programmes. Though all persons are vulnerable to these infections, their upotis® + Ganitol incide orted to be very high among persons in the age group CHEB DA years the age group to which you also belong. There is no Korps & Gari reason to panic because prevention is possible. One could be free ofthese — oor s infections by following the simple principles given below: vi {) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners. (i) Always try to use condoms during coitus. (li) In case of doubt, one should go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed wit? infection. 4.5 Inrerriuiry Adiseussion on reproductive health is incomplet s judas India of the reproductive tract. STIs are a m: Therefore, prevention or early detection and cure of these dise 157. Which one of the following common sexually transmitted diseases is completely curable when detected early and treated properly? (1) HIV Infection (2) Genital herpes (3) Gonorrhoea (4) Hepatitis-B \/ <4 ) era ated areas are currently in operation under thy (CH) programme | “On a ‘ o) po ae pop Ne Creating among people about various reproduction rela Coun aspects and providing facilities and suppor for building up, L +, pa, 4 teproductively healthy society are eataoateasks under thes, pre i Idi programmes. | aes land the print-media governmental ang) re With the help of audio-visu A Won governmentallagenicles have taken various steps t create awarenes Wdiviolualo rents, othe) among the people about reproduction-related aspects. Pa close relatives, teachers and friends, also have a major role in the) "dissemination of the above information. Introduction of sex education In schools should also be encouraged to provide right Information to} the young so as to discourage children from believing in myths and, having misconceptions about sex-related aspects. Proper information | about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe ang | hyglenic sexual practices, sexually trai mitted diseases (STD), AIDs, | etc., would help people, especially those in the adolescent age group to lead a reproductively healthy life, Educating peoplegespeclally Teri | ouples and those in marriai yp. about available birt | control options, care of pregnant mothers, pos al e | ‘and child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for the male and the female child, etc., would address the importance of bringing up | ol thy families of Zé. Awareness of problems | ‘due to uncontrolled population growth, social evils like sex-abuse and| sex-related crimes, etc., need to be created to enable people to think) and take up n ry steps to prevent them and thereby build upa Successful implementation of various action plans to attain reproductive health requires strong{infrastructural facilitiés)iproressional _ Spite ard teal upp. Tee ae execri teva eTTeNEN assistance and care to people in Sea near ETE REET NEY. STDs, abortions, contraception, menstrual problems | infertility, etc. S d g mention in this connect‘on. Inarfiinocentesiskome of the fe is taken to aaeeneees ind dissolve : — oe dure is used to test for the presence of certai (GeHELEMISORdES}such as, down haemoplilia, sickle-cd anemia, etc. | linefettr} Research on various reproduction-related areas are encouraged “a supported by governmental and non-governmental agencies to find ov new metheds and/or to improve upon the existing ones. Do you that la new flilicontraceptive for the females-was devel Ly bioce estroge He ww we wow, { pas Sie en oy implored. OY ti at i ei a. | 153 Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Amniocentesis for sex determination is one of the strategies of Reproductive and Child Health Care Programme. Reason R: Ban on amniocentesis checks increasing menace of female foeticide. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (1). A is false but R is true. - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 4 Both A and R are true and R is NOT the Correct explanation of A. (4) A is true but R is false. ok MIBICd alolse wn oe Y dete hang not possible n ! oR and Enzyme Linked Immuno-s ay are gy 14 | the techniques that serve the purpos4t sing) *Barroviows : Rat synthnar se Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, ete.) is Normally 5. Dum Avy jaledtery only when the pathogen has produced a disease symptom, py 4 i tron Jphier) the concentration of pathogen is already very high in the boqy 5° ae tion of a/bacteria Or ViRU (at a time When the nul nadkBqropty - otha’ ole dineanparepotyeL NID ca eh ae Hule PERS Can you explain how can det Gparcoe disco! by, baie amounts OJ ‘DNA’ f Itis being used to mS wTs is a powerfyl techgnique to paipoetin’ 12.3 Transcemic Anmais gdab © Animals that have had inoORA en EET poney Wee A ~ a extra (foreign) gene are knoWrrds transgenic animals. Transgenic ral its, pigs, sheep, cows ané have been produced, althoug dls Ae id fish Abelby~ net GMO Pradice . Why are the cal Loy Wille Ginimals being produced? How can man benefit from such modifato i ake sgt us try and explore some of the common reasops: not Racal Physiology and development: jra ‘allow Bt (BeBAlateA and how they affect the normal functions ofthe Bt and its development, gist eth & t Call ee ia Bon Stud; aie. = Flaw Save“ Be ot 2 Cemmentxél _ Huynulia proaducdr ts 6 Which one of the following techniques does not serve the purpose of early diagnosis of a disease for its early treatment? (1) Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent A P (ELISA) technique — (2) Recombinant DNA Technology (3) Serum and Urine analysis (4) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique a 154 Whow foment Some endyenier are ~ e any protein has a primary structure, ‘a MU] AE-Ud® amino acid sequence of the protein. An enzyme like any protein hay 2 \ Pange ! 35-40 © as the ) secondary and the tertiary structure. When. you look at a Louk Onry we oLe wl (Figure 9.4b) you will notice that thebackbone of the protein d i ‘upon itself, the cha itself and hence, Many crevice, Whee! LOKOoeS pocketsare mad buch eet is the active site) An active site of enzyme s a crevice or pocket into which the substrate fits. Thus enzymcn through their active site, catalyse reactions at a high rate. Enzyme ca differ from inorganic catalysts in many ways, but one major diffe ists 1 needs mention. Inorganic: catalysts work efficiently at high dam at tem mn fowever, enzymes isolated from organisms who live und smely high temperatures (c.. hot vents and y lytic power eVenab high” nent ‘prings), are stable and retain’ their cat rita on ale Temperaturee((upto(@O2-90"O} /Thermal stability is thus an inpaail @ Ribonucleo patein, quality of suc enzynes esate fom thermophilic organs 9.12.1 Chemical Reactions How do we understand these enzymes? Let us first understand a chemi ‘Chemical compounds undergo two types of changes, A physical @hange in shape|without breaking of bonds, ‘This is a physical process. Another physical process is a change’ of matter: when ice melts into water, or when water becomes a vapour, ‘These are also physical processes. However, when bonds are broken and new bonds are formed during transformation, this will be called a chemical reaction. For example: \inediagram: An enzyme reaction. charige’simply refers to a Ba(OH), +H,S0, > BaSO, + 2H,0 reaction. Similarly, hydrolysis of starch into ical reaction. Rate of a physical or chemical {of product formed per unit time. It can be 4s an inorganic chemical glucose is an organic chemi proces refers to the amount expressed as: 6P. rate=—— 6 _p Rate canlalsobe called veloaty the direction is speciid. Rates of and chemical processcs are influenced by temperature among factors./A gerieral ralé oftthumb is that rate doubles or) an 150 . vt - veneaic aati ofodhiome any radon true. yoleonty? Concentration of Substrate | “ A eho. (YEO) ~\\"' ve With the increase n substrate concentration, the velocty of the w ie Wieerarort reaction rises at first. The reaction ultimately reaches a maximum: (Vi) Which is not exceeded by any further rise in concentration of the substrate. This is because the enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules and after saturation of these molecules, there are free enzyme molecules to bind with the additional substrate molecules. (Figure 9.7). ‘The activity of an enzyme is also sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that bind to the enzyme. When the binding of the chemical shuts off enzyme activity, the process is called inhibition and the chemical ‘Sis called an inhibitor. When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as: competitive inhibitor. Due to its close structural similarity with the substrate, the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the substrate- binding site of the enzyme. Consequently, the substrate cannot bind and as a result, the enzyme pn declines, e.g., inhibition of suceinic Be f malonatefwhich closely resembles the sul succinate in structure. Such petitive inhibitors are often used) ‘a > inhibitor {catalytic ootvily 9.12.5 Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes “Cem foouedne i yo Yen ‘ThousaHids of enzymes have been discovered, isolated and studied) of these enzymes have been classified into different gFOUpS based of oe actions they catalyse. Enzymes are divided intd 6 ubelasses and named accordingly by a fouirsdigit nun Saar nae Enzymes which cata oxidoreduction between two substrates S and Se. huew2 Seduced + S' oxidised ——* S oxidised + S' reduced. ‘Transferases: Enzymes catalysing a transfer of a group, \hydirogen) between a pair of substrate S and S'e.g., SaG¢S > s+os6 nS N 166 Given below are two statements: Statement I: Low temperature preserves the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state whereas high temperature destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denatured by heat. Statement II: When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as competitive inhibitor. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (1) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 43) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. (4) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. external ears or pinn; : ent in the jaw. Heart jg es i Respiration is by lungs, in possessing mammals Is unique ves of teeth are PI pa present. Different typ ae “yo a itpey are homototiermous. rey are vViParOus wi porebanns® are separate and fertilisation re irs Lacoae.a” ANQ.

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