A TRAINING REPORT ON

UTTER PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LTD

33/11 KV SUBSTATION CHANDA, SULTANPUR

Submitted by Submitted To--

UMESH CHANDRA GUPTA
(HOD) – SATYAM PRAKASH
Electrical Engineering
SHRIVASTAV
(E23271737800007)

Department Of Electrical Engineering

Government Polytechnic Kenaura
SULTANPUR , ( UTTAR PRADESH)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely thankful and indebted to the number UPPCL Engineer, who

provided information about the functioning of their respective department
thus helping me to gain an overall idea about the working of organization. I
am highly thankful for the support and guidance on each of them.

I am highly indebted to Mr. Jagdeesh Patel (Executive Engg.) Mr.Amit Kumar Divedi
(SDO), Mr. Narsingh Kumar (J.E) for giving me his valuable time and helping me to grasp
the various concept of switchyard equipment's and their control and testing.

UMESH CHANDRA GUPTA

DIPLOMA - 2ND YEAR (4TH SEM) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 Table of contents

LIST OF FIGURES i
1. Introduction 1-2

1
1. Single Line diagram of 33/11KV Substation Chanda Sultanpur
2

2. Transformers 3-5

2.1 Types of Transformers 3-

1. Power transformer 54
2.Instrument transformer 4
3. Autotransformer 5
4. On the basis of working 5
5
5. On the basis of structure

3. Substation 6-12

3.1 Types of substation. 7

3.2.According to the service requirement. 7

7
3.3.According to the constructional features

3.4 Substation characteristics 9

3.5 Conductors used in substation designing 9

4. Bus bars 13-14

5. Insulators 15-20

1. Circuit breakers 16
2. Oil circuit breaker 17
3. Air blast circuit breaker 17
4. Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6) circuit breaker 18
5. Vacuum circuit breaker 19

6. Metering and Indication equipment 20-24

6.1 Relay 20

6.2 Relays used in control panel of substation 21

1.Differential relay 21
2. Over current relay 21
3.Directional relay 22
4.Tripping relay 22
5.Auxiliary relay 23
3.Electricity meters 23
1. Electromechanical meter 23
2.Electronic meter 24

7. Miscellaneous Equipments 25-26

1 Capacitor 25
. bank Fuse 26
2 Bus coupler 26
.
8.3Protection of substation 27-29
.1.Transformer protection 27
2.Conservation and breather 27
3.Marshalling box 28
4.Transformer cooling 28
5.Lightning arrester 29
 INTRODUCTION

33/11kv substation Chanda Sultanpur.

There are 2 transformer and each transformers power ratting
10MVA .
A single line diagram of this substation
presented below 👇

2
 2. TRANSFORMERS

Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at
same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

1. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
1 Power transformer
. Instrument transformer
2 Auto transformer
. On the basis of working
3 On the basis of
. structure
4
.
5

3
2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:

Figure 2.2 Power Transformers

Types of power transformer:
1. Single phase transformer
2. Three phase transformer

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

4
 a)Current transformer
b)Potential transformer

2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer

a) Single phase transformer

b) Three phase transformer

4. ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

1. Step : Converts high voltage into low voltage.
2. down : Converts low voltage into high voltage.
Step up

2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type

5
 3. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 3.1View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electrical power is generated,
transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at
power plant stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the
consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission and
distribution.
At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or
33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply
is
6
called substation.
The two most ways to classify substation are:-

1. TYPES OF SUBSTATION
1. According to the service requirement:
1. Transformer substation
2. Switch substation
3. Power factor correction substation
4. Frequency change substation
5. Converting substation
6. Industrial substation

2. According to the constructional features:

1. Indoor substation
3.Outdoor substation
4.Underground substation
5.Pole mounted substation

3.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure 3.2 Transformer substation

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main

7
component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be classified into:

1. STEP UP SUBSTATION
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in
transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are
of outdoor type.

2. PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage
level to 33KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of
outdoor type.

3. SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV
lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of
outdoor type.

4. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to
400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two
phases is 400V and between phase and neutral it is 230V.

3.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

□ Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.

8
 □ A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
□ A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
□ Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
□ Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit
breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

3. STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.

1. Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system

connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to
pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation
and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that
there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation. In designing the
substation, three voltages have to be considered these are:

1. Touch Voltage:

This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at
earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

2. Step Voltage:

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his
feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.

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3.3.1.3 Mesh Voltage:

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.

2. Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site
measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular
conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which
the earthing voltage is calculated.

In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation
purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the
system is catered for.

To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are
best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

3. Earthing Materials

3.3.3.4 Conductors:

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars
themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a
shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is
bonded.

3.3.3.4 Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.

10
3.3.3.5 Earthing Rods:

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault
currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made
of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

3.3.4 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different
utilities. These are:

□ Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The
fence is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
□
Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the
fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the
main substation earthing grid.

3.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:

□ Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
□ Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise
self weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces
and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
□ Should be corona free at rated voltage.
□ Should have the minimum number of joints.
□ Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
□ Should be economical.

11
 The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be
used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors

5. Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.

1 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or

. buildings Tensioning conductors to ground winches.
2
The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation.The
.
following clearances should be observed:
VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV 6.1

11kV - 20kV m

20kV - 30kV 6.4

greater than 30kV m

Table 1 Clearance in accordance with v o6l t. 7a g e value

m

7.0

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 4.
BUSBARS

Figure 4.1 Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made up
of copper or aluminum rods operate at constant voltage. For 33KV, 11KV and 66KV system the
size of rod is 42mm/35mm where 42mm is external diameter and 32mm is internal diameter of
rod. The following are the important bus bars arrangements used at substations:
Single bus bar system
□
S ingle bus bar system with section sectionalization.
□Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and
as□ possmibalien twenitahn cceo nshtionuulidty i notfe rsfuerpep lays ltiot tlaechieve this, duplicate bus bar sy
sy stem consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler,
which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In

13
some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a
circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of
circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the
purpose of maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using
bus coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of
any section is required.

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 5. INSULATORS

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator
etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post
insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and
flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to
the cap.

Figure 5.1 Insulators used in substations

With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means
of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or
break a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short
circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts
can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part
of the system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by
some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is
thus able15
to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also
generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest
possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

Figure 5.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

1. Circuit breakers
They can be classified into:
1. Oil circuit breaker
2 Air-blast circuit breaker
.
3. Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)

4. Vacuum circuit breakers

Note: SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 33KV distribution substation.

5.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

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 Figure 5.3 Oil circuit breaker
A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

5.3 Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver.
The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the
breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and
important lines where rapid operation is desired.

17
 Figure 5.4 Air blast circuit breaker
High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is
taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the
reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top
of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction
chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a
very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.

5.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Figure 5.5 SF6 Circuit breaker

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 In such circuit breaker, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The SF6 is

an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF6 circuit breaker have been

found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for

voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10 MVA.

It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are

opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption

chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes.

5.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure 5.6 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum
circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby
preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been
utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even
safer and more effective.

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 6. METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT
6.1 RELAY:

Figure 6.1 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear.
The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current
flowing in the line increases to the enormous value.This result in a heavy current flow
through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the
trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the
rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the
damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work on the
following two main operating principles:

1. Electromagnetic attraction
2 relay Electromagnetic
. induction relay

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 2. Relays used in control panel of the substation:

1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

Figure 6.2 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater
than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty
section.

6.2.2 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 6.3 Over current Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

21
 6.2.3 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure6.4 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A
directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of
magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The
direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

6.2.4 TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure 6.5 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in
the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section

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 6.2.5 AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure 6.6 Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

6.3 ELECTRICITY METERS:

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device
that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an
electrically powered device.
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises to measure electric
energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing
units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. They are usually read once each
billing period.

1. Types of meters:

1. ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS:
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of a non-
magnetic, but electrically conductive, metal disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional
to the power passing through the meter. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the
energy usage. The voltage coil consumes a small and relatively constant amount of power which
is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small amount of power in
proportion to the square of the current flowing through it which is registered on the meter.
The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the symbol
Kh which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. Using the value of Kh one can
determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch.

23
 .

Figure 6.7 Electromechanical meter

7.3.1.2 ELECTRONIC METERS:

Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and some can
also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters
can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate
of usage demands, voltages, power factor and reactive power used etc. They can also support
time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and off-
peak hours.
As in the block diagram, the meter has a power supply, a metering engine, a
processing and communication engine (i.e. a microcontroller), and other add-on modules such
as RTC, LCD, communication ports/modules and so on.
The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage reference,
samplers and quantisers followed by an ADC section to yield the digitised equivalents of all the
inputs.
These inputs are then processed using a digital signal processor to calculate the various
metering
parameters.

Figure 6.8 Electronic meters

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 7. MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT
7.1 CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure 7.1 Capacitor bank

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging
currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in
additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of
load current.

Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

□ Supply reactive power
□ Increases terminal voltage
□ Improve power factor

25
7.2 FUSE:

Figure 7.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it
for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the
fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current
overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.

7.3 BUS COUPLER:

Figure 7.3 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar bus
bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.

26
 8. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION

1. Transformer protection:
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare
fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This
provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.

2. Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined
value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank.
Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in
or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked
regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

Figure 8.1 Conservator and breather

27
3. Marshalling box:
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If
there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit
breaker controlling the transformer.

4. Transformer cooling:
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of
heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

1. Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used
for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.

2. Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that continuous
blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces
the blast.

3. Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a
cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to
the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the
cooling tank.

4. Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers
immersed in oil.

28
5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant.
Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

6. Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat
exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.

8.5 Lightning arrester:

If lightning strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may
damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other
electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power
lines can damage electrical home appliances or even produce death. So in order to protect from
thunders lightning arresters are used.
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and systems to protect
the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Figure 8.2 Lightning arresters

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