DOORS AND WINDOWS

DOORS
A door is a movable barrier secured in an opening, known as
the doorway, through a building wall or partition for the
purpose of providing access to the inside of a building or
rooms of a building. They may be constructed from wood,
plywood, glass, metals or a combination of these materials.
Size of Doors- The size of door depends on the requirement
of the room and its size. The following sizes for the doors are
normally adopted:
1. Internal Doors- 0.9mx2m
2. External Doors- 1.0mx2m
3. Doors for W.C. and Bathrooms- 0.75mx2m
4. Doors of Garages- 2.5mx2.5m
5. Doors for Public Uses- 1.2mx2.0m
PARTS OF DOORS & WINDOWS
A. Frame- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical
members forming an enclosure to support doors and
windows shutters.
B. Shutter- The complete assembly of the styles, panels
and rails is known as shutter.
C. Stile- Stile is the vertical outside member of shutter.
D. Top Rail- It is the top most horizontal member of the
shutter.
E. Lock rail- It is the middle horizontal member of the
shutter where locking arrangements are fixed.
F. Bottom Rail- It is the lower most horizontal member of
the shutter.
G. Panel- It is the enclosed area of the shutter between the
adjacent rails.
H. Sash- It is the frame of light section and is used for fixing
the glass in the panels. A sash consists of two horizontal
and two vertical members.
I. Frieze Rail- It is the horizontal member of the shutter
and is provided with the top rail and lock rail.
J. Mullion- It is the vertical member running through a
shutter and subdividing the shutter vertically.
K. Louver- It is the inclined piece of timber attached within
a frame.
L. Horn- These are the projection of the head or sill on
both the sides in the direction of the hold fasts.
M. Hold Fasts- These are provided on both the sides of
door frame to keep the frames in required position.
They are made up of mild steel.
N.Sill- It is bottom most horizontal member forming the
frame.
 TYPES OF DOORS
1. Battened and Ledged Doors-
a) Battens are vertical bonds which are having grooves are
attached together by horizontal supports called ledges
as shown in below figure.
b) General Dimensions of batten are 100-150mm width
and 20-30mm thick.
c) General dimension of ledges are 100-200mm width and
25-30mm thick.
d) This type of battened and ledged doors suitable for
narrow openings.
 Battened & Ledged Battened, Ledged and
doors Braced Doors Braced Doors
2. Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors-
a) To make more rigid, braces are provided diagonally in
additional to battens and ledges as shown in figure.
b) Braces are having 100-150mm width and 25-30mm
thickness is preferable.
c) Braces should place upwards from handing side, then
they acts as struts and take compression.
d) These types of doors can be used for wider openings.
3. Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors-
a) For the simple battened and ledged door, frame work is
provided in the form of two verticals, known as stiles.
 b) Stiles are generally 100mm wide and as far as thickness
is concerned, the thickness of stile should be equal to
the combined thickness of ledge and batten. Preferably
40 mm.

Battened, Ledged, Braced Battened, Ledged and

and Framed Doors Framed Doors

4. Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors-

a) In this type, the door made up of battens, ledges, stiles
and braces. So, it is more rigid.
b) The braces are connected diagonally between the
ledges, at about 40mm from the stiles.
5. Framed and Panelled Doors-
a) These are very strong and will give good appearance
when compared to battened doors. These are the widely
used doors in almost all types of buildings.
 b) Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal members
are grooved along the inner edges of frame to receive
the panels.
c) Panels are made up of timber or plywood or A.C. sheets
or glass.
d) These doors may be single leaf for narrow openings and
double leaf for wider openings.
e) Minimum width of stile should be 100mm and minimum
width of bottom and locked rail should be 150mm.

6. Flush Doors-
a) In flush doors, a solid or semi-solid or core portion is
covered on both sides with plywood or face veneer.
Now a day these types of doors are widely used because
of good appearance, economic, ease of construction and
greater durability.
 b) There are two types of Flushed doors: Solid Core or
Laminated Core Flush Door; Hollow core and cellular
core flush door.

7. Glazed Doors-
a) Glazed doors are generally provided in interior wall
openings or in hospitals, colleges etc.
b) The interior of room is visible through glazed doors and
light also passes through glazed portion of the door.
c) These may be fully glazed or partly glazed and partly
panelled. Glass panels are provided for glazed doors.
8. Sliding Doors-
a) In this type, with the help of runners and guide rails the
door slides to the sides.
b) The door may have one or more sliding shutter
depending up on the opening available.

9. Collapsible Steel Doors-

a) Collapsible steel doors are generally used for
workshops, sheds, warehouses etc. It acts like a steel
curtain which will open or closed by horizontal pull or
push.
b) Vertical double channel units of (20x10x2 mm) are
spaced at 100 to 120 mm thick and are braced flat iron
diagonals 10 to 20mm wide and 5mm thick.
10. Rolling Steel Shutter Doors-
a) Rolling steel shutter doors are commonly used for
warehouses, garages, shops etc. These are very strong
and offer proper safety to the property.
b) The door consists frame, drum and a shutter of thin
steel plate inter locked together. A horizontal shaft is
provided in the drum which helps to open or close the
shutter.

WINDOWS
A Window is defined as an opening in a wall of a building to
serve one or more of the functions like natural light, natural
ventilation and vision.
SIZE OF WINDOW
1. Width of window should be 1/8 of width of room plus
height of room.
2. There should be one square meter of window space for
every 30 to40 cubic meters of inside content of the room.
3. The area of the window’s opening should be at least 15%
of the floor area of the room.
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR WINDOWS
Selection of suitable window in a particular place should be
dependent of following factors.
1. Location of room
2. Size of room
3. Direction of wind
4. Climatic conditions
5. Utility of room
6. Architectural point of view
TYPES OF WINDOWS
A. Fixed Windows- Fixed windows are fixed to the wall
without any closing or opening operation. In general, they
are provided to transmit the light into the room. Fully
glazed shutters are fixed to the window frame. The
shutters provided are generally weather proof.

Fixed Windows Sliding Windows

B. Sliding Windows- In this case, window shutters are
movable in the frame. The movement may be horizontal or
vertical based on our requirement. The movement of
shutters is done by the provision of roller bearings.
Generally, this type of window is provided in buses, bank
counters, shops etc.
C. Pivoted Windows- In this type of windows, pivots are
provided to window frames. Pivot is a shaft which helps to
oscillate the shutter. No rebates are required for the
frame. The swinging may either horizontal or vertical
based on the position of pivots.

D. Double Hung Windows- Double hung windows consist of

pair of shutters attached to one frame. The shutters are
arranged one above the other. These two shutters can
slide vertically with in the frame. So, we can open the
windows on top or at bottom to our required level. To
operate the double hung windows, a chain or cord
consisting metal weights is metal provided which is
connected over pulleys.
 Double Hung Louvered
E. Louvered Windows- Louvered windows are similar to
louvered doors which are provided for the ventilation
without any outside vision. The louvers may be made of
wood, glass or metal. Recommended angle of inclination of
louvers is about 45°. The sloping of louvers is downward to
the outside to run-off the rain water. Generally, they are
provided for bathrooms, toilets and privacy places etc.
F. Casement Windows- Casement windows are the widely
used and common windows nowadays. The shutters are
attached to frame and these can be opened and closed like
door shutters. The panels of shutters may be single or
multiple.

Casement Windows Metal Windows

G. Metal Windows- Metal windows, generally mild steel are
used for making metal windows. These are very cheap and
have more strength. So, now days these are widely using
especially for public buildings, private building etc.
H. Sash Windows- Sash window is type of casement window,
but in this case panels are fully glazed. It consists of top,
bottom and intermediate rails. The space between the rails
is divided into small panels by mean of small timber
members called sash bars or glazing bars.

Sash Windows Corner Windows

I. Corner Windows- As in the name itself corner windows are
provided at the corners of room. That means corner
windows have two faces in perpendicular directions. By
providing this type of windows, light or air can be entered
into room in two different directions.
J. Bay Windows- Bay windows are projected windows form
wall which are provided to increase the area of opening,
which enables more ventilation and light form outside. The
projection of bay windows is of different shapes. They give
beautiful appearance to the structure.
 Bay Windows Dormer Windows
K. Dormer Windows- Dormer windows are provided for
sloped roofs. These are projected from the sloping surface.
They provide ventilation as well as lighting to the room.
They also enhance aesthetic sense of room.
L. Lantern Windows- Lantern windows are provided for over
the flat roofs. The main purpose of this window is to
provide the more light and air circulation to the interior
rooms. Generally, they are projected from the roof surface
so, we can close the roof surface when we required.