# tactiq.

io free youtube transcript

# Session-1 | History of UNIX (Linux) & General Booting Process of Linux |

Nehra Classes

# [Link]

okay guys so I welcome you all to our live Linux training for members in
today's session we will learn

[Link].559 about the history of Unix or history of

[Link].680 Linux and in the upcoming days I will

[Link].600 show you how can you easily do the

[Link].000 installation of rl8 in VMware or on

[Link].960 ec2 at Amazon

[Link].559 Services then from the next session

[Link].760 onwards we will work with commands

[Link].280 because everything whatever we will do

[Link].039 on Linux that we will do with the help

[Link].879 of commands we will hardly use GUI there

[Link].480 and all the topics of rcsa we are going

[Link].800 to cover up with the help of the

[Link].079 commands

[Link].600 only and here as a Linux admin we are

[Link].680 only supposed to use the

[Link].760 commands Okay so coming back to the

[Link].000 point today we are going to study about

[Link].359 the history of Unix actually

[Link].680 Unix and Linux both are very

[Link].560 similar Linux has been invented with the

[Link].720 help of

[Link].159 Unix so first we will know about Unix

[Link].479 because it is mandatory for us to know

[Link].799 about Unix if we want to learn about

[Link].320 Linux so originated at a res research

[Link].880 project at atnt Bell in

[Link].200 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Richie

[Link].159 so Unix was

[Link].119 invented by a team where these two guys

[Link].200 were there Ken Thompson and Dennis

[Link].159 Richie in

[Link].960 1969 and it was developed in several

[Link].079 different versions for various Hardware

[Link].960 platforms like

[Link].799 sunpark power PC Motorola HP and risk

[Link].840 processors so these two guys were there

[Link].280 in that team who invented Unix but at

[Link].759 that time the storage devices were not

[Link].758 as much good as we have

[Link].400 nowadays one minute guys let me check

[Link].319 the feed on YouTube

[Link].900 [Music]

[Link].760 guys can you please let me know if we

[Link].400 are guys me check on YouTube can you see

[Link].840 the live feed on YouTube please let me

[Link].840 know yeah it's streaming

[Link].120 guys yes it's streaming on YouTube yeah

[Link].040 so these two guys were

[Link].319 there in the team who invented Unix so

[Link].360 Dennis Richie is the same guy who was

[Link].040 there for sea

[Link].959 language and he was there in the team

[Link].840 where the do was

[Link].480 invented now coming to the coming back

[Link].360 to the history of

[Link].760 Unix what happened in

[Link].840 1991 lus stal this is the guy who was

[Link].120 there who created Unix Linux in

[Link].280 1991 lus stal while he was

[Link].920 studying in the University of

[Link].640 Helsinki he created a Unix like system

[Link].480 which was capable of running on Intel 36

[Link].920 386

[Link].920 processors because at that time junix

[Link].760 was very bulky operating system and at

[Link].760 that time we were not having that much

[Link].319 capable storage devices

[Link].560 and it was almost impossible for us to

[Link].079 use such devices at our home so Unix was

[Link].120 nearly absent from the market it was

[Link].439 only used by the giant companies or some

[Link].879 government projects at the time Unix was

[Link].639 nearly absent

[Link].519 commercially people were people were not

[Link].400 capable of using Unix so there in

[Link].160 1991 this is the guy

[Link].280 lus stal who created Linux with the help

[Link].520 of

[Link].280 Unix while he was studying in the

[Link].479 University of Helsinki he was developing

[Link].960 he was working on a project actually he

[Link].600 took the kernel of Unix and after making

[Link].240 some modifications into it he developed

[Link].280 the new OS and he gave the name to this

[Link].720 OS as

[Link].520 Linux he gave this name because Lynn is

[Link].080 there in his name so he gave first three

[Link].680 letters of his name and ux for Unix so

[Link].520 this Linux was the operating system

[Link].800 which was invented by lonus stal it was

[Link].360 similar to

[Link].639 Minix a Unix operating system so with

[Link].280 the help of the Unix he invented

[Link].199 Linux although he had only written 20%

[Link].120 of the source code while the 80% of the

[Link].120 code was return the other guys in his

[Link].319 team but the credit goes to him and he

[Link].759 kept it open

[Link].919 source Intel had already started

[Link].560 dominating the PC market at that time

[Link].360 but Unix Unix was nearly absent from the

[Link].639 initial Market because as I told you we

[Link].960 could not use those devices those those

[Link].759 are very

[Link].880 expensive and as well as very bulky so

[Link].120 at that time it was almost impossible

[Link].039 for a general guy to use

[Link].800 Unix in January 2000 Apple announced Mac

[Link].440 OS

[Link].680 X Unix hybrid that provides Unix command

[Link].919 line features so Apple announced its OS

[Link].919 that we use meos in January 2000 it is

[Link].840 also based on Unix and

[Link].080 your Android phone that you use nowadays

[Link].840 it is also based on Linux

[Link].319 kernel there you can use or execute

[Link].280 almost all the commands that you can

[Link].919 execute on a general

[Link].759 Linux there are many commands supported

[Link].039 on Android as

[Link].000 well now question arises is the Linux

[Link].879 same as Unix so there are two answers to

[Link].240 this question yes as well as no why yes

[Link].759 because it has essentially the same look

[Link].960 and feel like any Unix operating

[Link].960 system and it offers the ability to run

[Link].800 nearly any program that can run on Unix

[Link].240 systems means if you want to execute any

[Link].080 program which you were executing on Unix

[Link].840 you can easily execute that program on

[Link].680 Linux so that is why you can say that it

[Link].400 is the same as uni

[Link].199 but why it is not exactly the same

[Link].680 because the kernel or the heart of the

[Link].680 system has a lot of new features that go

[Link].160 beyond the classical design philosophy

[Link].199 of Unix kernel

[Link].879 means Linux kernel is more

[Link].199 advanced so we can say that Linux is

[Link].759 UNIX like operating system but not as

[Link].680 not exactly uni

[Link].400 so you will say if someone ask you

[Link].440 whether the Linux and Unix are same so

[Link].319 you will say Linux is UNIX like

[Link].720 operating system

[Link].520 only generally we

[Link].639 use generally we use a word g and u

[Link].800 which stands for gnu not Unix so if you

[Link].679 will see the word gnu that means Linux

[Link].399 or Unix

[Link].080 like gnu emphasized a major project for

[Link].720 the free software Foundation that really

[Link].839 created the Linux operating system with

[Link].600 many of its popular tools Richard

[Link].959 stallman created the free software

[Link].720 foundation in order to encourage the

[Link].760 development and use of freely

[Link].800 redistributable code actually the source

[Link].079 code of Linux is free there you can make

[Link].640 the modifications in the source code and

[Link].399 you can create your own OS you can add

[Link].360 the features there in the OS so free

[Link].680 software Foundation is there for the

[Link].720 development and free use of this code

[Link].399 freely means the freedom of

[Link].920 redistributing the code under the

[Link].200 certain conditions it does not it does

[Link].519 not mean the zero Financial

[Link].160 cost now we we will talk about the

[Link].800 flavors of Unix so Unix is available in

[Link].519 different

[Link].600 flavors yes

[Link].800 hello

[Link].760 hello where

[Link].000 on on Google

[Link].959 meet where it is not

[Link].760 visible 1 minute

[Link].160 is it visible

[Link].800 now

[Link].920 yes

[Link].279 okay now we will talk about the flavors

[Link].920 of Unix so Unix is available in

[Link].640 different flavors Linux is

[Link].640 there HP Unix is there IBM ax is there

[Link].279 mechos is there and Sun Solaris is there

[Link].120 so so these are some flavors of Unix but

[Link].240 if I will talk about the flavors of

[Link].360 Linux Linux is available in lot of

[Link].880 flavors you can find redhead there sento

[Link].000 there Ubuntu there Linux Mint K Fedora

[Link].680 Opus

[Link].839 say a lot of versions lot of flavors are

[Link].600 available for Linux there are different

[Link].839 communities who are creating their own

[Link].360 OS and providing the support so there

[Link].680 are two major categories in

[Link].880 Linux one Community is there that we

[Link].440 call the Debian and another one is the

[Link].480 Fedora so in Debian we can have wubu

[Link].720 there Linx mint there and in Fedora we

[Link].800 can have the red hat sent to

[Link].519 open so these two major communities are

[Link].160 there who are actually handling the

[Link].160 different operating systems which are

[Link].079 based on

[Link].160 Linux now we will talk about the

[Link].519 features of Linux what are the

[Link].519 features that we can have in this OS so

[Link].320 it is highly
[Link].839 secure generally we say that it is a

[Link].480 virus free operating system because

[Link].160 there is no execute permission by

[Link].000 default present in this operating system

[Link].800 that is why the viruses can cannot

[Link].560 execute

[Link].959 there so this is highly secure it is

[Link].240 highly

[Link].399 stable very easy to maintain

[Link].079 almost Hardware independent freely

[Link].880 available distributed OS distributed OS

[Link].120 means different flavors are available

[Link].360 you can choose the OS which is suitable

[Link].680 for

[Link].480 you it supports almost all type of file

[Link].079 systems

[Link].839 multi-user

[Link].240 multitasking means multiple users can

[Link].600 use the same OS at the same

[Link].360 time open source means the source code

[Link].959 is available to the user they can make

[Link].120 the modifications there and create some

[Link].320 additional features very easy to use it

[Link].279 is slightly bit difficult in the

[Link].480 beginning when you start working on

[Link].279 Linux but after few time after some time

[Link].800 you will become

[Link].399 expert it is very easy to use after few

[Link].480 days customization options are available

[Link].639 it can be used for educational

[Link].760 purpose community support is there and

[Link].800 it it handles the processes in a better

[Link].519 way as compared to the other operating

[Link].600 systems if I will compare the Linux with

[Link].600 Windows I will prefer Linux because it

[Link].160 handles the process in a better way on

[Link].399 the same

[Link].440 Hardware so these were some features of

[Link].360 Linux now we

[Link].920 will uh we will know where we can use it

[Link].680 so Linux is used in super

[Link].839 computers in space station servers cloud

[Link].519 computing you can find it in smart

[Link].920 voes large hron collider the machine

[Link].600 which is running in

[Link].839 Geneva incar entertainment NASA flights

[Link].600 space robots smart cards bikes game

[Link].160 consoles ATC Smart TVs stock exchanges

[Link].160 is US defense in your mobile phones that

[Link].680 you use nuclear submarines laptops

[Link].959 desktops PCS so Linux is there

[Link].720 everywhere you can find Linux from an

[Link].279 smartwatch to the superc

[Link].880 computers now I will talk about the

[Link].600 Linux

[Link].000 kernel so what do you mean by kernel

[Link].880 actually kernel is the bridge kernel

[Link].519 acts as a bridge between the user and

[Link].240 the hardware

[Link].759 whatever work we want to

[Link].680 perform on the operating system that is

[Link].360 done with the help of the kernel let us

[Link].279 suppose I want to increase the volume of

[Link].320 my PC so what I will do I will drag the

[Link].680 volume bar so it will send a message to

[Link].759 the kernel and then kernel will send a

[Link].839 message to the hardware that the user is

[Link].519 wanting to increase the volume so with

[Link].720 the help of that the hardware will

[Link].279 amplify the sound so kernel is there

[Link].600 which which is working as a

[Link].120 translator the operating system is

[Link].519 broken into three pieces the kernel

[Link].959 shell and the built-in utilities so

[Link].519 kernel is the

[Link].040 core Hardware is there in the middle

[Link].040 then there is Kernel and then there is

[Link].160 shell because whatever work we will do

[Link].440 we will do that on shell shell is there

[Link].079 where we will execute the commands the

[Link].240 instructions which we want to give to

[Link].839 the OS that we will pass with the help

[Link].480 of shell so cell will accept or take the

[Link].040 command from us and then the cell will

[Link].279 send the message to the kernel and then

[Link].319 the kernel will do the same on the

[Link].920 hardware so kernel is there which

[Link].519 actually works as a bridge between the

[Link].399 user and the

[Link].920 hardware so now we will talk about the

[Link].079 Linux shell what is shell so cell is the

[Link].440 program that is running behind the

[Link].440 terminal let me show

[Link].839 you let us suppose we are working on the

[Link].240 Linux teral terminal it is the Linux

[Link].720 terminal

[Link].759 and on this terminal we are using the

[Link].279 bass shell this is the Born Again shell

[Link].680 so shell is the program that is running

[Link].120 behind this terminal this terminal is

[Link].079 not the shell where I am firing the

[Link].680 commands the program which is running

[Link].360 behind this terminal which is accepting

[Link].079 the commands from me that is the shell

[Link].279 and there are multiple cells in Linux we

[Link].720 can use our own shell which when we

[Link].399 prefer and this terminal is called the

[Link].319 Linux terminal and the program which is

[Link].360 taking us taking the commands from us is

[Link].240 the

[Link].480 shell currently we are using the best

[Link].679 shell it is similar to the command line

[Link].559 interface shell is almost similar to the

[Link].000 command line interface or the command

[Link].400 prompt that we use on the Dos based

[Link].319 machines like on Windows on Windows we

[Link].359 call this command line interface as

[Link].079 command prompt and here we call this

[Link].359 command line interface as the shell

[Link].559 it comes under different flavors but all

[Link].039 of them do the same thing in this slide

[Link].760 different ways so there are different

[Link].640 shells that we use like ZFS TCS so these

[Link].559 are some cells we will talk about these

[Link].559 shells in the upcoming

[Link].000 sessions so how can we use the shell two

[Link].160 things are mandatory if you want to work

[Link].000 on your machine if you want to login in

[Link].360 the Shell to login in the Shell you must

[Link].400 have your user account on that

[Link].559 particular machine so for that you must

[Link].120 know your username and password if you

[Link].080 know your username and password and your

[Link].919 account is there then only you can login

[Link].200 into the shell and you can fire the

[Link].480 commands

[Link].280 there have a means of communication with

[Link].760 the shell so you can Pro provide this

[Link].360 kind of kind of information there you

[Link].919 need to have your username and password

[Link].600 with you

[Link].679 so how can you create your account there

[Link].360 you can ask admin or the root user to

[Link].640 create your account on that particular

[Link].080 machine only then you can log in in the

[Link].760 machine and use the

[Link].320 shell now I will talk about the Linux

[Link].400 booting process we are

[Link].880 not going through the booting process of

[Link].760 rhl 8 this is the general booting

[Link].880 sequence of Linux which I will show you

[Link].480 now

[Link].559 in Linux booting sequence the first

[Link].120 operation that we perform is the power

[Link].080 on self test whenever we press the power

[Link].679 button on our machine then the post

[Link].280 operation executes power on self test

[Link].120 where the motherboard sends a signal to

[Link].039 all the devices and checks if all the

[Link].440 hardware is in the working condition or

[Link].520 not after after getting the

[Link].760 acknowledgement from all the components

[Link].400 it gives the control to the BIOS bios is

[Link].320 the basic input output system which is a

[Link].600 hardware and software both there's a

[Link].559 chip in your motherboard which has a

[Link].720 program in

[Link].080 it in current days we are using UEFI

[Link].120 nowadays it has been replaced with

[Link].600 UEFI so bios and U UEFI both works in

[Link].440 the same way in UE fi there are some

[Link].080 more features that you can use you can

[Link].799 use your pointer there to make the

[Link].919 changes you can customize that as well

[Link].480 while in BIOS only limited options are

[Link].320 available after that bios checks for the

[Link].159 master boot record Master boot record is

[Link].440 a 512 BYT long uh space in the memory or

[Link].200 in the primary hard

[Link].080 disk which contains the information

[Link].919 about

[Link].640 the grub or the Linux

[Link].120 kernel so after getting the control from

[Link].640 the BIOS MBR checks for the grub grub is

[Link].919 the grand unified boot

[Link].400 loader in Linux we use the boot loader

[Link].679 which is grub or grub version two

[Link].720 earlier we were using Lilo that is

[Link].360 called as the Linux

[Link].760 loader so after getting the control from

[Link].200 the MBR grub loads the kernel then the

[Link].720 kernel starts the init process and then

[Link].039 it loads the other components of the

[Link].400 operating system so there are different

[Link].400 values of init with which the machine

[Link].520 boots up but this booting sequence of

[Link].679 Linux is the general booting sequence it

[Link].919 is not the r booting sequence that is

[Link].200 slightly different from it I will teach

[Link].799 you that in the upcoming

[Link].080 sessions there we don't use in it there

[Link].880 we use system D okay

[Link].679 now let me show you this is the BIOS

[Link].679 chip you can see this and in this

[Link].720 picture this is the BIOS where you can

[Link].640 make some

[Link].600 changes so bios is a combination of

[Link].279 Hardware as well as software bios

[Link].279 provides us the option to choose a boot

[Link].039 device and then it gives the control to

[Link].360 the MBR or to the master boot record MBR

[Link].000 as I told you it is a 512 by long space

[Link].440 in the memory it provides us the boot

[Link].679 selection menu to choose a particular

[Link].200 operating system with which we want to

[Link].520 boot up our machine and we can deploy up

[Link].279 to the four operating systems in the

[Link].279 same disk because there

[Link].799 are four primary partitions available

[Link].200 and we have different entries in this

[Link].159 for each it contains the information

[Link].760 about the boot loader and then it hand

[Link].760 overs the control to the boot

[Link].320 loader grub is a file grub is the boot

[Link].799 boot loader Grand unified boot loader

[Link].720 that we use in Linux grub is a file that

[Link].240 is located in the address / boot /g grub

[Link].120 and the name of this file is

[Link].880 [Link] currently we are using grub 2

[Link].799 the location is slightly different but

[Link].760 that that is also there in/ boot the

[Link].880 older version of this Linux boot loader

[Link].039 was Lilo Linux

[Link].720 loader the latest version is grub 2

[Link].799 after getting the control from the MBR

[Link].919 grub then loads the kernel

[Link].919 image the name of the Linux kernel is VM

[Link].600 liners it interacts between the machine

[Link].360 hardware and the shell after getting the

[Link].600 control from grub kernel loads its splas

[Link].360 image sorry then it loads the remaining

[Link].559 components of the OS and then it

[Link].480 transfers the control to the init in it

[Link].159 is the first process in Linux

[Link].120 and depending on the value of init the

[Link].960 machine boots up in different modes so

[Link].120 there are different run levels in which

[Link].360 our machine boots up depending on the

[Link].080 default value of

[Link].720 init init zero which is called as the

[Link].360 Run level zero which means

[Link].039 shutdown run level one or init one which

[Link].360 means the single user mode without GUI

[Link].360 and NFS the Run level two or the init

[Link].000 two which means the multiuser user mode

[Link].440 without

[Link].600 network run level three which means the

[Link].120 multi-user mode with NFS run level four

[Link].480 we generally don't use run level five

[Link].600 that we generally use by default where

[Link].760 the machine boots up in GUI with network

[Link].760 facility and run level six or the init 6

[Link].480 is the is used to reboot the machine but

[Link].080 nowadays we don't use these run levels

[Link].360 in rl8 we use targets instead of run

[Link].799 levels we have their targets and instead

[Link].360 of system D we use instead of this init

[Link].399 we use system D there okay so init is

[Link].399 has been replaced with system D in rhl 8

[Link].200 so when I will teach you the rl8 booting

[Link].039 sequence then I will show you that what

[Link].000 are the processes that took that take

[Link].919 place in the booting sequence of rl8 and

[Link].640 how in it has been replaced with system

[Link].360 D now coming to the Linux system file

[Link].279 Linux file system structure if you will

[Link].240 compare Linux with Windows in in Windows

[Link].399 we we have everything there in the C

[Link].640 drive like the program files the windows

[Link].120 folder or the user files so everything

[Link].120 is there in the C drive here everything

[Link].799 is there on slash and this slash is

[Link].520 known as root and inside this we have

[Link].760 different directories with the name as

[Link].520 bin which we use for the system binaries

[Link].640 for the binaries / etc for the

[Link].880 configuration system configuration files

[Link].480 SL sbin for the system binary files /usr

[Link].919 which have the readon user applications

[Link].080 where which contains the logs dab which

[Link].240 contains the device files slome which

[Link].840 contains the user home directories SL Li

[Link].399 which we use for the libraries and

[Link].200 kernel modules SL MNT that we use for

[Link].960 the temporary file systems mounting SL

[Link].000 op that we use for the optional software

[Link].440 applications slpro that we use for

[Link].159 processes and/ root that is the home

[Link].039 directory of the root user so these are

[Link].159 the directories that we can find on a

[Link].360 typical Linux machine so these

[Link].039 directories you can find on different

[Link].440 flavors there may be one more or one

[Link].440 less depending on the flavor what type

[Link].840 of flavor you are using there you can

[Link].919 find some more directories or some less

[Link].240 directories depending on on the

[Link].440 flavor let me show

[Link].000 you this is the windows subsystem for

[Link].440 Linux it is similar to Linux and here if

[Link].799 I will

[Link].679 list lsph

[Link].120 l/ so I can show you these directories

[Link].880 there these are these are the

[Link].559 directories bin is there which contains

[Link].000 the binary

[Link].320 files boot is there which contains the

[Link].120 booting files da is there for the

[Link].399 devices SL Etc it contains the system

[Link].399 configuration files home contains the

[Link].840 user home

[Link].200 directories lip contains the library and

[Link].799 kernel

[Link].320 modules there is/ media which we can use

[Link].880 for the remov removable devices MNT is

[Link].200 there for mounting the temporary file

[Link].000 systems opt is there where we can

[Link].120 install the application and the

[Link].440 additional softwares Pro is there for

[Link].679 the processes root is the root user home

[Link].559 directory so you can find these

[Link].919 directories on a typical Linux

[Link].559 machine 1

[Link].559 minute Hi

[Link].080 Ragu so guys this was all about the

[Link].600 Linux history and Linux booting sequence

[Link].399 and Linux file system tomorrow

[Link].760 I will show you how can you install rhl

[Link].960 8 in your machine if your machine

[Link].720 supports virtualization then you can

[Link].640 download and

[Link].640 install either Oracle VMware or Oracle

[Link].159 virtual box or VMware I have already

[Link].880 installed the VMware virtualization

[Link].120 software in my machine and here I have

[Link].640 already installed rhl a and sent to S8

[Link].760 there if your machine is compatible it

[Link].760 supports the virtualization then you can

[Link].159 download and install either of these

[Link].720 tools in your machine and there you can

[Link].360 install
[Link].720 rhl or if your machine does not support

[Link].600 it you can create your account there on

[Link].679 AWS Cloud I already have my account

[Link].399 there and you can deploy your

[Link].000 machine and you can practice there from

[Link].720 your

[Link].720 mobile you don't need to have the PC

[Link].559 with you every time so this this is my

[Link].399 AWS

[Link].240 console and here let me log in and then

[Link].279 I will show you how can you deploy the

[Link].120 machines there tomorrow I will show you

[Link].880 the installation process of rl8 it's

[Link].679 very easy here you need to go to this

[Link].559 ec2 this is the module where you can

[Link].120 deploy the machines and machines are

[Link].840 called as the instances there on

[Link].799 AWS on AWS here you can deploy the

[Link].600 machines so there are no currently

[Link].799 running machines but I have already

[Link].960 deployed these two machines there and I

[Link].679 can use these machines directly from my

[Link].919 from my mobile you need to have a

[Link].200 terminal software installed in your

[Link].000 mobile to access these machines you can

[Link].360 directly do SSH from your

[Link].600 mobile so I will show you both the

[Link].919 methods how can you deploy it in VMware

[Link].559 and how can you deploy it on

[Link].679 AWS so guys that's it for today's

[Link].519 session from my side if you have any

[Link].399 queries you can ask me so for a while

[Link].440 I'm going to stop this broadcast on

[Link].519 YouTube but we will be there on Google

[Link].399 meet thank you so much for joining see

[Link].240 you guys