BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
NISTHA NAKARMI
ARCH II/I
2024
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction to Building Construction
2. Site Works and Setting Out
3. Excavation Timbering in Trenches
4. Foundations and their types
5. Soil Investigation
6. Damp Protection
7. Floor Structures
8. Masonry wall
9. Opening in walls
FOUNDATION AND THEIR TYPES
Contents
• Introduction
• Purpose
• Factors affecting Foundation Design
• Types of Foundation
• Selection of Foundation based on soil types
INTRODUCTION
▪ Foundation is the lower most portion of the building or any structure
which is in direct contact with the subsoil.
▪ The main purpose of foundation is to transmit principal loads such as
dead load, live loads and wind load from a building to the soil
including the dead weight of the foundation itself.
▪ Generally, about 30% of the total construction cost is spent on the
foundation.
▪ The soil on which the foundation rests is called the “foundation soil”.
PURPOSE
[Link] distribute the load of structure over a large
bearing area to bring the intensity of load within the
safe bearing capacity
[Link] load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to
avoid differential settlement
[Link] prevent the lateral movement of supporting
material
[Link] attain a level and firm bed for building operations
FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION DESIGN
[Link] types and ground water table conditions
[Link] requirements and foundations
[Link] requirements
[Link] conditions and environmental factors
[Link]
Types of Foundations
Foundation Systems
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Pile Pier Well
Foundation Foundation Foundation
Spread Grillage Combined Strap Mat/ Raft
Footing Footing Footing Footing Footing
1. Spread Foundation
The type of foundation where the base of the member
transmitting load to the soil is made wider so as to
distribute the load over wider area.
Almost all the shallow foundation can be termed as
spread footing.
1.1 Wall Footing
• A wall footing is a
continuous strip of concrete
that serves to spread the
weight of load bearing wall
across an area of soil.
• Wall footing can be of
brick, stone, concrete
1.1 Wall Footing
BRICK
1.1 Wall Footing
STONE
1.1 Wall Footing
RCC
1.2 Grillage Footing
A type of foundation often used at the base of a column. It
consists of one, two or more tiers of steel beams
superimposed on a layer of concrete, adjacent tiers being
placed at right angles to each other, while all tiers are
encased in concrete.
• This is dependable foundation and is used in those place
where the load of the structure is plenty and bearing
capacity of soil comparatively poor.
• The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a
wider area of subsoil.
• The grillage foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations
as the necessary base area is provided for the load of
transmission.
• This type of foundation generally used for heavy structure
columns piers and steel stanchions etc.
1.2 Grillage Footing
1.3 Combined Footing
• Combined column footing is provided
as a common footing for two or more
column
• This type of footing helps in reducing
depth of foundation and unequal
settlement can be prevented
• Combined footing is also provided
when the columns are very near to
each other and isolated footing of this
column will overlap on each other
• Combined footing may be square,
rectangular and trapezoidal.
1.4 Strap Footing
• A strap footing is a component of
building foundation. It is type of
combined footing, consisting of two or
more column footing connected by
concrete beam.
• It is used to help distribute the weight
of either heavily or eccentrically
loaded column footings to adjacent
footings
• A strap footing is often used in
conjunction with columns that are
located along building property,
1.5 Raft / Mat
Foundation
• Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab
reinforced with steel which covers the
entire contact area of the structure like a
thick floor.
• The reinforcing bars runs normal to
each other in both top and bottom layers
of steel reinforcement.
• Sometimes inverted main beams and
secondary beams are used to carry
column loads that require thicker
foundation slab considering economy of
the structure.
• Used generally for higher loads and
prevention of excessive settlements.
1.5 Raft / Mat
Foundation
TYPES OF MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
1. FLAT PLATE TYPE
2. FLAT PLATE THICK UNDER COLUMNS
3. BEAM AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION
4. BOX STRUCTURES
5. MATS PLACED ON PILES
1.5 Raft / Mat
Foundation
1. FLAT PLATE TYPE
• A mat of uniform thickness
is provided. This is most
suitable when the column
loads are relatively light and
the spacing of columns is
relatively small and uniform.
1.5 Raft / Mat
Foundation
2. FLAT PLATE THICK UNDER
COLUMNS
▪ When the column loads are heavy, this
type is more suitable than the flat plate
type.
▪ A portion of slab under the column is
thickened to provide enough thickness
for negative bending moment.
1.5 Raft / Mat Foundation
3. BEAM AND SLAB
CONSTRUCTION
The beams run in two perpendicular
directions and a slab is provided
between the beams.
This type suitable when the bending
stresses are high because of large
column spacing and unequal column
loads.
1.5 Raft / Mat Foundation
4. Box structures.
A box structure is provided in which
the basement walls act as stiffeners
for the mat.
This type of mat foundation can
resist very high bending stresses.
1.5 Raft / Mat Foundation
5. Mats placed on pile
• The mat is supported on piles in
this type of construction.
• This type of foundation is used
where the soil is highly
compressible, and water table is
high.
• This type of construction reduces
the settlement and also control
the buoyancy
Types of Foundations
Foundation Systems
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Pile Pier Well
Foundation Foundation Foundation
Spread Grillage Combined Strap Mat/ Raft
Footing Footing Footing Footing Footing
DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep Foundation are those foundations in which the depth of
the foundation is greater than its width (D>B).
Unlike shallow foundation, the deep foundation transmits the
load of the superstructure vertically to the rock strata lying
deep or in the sand with friction. Deep foundations are used
when the shallow foundation cannot support the load of the
structure
Deep Foundation
Pile Pier Well
Foundation Foundation Foundation
2.1 PILE FOUNDATION
• Pile is a slender structural member made of steel,
concrete, wood, or composite material. A pile foundation
is a type of foundation that comes under deep
foundations.
• It is conformed to when the bearing capacity of the top
layers of the soil is low
2.1 WHEN TO CONSIDER PILE FOUNDATION?
•When the superstructure is under severe stress and is unevenly
distributed.
•The topsoil as a low supporting power.
•It is resorted to when the process of dewatering by pumping
out water from open trenches is challenging and uneconomical.
•The water level beneath the earth fluctuates significantly.
•The building is located near a body of water, such as a river
or the sea, where it might be damaged by water scouring.
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on Function)
2.1.1. End Bearing Pile
2.1.2. Friction Pile
2.1.3. Combined End Bearing and Friction Pile
2.1.4. Compaction Piles
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on Function)
2.1.1. End Bearing Pile
• Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is
reached.
• Acts as pillars supporting the super-structure
and transmitting the load to the ground.
• Piles, by themselves do not support the load,
rather acts as a medium to transmit the load
from the foundation to the resisting sub-
stratum.
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on Function)
2.1.2. Friction Pile
• Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a considerable
depth and it is not economical or rather possible to rest the bottom
end of the pile on the hard stratum,
• Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides of the
pile and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
• The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction developed at
the sides of the piles equals the load coming on the piles.
• Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable factor of
safety applied, as it is this which is supporting the whole of structure
over its head.
• The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased by-
✔ increasing diameter of the pile
✔ driving the pile for larger depth
✔ grouping of piles
✔ making surface of the pile rough
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on Function)
2.1.3. Combined End Bearing and Friction Pile
• This pile transfers the super-imposed
load both through side friction as well
as end bearing.
• Such piles are more common, especially
when the end bearing piles pass
through granular soils.
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on Function)
2.1.4. Compaction Pile
• Compaction piles are used to
compact loose granular soil, thus
increasing their bearing capacity.
• The compaction Piles themselves
don’t carry load.
• pile is pushed at precise intervals
for compressing the soil and
enhancing its bearing capacity.
2.1.b TYPES OF PILE (Based on material)
2.1.b TYPES OF PILE (Based on material)
TIMBER PILE
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on material)
STEEL PILE
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on material)
CONCRETE PILE
PRECAST
2.1. TYPES OF PILE (Based on material)
CONCRETE PILE
CAST IN SITU
Feature Timber Piles Steel Piles Concrete Piles
Reinforced concrete (precast
Material Natural wood (e.g., pine, oak) Steel (e.g., H-piles, pipe piles)
or cast-in-situ)
High; highly durable and
Limited; susceptible to decay, High; resistant to corrosion
Durability resistant to environmental
rot, and termite attack with proper coatings
factors
Moderate; suitable for light to High; suitable for heavy loads High; can handle heavy loads
Load Capacity
medium loads and deep foundations depending on the design
Precast lengths are fixed; cast-
Typically limited to the natural Can be fabricated to any
Length in-situ piles can be of any
length of trees required length
length
Requires specialized
Easy; driven into the ground Requires heavy machinery for
Installation equipment for driving or
with basic equipment driving or casting
drilling
Moderate to high, depending
Low; economical for small High; more expensive due to
Cost on the type (precast or cast-in-
projects material and installation costs
situ)
High energy use in production;
Renewable resource but may Non-renewable, high carbon
Environmental Impact long lifespan offsets
cause deforestation footprint
environmental impact
Temporary works, light Bridges, high-rise buildings, Residential, commercial
Applications structures, and shallow offshore platforms, and heavy buildings, and infrastructure
foundations infrastructure like bridges and dams
Poor; needs treatment to resist Moderate; requires coatings or Excellent; concrete resists
Corrosion Resistance
water and soil conditions cathodic protection most environmental attacks
High; can bend slightly under Moderate; can handle some
Flexibility Low; brittle and less flexible
load without breaking bending and torsion
Heavy; precast piles need
Lightweight and easy to Heavy; requires cranes for
Ease of Handling cranes, cast-in-situ piles
Deep Foundation
Pile Pier Well
Foundation Foundation Foundation
2.2. PIER FOUNDATION
• A pier foundation is a collection of large diameter
cylindrical columns to support the superstructure and
transfer large super-imposed loads to the firm
strata below.
• It stands several feet above the ground. It is also
known as “post foundation”.
Where Used :
• Stratum of required bearing capacity is at
greater depth steep slopes are encountered
• Compressible soil or water-logged soil or soil of
made-up type
• Examples: Pier are used for foundation for
buildings, trestle- bridges and water front
installations (piers, docks etc ).
2.2. PIER FOUNDATION
Deep Foundation
Pile Pier Well
Foundation Foundation Foundation
2.3 Well Foundation (CAISSON FOUNDATION)
• Well Foundation is a type of deep foundation and it is used while constructing
heavily loaded structure like bridge, docks , quay walls , etc.
• It is popularly known by another name Caissons Foundation.
• Well foundation are box like structure – circular or rectangular which are sunk from
the surface of either land or water to desired depth.
• Well foundations are hollow from inside, which are later filled with sand and are
plugged at bottom. The Load is transferred through the perimeter wall, called
steening.
Well
Foundation
Thank you
Group assignment
Company profile write up
Individual assignment
What are the type of foundation. Write
each type with its figures in Tabular form.
Contact
[Link]@[Link]
