GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,

SOLAPUR
MAHARASHTRA BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A CAPSTONE PROJECT EXECUTION

REPORT ON

Study of use of waste plastic in bituminous road

construction.

In Partial Fulfilment of the Sixth Semester

Of
Diploma in Engineering and Technology In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Academic Year 2024-2025

Under the guidance Of

Prof. [Link]
 Certificate
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Government Polytechnic Solapur

This is to certify that the following student: -
Enrollment No. Student Name

2200150594 JADHAV SHUBHAM RAMESH

2200150596 KHUMANE PARTH DHANANJAY
2200150597 SAKHARE SHIVRAJ KHANDERAO
2200150601 RANGREJ ARYAN DILIP
2200150603 JITURI YASH RAJKUMAR
2200150605 KANKI YOGESH SANJIV
2200150616 NAVGIRE ADITYA PRASHANT
2200150620 SAGARE SATYAJEET DATTATRAY
2200150623 GILBILE ADITYA RAJENDRA

Of 3rd year of diploma in Civil Engineering in institute Government Polytechnic,

Solapur has completed the Capstone Project Execution work satisfactorily
under my supervision and guidance for the academic year 2024-2025 as
prescribed in the I Scheme curriculum.

Prof. [Link] Head of department Principal

(Subject teacher)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are really grateful because we managed to complete our

Capstone Project Execution Report on “study of use of waste plastic in
bituminous road construction.”

We are thankful to our project guide Prof. [Link] for his efforts,
encouragement and valuable guidance. We extend our sincere thanks to Prof.
D.M. Ghaitidak, our H.O.D for giving us permission to choose this subject,
supporting us and giving valuable guidance at every stage of project execution.
 Index

Sr. No. Title

1. Synopsis
2. Rationale (Need of study)
3. Introduction
4. Literature Survey
5. Brief study
6. References
 Synopsis

The most common sources of waste products are from the growth of various
industries and increase in population. The type of waste which is most hazardous
to the nature is the Plastic Waste. The main concern about the plastic waste is its
non-biodegradabilitys According to recent researches plastic waste when mixed
with bitumen gives it desired mechanical properties. Bitumen is primarily used in
the construction of flexible pavements and when it is mixed with plastic waste it
improves the water resistivity, capacity and stability of the mix.

The present era, in particular, the last 3 to 4 decades can be easily named the
"Plastic Age" and dealing with plastic waste has always been a challenging affair
for Urban local bodies. Plastic roads are bituminous roads or pavement that have
a waste plastic blended mix for their wearing courses.
 Rationale (Need of study)

In India approximately 40-115 kg of plastic is generated per metric ton of solid

waste. More than 200 million tons of plastic is consumed globally and the annual
increase is approximately 5%.Cities like Lucknow produces 1200 MT/day of
MSW per day while Delhi produces 6800 MT/day.

Approximately 5.0 million tons per annum (TPA) plastic waste is generated in the
country, which amounts to 15342 tons per day (TPD). Most commonly, the
plastics are manufactured as packaging materials.

Recyclability issue and un-organised disposal. associated with these materials,

imposes ecological concern, Therefore, avenues of re-using the end of life or
post-consumer plastic products are being continuously research.

So to reduce the plastic waste and use it in proper way ,we have decided to
studing this topic of plastic wastge and use it in bituminous road consturuction to
increase the properties of road pavement
  INTRODUCTION

 Safe disposal of waste plastic is a serious environmental concern. Being a

non- biodegradable material, waste plastic does not decay with time and even
if dumped in land-fills finds its way back into the environment. Indiscriminate
disposal of waste plastic causes choking of drains and drainage channels and
contamination of construction fill. India generates about 26.000 tonnes per
day (9.4 million tonnes per annum) of plastic waste. Approximately about
60% of the plastic is recycled and more than 9,400 tonnes of waste plastic is
used for landfills or ends up polluting water streams

 .Taking cognizance of the fact that disposal of waste plastic is a serious

environmental concern and also of the need for recycling of waste plastic
material in different ways including its use in pavement construction, the
Indian Roads Congress published IRC SP:98 "Guidelines for the Use of Waste
Plastic in Hot Bituminous Mixes (Dry Process) in Wearing Courses" in the
year 2013. While there are two processes, dry and wet, for addition of waste
plastic to bituminous mixes, IRC SP 98 covers only the dry process in which
processed waste plastic is added in appropriate physical form (shredded), to
hot aggregates. On the other hand, in the wet process. waste plastic, in powder
or other suitable form, is blended with bitumen to produce modified bitumen.

 A number of laboratory investigations were conducted by different research

groups in different countries including India on bituminous mixes prepared by
adding waste plastic in dry process. The mixes were prepared using different
types of waste plastic materials added in dry process either individually or in
combination and with different proportions of waste plastic. The mixes were
evaluated for one or more of the following mechanical and performance
characteristics of the mixes: Marshall stability, flow and Marshall quotient,
fatigue and rutting characteristics and moisture damage resistance. The
beneficial effect of adding waste plastic to the mixes has been reported by the
research groups.

 Different agencies such as National Rural Roads Development

Agency, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Central Pollution
 Control Board discussed in their reports about the practice of using
waste plastic in dry process in bituminous mixes and prepared
guidelines for the implementation of the technology which are based
partly or completely on the guidelines contained in IRC:SP:98-2013
Similarly, a number of field pavements, having wearing courses
containing waste plastic added in dry process, are reported to have
better overall performance compared to pavement sections having
similar mixes without waste plastic. The available experience about
construction of surface mixes using waste plastic and the performance
of such roads indicate that there is potential for more wide spread use
of waste plastic (in dry process) in different categories of highways
including state highways and national highways.

 In view of the above, the H-2 Committee of IRC felt the need to revise
IRC SP:98 guidelines for more wide-spread use of waste plastic in
bituminous mixes for different categories of roads The results of
different laboratory investigations conducted by the Central Road
Research Institute and other academic institutions, the inputs available
about the performance of different bituminous pavement sections
constructed using bituminous mixes in which the waste plastic material
was added to the hot aggregates in dry process and the more detailed
technical inputs available about the suitability or otherwise of different
types of waste plastic material, were utilized for drafting this first
version of the guidelines. The task of revising the document was
entrusted to Dr. Sunil Bose who, along with Dr. Sridhar Raju, prepared
the initial draft. The draft was deliberated in various meetings of H-2
Committee and was finalized in its meeting held on 23.11.2019.

 SCOPE

a) Selection of waste plastic material to be used for taking open and

dense graded wearing courses as per the dry process.

(b) Practical implementation of the dry process for producing bituminous

mixes

(c) Quality testing of roads made from bituminous mixes containing waste
plastic and

(d) Safety measures to be taken for processing the materials

 PROCESS

1. DRY PROCESS
In this process certain fractions of mineral aggregates are replaced by crumb
rubber and the binder remains the normal bituminous binder. CR is added to the
aggregate in hot mix process just before bitumen is fed into the hot mix plants
Dry process remains essentially dense graded construction with some size
fraction in grading provided by CR. This process does not appear to be as
effective as wet process. The binder coating the CR particles keeps on absorbing
the lighter fractions of bitumen like aromatic oils and eventually the effective
bitumen content in the mix reduces. Secondly, with some absorption of bitumen
by the CR fraction their sizes change and the grading may be upset.

2. WET PROCESS
In this process the bituminous binder properties are altered by addition of crumb
rubber to the binder and agitating it for 45 minutes to an hour at high temperature
to allow the absorption of aromatic oils there by increasing the viscosity of the
binder enabling thicker binder coating of the aggregates. This makes the binder
resistant to weathering and oxidation and hence to ageing and cracking Wet
process has two applications, viz hot mix application with gap- graded aggregates
and spray application with open-graded aggregates. In hot mix application, point
to point contact between aggregates are ensured while forming a continuous
networked matrix of rubber through the binder, which provides rubber-like
flexibility to the mix. In open- graded mix the aggregates stick to the binder and
each other in a better manner due to stickier viscous binder.

 MATERIALS

1. Bitumen- The bitumen used for different wearing course bituminous mixes
shall comply with the Indian Standard Specifications for viscosity graded paving
bitumen IS 73-2013 1301. The guidelines for selection of grade of viscosity shall
be in accordance with the Indian road congress Guidelines .

[Link]-The aggregates shall comply with provisions of the Indian Roads

Congress guidelines relevant for the surface mix considered.
[Link]- The filler for dense graded mixes shall comply with IRC:111-2009.

3. Waste Plastic - Depending on their physical properties, plastics may be

classified as thermosetting and thermoplastic materials. The thermosetting plastic
materials, such as Bakelite, Epoxy, Melamine, Polyester, Polyurethane, Urea-
Formaldehyde, Urea-Formaldehyde, Alkyd etc., once shaped, cannot be softened
or remolded by the application of heat. Hence, thermosetting waste plastic
materials shall not be used for dry process addition (considered in these
guidelines) in bituminous mixes. Thermoplastic materials can be repeatedly
softened by heating and hardened by cooling.

 Table 1 gives the list of some thermoplastic waste materials, their typical
waste sources and whether they are recommended in these guidelines for
addition in bituminous mixes in dry process. Besides their proven beneficial
effects, when added to bituminous mixes in dry process, the waste plastic
materials considered for addition to bituminous mixes should not emit toxic
gases and should melt at or below typical mixing temperatures. As can be
seen from Table 1, only Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) waste plastic materials are recommended_ in these
guidelines for use in pavement construction by dry process.
Thermoplastic type ORIGIN RECOMMENDED
FOR USE IN
BITUMINOUS MIXES
IN DRY PROCESS ?
Low density polyethylene Carry bags, sacks milk Yes
[ldpe] pouches bin lining
cosmetic and detergent
bottles.
High density Carry bags bottle caps Yes
polyethylene [hdpe] house hold articles etc
Polypropylene [pp] Bottle caps ,closures, No
wrapper of detergent ,
biscuit wrapper, etc.
Polyethylene Drinking water bottles etc No
terephthalate [pet]
Polystyrene [ps] Yoghurt pots ,clear egg No
packs bottle caps etc.
Polyvinyl chloride Mineral water bottle, No
credit card, toys etc
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

The following additional precautions will be required for using waste plastic in
Diluminous mixes in dry process

(a) Safety masks must be provided to all workers in the Hot Mix Plant and at the
laying site.

(b) Waste plastic bituminous mix should be rejected if found to have oversized
plastic.

(c) Care should be taken to ensure that the waste plastic should consist of only the
two identified types of waste plastic materials (LDPE and HDPE).

(d) Waste plastic, when heated to high temperatures, causes air pollution and
micro-plastics through run-off water contaminating soil and water bodies and the
environmental effects. Hence care should be taken to handle the material in a
judicious manner and to ensure strict control of the temperatures of mixing and
heating.
 Literature Survey

Newspaper : European Journal of Engineering And Technology Research .

Name of the Author : Dr. R. Vasudevan
The technology developed by Dr. R. Vasudevan became popular across the globe
and many countries have adopted plastic roads in different ways. In the country of
Indonesia, similar techniques with plastic are being used to construct roads. An
asphalt-plastic mix is used in many areas including Bekasi, Surabaya, Bali,
Makassar, Solo, and others.
A Dutch company called Volkerwessels built plastic roads in an area called
Zwolle which is in the north eastern part of the Netherlands for bicyclists. Al-
Hadidy & Yi-Qiu quantified that by using 6% pyrolysis Low-Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) flexible pavements with superior durability and
performance can be built in China. Such pavements are also more economical as
has been indicated by studies that are based on the utilization of pyrolysis LDPE.
Kwabena et al. studied the effects of a blend of waste thermoplastic polymers like
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) in traditional AC-20
grade bitumen, in varying blends. In the case of HDPE, it was observed that the
most compatible blend was found to be at 2% polymer loading and the most
incompatible blend was found to be at 3% polymer loading. In the case of PP, the
most improved as well as homogenous blend was obtained with the PP at 3%
polymer loading. In the country of Ghana, as per this study, bitumen modified
with waste plastic has tremendous potential as another option for recycling waste
plastic. Moreover, it is well suited as a novel binder that has been modified and
which can be used for the construction of roads. Agyeman et al. undertook a
series of tests in the laboratory on various types of plastic waste from multiple
industries in Ghana, for the possible utilization of materials used for constructing
roads such as paver blocks, etc
According to a news report in India Times in January 2019 , the United Kingdom
gave the go-ahead to a trial worth Rs.14 crores to construct plastic-asphalt roads
to manage the millions of tons of plastic waste that have been filling up the
country’s landfills. A recent news report published by India Times, 2020 stated
that the United Kingdom has announced that it is willing to invest £1.6 million in
trying to build plastic roads as a collaborative effort with an asphalt enhancement
company. The technique used for this venture is the one developed by R.
Vasudevan along with some other secret compounds that ensure the durability of
the roads. Cities like London, Gloucester, and Durham are areas where this
technology is being implemented.