Signals and Systems Course # EE 2235
Lecture #3 Topic: Basic Operations on Signals
• Operations performed on dependent variables
• Amplitude scaling
• Addition
• Multiplication
• Differentiation
• Integration
• Operations performed on the independent variables
• Time scaling
• Reflection
• Time shifting
(1) Operations performed on dependent variables
(i) Amplitude or Magnitude Scaling: Example – electronic amplifier
CT signal: y (t ) cx (t ) , where c is the scaling factor ; voltage = resistor*current
DT signal: y[n] cx[n]
(ii) Addition : Example - audio mixer, which combines music and voice signals
CT signal: y (t ) x1 (t ) x 2 (t )
DT signal: y[n] x1[n] x 2 [n]
(iii) Multiplication: Example – AM radio signal
CT signal: y(t ) x1 (t ) x 2 (t ) ; x1(t) = audio signal + a dc component, x2(t)=sinusoidal signal (carrier)
DT signal: y[n] x1[n]x 2 [n]
(iv) Differentiation: Inductor performs differentiation
d d
CT signal: y (t ) x(t ) , v(t ) L i (t )
dt dt
(v) Integration: A capacitor performs integration
CT signal: y(t ) x( )d , where τ is the integration variable
t
i( )d
1
Voltage develop across the capacitor, v(t )
C
(2) Operations performed on independent variables
(i) Time scaling: output is obtained by scaling of the independent variable
CT signal: y(t ) x(at )
DT signal: y[n] x[kn] , k>0
If a>1, the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t).
If 0<a<1, the signal y(t) is an extended (stretched) version of x(t)
(ii) Reflection:
CT signal: y(t ) x(t )
DT signal: y[n] x[n]
The signal y(t) represents a reflected version of x(t) about the amplitude axis
Two cases:
Even signals: x(-t) = x(t) for all t; an even signal is same as the reflected version
Even signals: x(-t) = – x(t) for all t; an odd signal is the negative of its reflected version
Here, x(t) = 0 for t < –T1 and t > T2
y(t) = 0 for t > T1 and t < –T2
(vii) Time-shifting: Time-shifted version of x(t) is defined by
CT signal: y(t ) x(t t 0 ) , where t0 is the time shift
If t0 > 0, waveform representing x(t) is shifted intact to the right, relative to the time axis
If t0<0, it is shifted to the left
DT signal: y[n] x[n m] , where the shift m must be positive or negative integer
Answer: After drawing figure, it can be easily shown that
Example: Amplitude scaling - Let g(t)=0 |t|>5
Example: Time-shifting: t → t–t0 : Shifting the function to the right or left by t0
Example: Time-scaling (i) Expands the function horizontally by a factor of |a|
Example: Time-scaling (ii) If a < 0, the function is also time inverted. The time inversion means flipping the
curve 1800 with the g axis as the rotation axis of the flip.
t t0
Multiple transformations: g (t ) Ag : Amplitude scaling, time scaling and time shifting can be
a
applied simultaneously. How?
Answer: A multiple transformation can be done in steps
amplitude
t / a t t t0 t t0
g (t ) Ag (t ) t
scaling , A
Ag t Ag
a a
The order of the changes is important. For example, if we exchange the order of the time-scaling and time-
shifting operations, we get:
amplitude
t t t0
g (t ) Ag (t ) t
scaling , A
Ag t t0 t
t t0 t / a
Ag t0 Ag
a a
t t0
#A sequence of amplitude scaling, time scaling and time shifting: g (t ) Ag
a
Answer:
Answer:
