Nombre del Profesor: Natalia Agudelo
Grado 9
Fecha: Semana Noviembre 22-Noviembre 26 2021
Unit 3 – Cell cycle
Cell cycle
GENERAL ACHIEVEMENTS: Explain how the process of meiosis introduces the variation between
organisms and how information contained in the DNA is responsible for the physical
characteristics of an organism.
SPECIFIC LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS: List the four stages of interphase, and describe the major
events that occur during each stage in preparation for cell division.
New cells are needed to replace cells which have died or to
allow an organism to grow. Cells divide by a process known as
mitosis, which is one phase of a series of events known as the
cell cycle.
A cell cycle is a series of events that
takes place in a cell as it grows and
divides. A cell spends most of its time in
what is called interphase, and during this
time it grows, replicates its
chromosomes, and prepares for cell
division. The cell then leaves interphase,
undergoes mitosis, and completes its
division. The resulting cells, known as
daughter cells, each enter their own
interphase and begin a new round of the
cell cycle.
Stages of the cell cycle
To divide, a cell must complete several
important tasks: it must grow, copy its genetic
material (DNA), and physically split into two
daughter cells. Cells perform these tasks in an
organized, predictable series of steps that
make up the cell cycle.
In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a nucleus, the
stages of the cell cycle are divided into two major
phases: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase.
•During interphase, the cell grows and makes a
copy of its DNA.
•During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates
its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm,
forming two new cells.
Interphase
Let’s enter the cell cycle just as a cell forms, by
division of its mother cell. What must this newborn
cell do next if it wants to go on and divide itself?
Preparation for division happens in three steps:
•G1: During G1 phase, also called the first gap phase, the cell
grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the
molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.
•S phase. In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete
copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a
microtubule-organizing structure called the
centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA
during M phase.
•G2: During the second gap phase, or G2 phase, the
cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and
begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for
mitosis. G2
ends when mitosis begins.
M phase
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied
DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase
involves two distinct division-related processes: mitosis
and cytokinesis.
In mitosis, the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into
visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic
spindle, a specialized structure made out of microtubules.
Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase (sometimes
divided into early prophase and prometaphase),
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two,
making two new cells. Cytokinesis usually begins just as
mitosis is ending, with a little overlap. Importantly,
cytokinesis takes place differently in animal and plant
cells.
Cell cycle regulators inside the cell, can cause key events,
such as DNA replication or chromosome separation, to
take place.
They also make sure that cell cycle events take place in
the right order and that one phase triggers the onset of the
next phase (such as S).
Control of the cell cycle
•Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, or
“cellular suicide.” It is different from necrosis, in which
cells die due to injury.
•Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates
potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and
maintains balance in the body.
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
You may think of it as a bad thing
for cells in your body to die. In
many cases, that’s true: it’s not
good for cells to die because of
an injury (for example, from a
scrape or a harmful chemical).
However, it’s also important that
some cells of our bodies do die –
not randomly, but in a carefully
controlled way.
Worksheet, interactive science book McGraw-Hill Connect
Biology [Link]
• Online and send it through schoolnet.
Create your own Conceptual Map about the topic.
