Foundation

Module 4: Design of Strip Footing

Strip or Wall Footing
 Strip foundations are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide
a continuous, level (or sometimes stepped) strip of support for linear
structures such as walls or closely spaced row of columns that are built on
top of foundation, placed centrally along their length.
 Strip footing is commonly used as the foundation of load-bearing walls.
CONCEPT OF FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Shear Stress Punching Shear Stress
One-Way Beam Shear Stress Two-Way Beam Shear Stress
 The stress is introduced along a  The stress is introduced around
length in the slab at a distance d d
the column at a distance of
from the face of column 2
from the face of column

CONSIDERATIONS ON FOUNDATION DESIGN

Section 415.3 The base area of footing and the number of piles shall be determined from unfactored
forces and moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil pressure or permissible
pile capacity. For footings on piles, computation for moments and shears shall be permitted to assume
that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at pile center
AREA OF FOOTING NUMBER OF PILES
Unfactored Load ( DL+¿) Unfactored Load (DL+ ¿)
Areaof Footing= No . of Piles=
Effective Soil Pressure , q e Load Capacity per Pile

EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY, q e

q e =q allowable−q soil −qconcrete −q surcharge
q e =q allowable−γ C hC −γ s h s−q surcharge

EFFECTIVE DEPTH
d eff =d−effective concrete cover

413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION is a

selected such that the effective depth of the distance measured from extreme compression
bottom reinforcement is at least 150 mm fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
CRITICAL SHEAR CONDITION Analyze the strength produced by the
By NSCP 2015: concrete strength only:
V u=ϕ V n where: V u=ϕ V c
V n=V c +V s V u=(0.75)(V c )
V u=ϕ (V c + V s )
Where:
Solving for V u: V u is taken from the soil pressure
V u=qu ×area V c is taken from the concrete strength
ϕ=0.75

Foundation
Module 3: Compressibility of soil, shear strength of soil, lateral earth pressure and
soil bearing capacity
COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
Soil Settlement
St =Se +S c +S s
Where:
St – Total Settlement
Se – Immediate/Elastic Settle
Sc – Primary Consolidation Settlement
S s – Secondary Consolidation Settlement

∆ H ∆e
=
H 1+ e
H
∆ H= ∆e
1+ e
∆ H =S c

∆ e=Cc log
(
Po +∆ P
Po )
PRIMARY SOIL SETTLEMENT
Case I. Normally Consolidated Clay Where:
H – thickness of stratum
Sc =( )
H
1+ e
C c log
P o
(
+∆
Po
P
) e – initial void ratio
C c – compression index
Po – vertical effective stress (past
maximum)
∆ P – surcharge or additional
pressure
Case II. Over-Consolidated Clay (if Where:
Po + ∆ P< Pc ¿ C c – swell index

( )
Po + ∆ P Pc – pre-consolidated pressure
Sc =( )
H
1+ e
C s log
P o
(current)
Case III. Consolidated Clay (if Po + ∆ P> Pc ¿

Sc = ( )
H
1+ e
C c log
(
P o +∆ P
Po )( ) (
+
H
1+ e
C s log
Po + ∆ P
Po )
CONCEPT OF FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Shear Stress Punching Shear Stress
One-Way Beam Shear Stress Two-Way Beam Shear Stress
 The stress is introduced along a length  The stress is introduced
in the slab at a distance d from the around the column at a
face of column d
distance of from the face
2
of column

CONSIDERATIONS ON FOUNDATION DESIGN

Section 415.3 The base area of footing and the number of piles shall be determined from unfactored
forces and moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil pressure or permissible
pile capacity. For footings on piles, computation for moments and shears shall be permitted to assume
that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at pile center
AREA OF FOOTING NUMBER OF PILES
Unfactored Load (DL+¿) Unfactored Load (DL+ ¿)
Areaof Footing= No . of Piles=
Effective Soil Pressure , q e Load Capacity per Pile

EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY, q e

q e =q allowable−q soil −qconcrete −q surcharge
q e =q allowable−γ C hC −γ s h s−q surcharge

EFFECTIVE DEPTH
d eff =d−effective concrete cover

413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION is a

selected such that the effective depth of the distance measured from extreme compression
bottom reinforcement is at least 150 mm fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
CRITICAL SHEAR CONDITION Analyze the strength produced by the
By NSCP 2015: concrete strength only:
V u=ϕ V n where: V u=ϕ V c
V n=V c +V s V u=(0.75)(V c )
V u=ϕ (V c + V s )
Where:
Solving for V u: V u is taken from the soil pressure
V u=qu ×area V c is taken from the concrete strength
ϕ=0.75
 Foundation
Module 4: Design of Strip Footing
Strip or Wall Footing
 Strip foundations are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide
a continuous, level (or sometimes stepped) strip of support for linear
structures such as walls or closely spaced row of columns that are built on
top of foundation, placed centrally along their length.
 Strip footing is commonly used as the foundation of load-bearing walls.
CONCEPT OF FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Shear Stress Punching Shear Stress
One-Way Beam Shear Stress Two-Way Beam Shear Stress
 The stress is introduced along a  The stress is introduced around
length in the slab at a distance d d
the column at a distance of
from the face of column 2
from the face of column

CONSIDERATIONS ON FOUNDATION DESIGN

Section 415.3 The base area of footing and the number of piles shall be determined from unfactored
forces and moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil pressure or permissible
pile capacity. For footings on piles, computation for moments and shears shall be permitted to assume
that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at pile center
AREA OF FOOTING NUMBER OF PILES
Unfactored Load ( DL+¿) Unfactored Load (DL+ ¿)
Areaof Footing= No . of Piles=
Effective Soil Pressure , q e Load Capacity per Pile

EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY, q e

q e =q allowable−q soil −qconcrete −q surcharge
q e =q allowable−γ C hC −γ s h s−q surcharge

EFFECTIVE DEPTH
d eff =d−effective concrete cover

413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION is a

selected such that the effective depth of the distance measured from extreme compression
bottom reinforcement is at least 150 mm fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
CRITICAL SHEAR CONDITION Analyze the strength produced by the
By NSCP 2015: concrete strength only:
V u=ϕ V n where: V u=ϕ V c
V n=V c +V s V u=(0.75)(V c )
V u=ϕ (V c + V s )
Where:
Solving for V u: V u is taken from the soil pressure
V u=qu ×area V c is taken from the concrete strength
ϕ=0.75

ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE, q u Solving for V c :

q u=1.2 DL+1.6≪ ¿ ¿ V c =0.17 λ √ f ' c bw d
Area
Solving for M u:
M u=(Force∈ kN )(Moment Arm ∈m)
Solving for Force∈kN :
Force∈kN =(q u ∈KPa)(Area of Contact)

Rn =
Mu
ϕb d
2 ρ=
fy [ √
0.85 f ' c
1− 1−
2 Rn
'
0.85 f c ] A S=ρbd

0.25 √ f ' c
ρmin ⁡(a) =
fy
1.4
ρmin ⁡(b) =
fy
Solving for number of bars:
Solving for spacing:
Areaof bars
1000 n=
s= Area of one ¯¿ ¿
AS
¿ AS
π n=
¿¿ π
4 ¿¿
Note: spacing (round down)
4
Note: no. of bars (round-up)
Sample Problems: Design of Strip Footing
1. A wall footing is to support a 300 mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a
dead load of 290 kN/m and a live load of 220 kN/m. The bottom of the footing
is 1.20 m below the final grade. The footing is 0.50 m thick. Assume the soil
weighs 15.74 kN/cu.m and the allowable soil pressure is 193 kPa.
'
f c=20.4 MPa
fy=420 MPa
Use 75 mm as effective steel covering
kN
Concrete weight=23.5 3
m
a. Compute the width of the footing.
b. Compute the spacing of 22-mm diameter main bars and 12-mm diameter
longitudinal temperature and shrinkage steel.
Sample Problems: Design of Strip Footing
2. For the wall footing shown in the figure
'
f c=28 MPa
fy=420 MPa
Use 2015 NSCP Specification
a. Find the effective soil pressure if the allowable soil
pressure is 200 Kpa. (The effective soil pressure is the
remaining soil pressure available to support the loads
after the effects of the soil and concrete weights are
subtracted).
b. Find the minimum width of footing rounded to the
nearest 0.10 m. such that the effective soil pressure will
not be exceeded.
c. Find the ultimate shear due to factored loads acting on the critical section.
Sample Problems: Design of Strip Footing
3. A footing supports a 250 mm thick concrete wall
KN
DL=175
m
KN
¿=89
m
'
Concrete , f c=20.6 MPa
fy=415 MPa
KN
Unit weight concrete =23.6 3
m
Factored load combination =1.2D+1.6L
Width of footing=1.75 m
Thickness of footing=300 mm
Effective cover of centroid of reinforcement
a. Which of the following gives the required spacing (mm) of 16 diameters bars
due to the moment at the footing?
b. Find the wide-beam nominal shear stress (MPa).
c. The allowable soil pressure is 96 Kpa. What should be the width (m) of the
footing so that the allowable soil pressure will not be exceeded? Assume
footing thickness of 250 mm.
 Foundation
Module 5&6: Design of Isolated Footing (Square and Rectangular)
Isolated Footing
 Isolated footings are pads that distribute the column load in two directions
to an area of soil around the column.
FAILURE FOR ISOLATED FOOTING
Wide Beam Shear Stress Punching Shear Stress
One-Way Beam Shear Stress Two-Way Beam Shear Stress
 The stress is introduced along a  The stress is introduced around
length in the slab at a distance d d
the column at a distance of
from the face of column 2
from the face of column
Solving for V u: Solving for V u:
V u=qu ×area V u=qu ×area
Solving for V c : Solving for V c :
V c =0.17 λ √ f ' c bw d V c =0.33 λ √ f ' c b o d

V u=ϕ V c
V u=(0.75)(V c )
( )
2
V c =0.17 1+ λ √ f ' c b o d
β

V c =0.083 1+
(
αsd
bo )λ √ f ' c bo d

V u=ϕ V c
V u=(0.75)(V c )

Solving the punching stress:

Pu 6 M ux 6 M uy
q ult ⁡(a)= 2
+ 3 − 3
L L L
Pu 6 M ux 6 M uy
q ult ⁡(b)= 2 + 3 + 3
L L L
 Pu 6 M ux 6 M uy
q ult ⁡(c)= 2
− 3
− 3
L L L
Pu 6 M ux 6 M uy
q ult ⁡(d) = 2 + 3 + 3
L L L

EFFECTIVE DEPTH
d eff =d−effective concrete cover

413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION is a

selected such that the effective depth of the distance measured from extreme compression
bottom reinforcement is at least 150 mm fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
AREA OF FOOTING
Unfactored Load (DL+¿) DL+ ¿
Areaof Footing= Areaof Footing=
Effective Soil Pressure , q e Effective Soil Pressure , q e
EFFECTIVE SOIL PRESSURE, q e
q e =q allowable−q soil −qconcrete −q surcharge

Solving for M u:
M u=(Force∈kN )(Moment Arm∈m)
Solving for Force∈kN :
Force∈kN =(q u ∈KPa )(Area of Contact)

[ √ ]
2 Rn Mu
0.85 f ' c R =
ρ= 1− 1− n 2 A S=ρbd
fy '
0.85 f c ϕb d
0.25 √ f ' c
ρmin ⁡(a) =
fy
1.4
ρmin ⁡(b) =
fy
Solving for number of bars:
Solving for spacing:
Areaof bars
1000 n=
s= Area of one ¯¿ ¿
AS
¿ AS
π n=
¿¿ π
4 ¿¿
Note: spacing (round down)
4
Note: no. of bars (round-up)
Solving for the main bars distribution

2
γ s=
( β+ 1)
Note: A s for along long and short direction
At outer-band width: At center-band width:
(1−γ s ¿ (A s ) (γ s ¿( A s )
 AS AS
n= n=
π π
¿¿ ¿¿
4 4

Sample Problems: Design of Square Footing

4. A 400-mm square tied interior column supports a
dead load of 890 KN and a live load of 710 KN.
The column is to be reinforced with 25mm diameters
bars. A 600 mm thick square footing is designed to
support this load with its base at 1.5 m. below the
groound surface. Allowable soil pressure is 240 Kpa.
Assume soil weights 15.74 KN/cu.m, concrete to be
23.5 KN/cu.m and steel bars with an effective
concrete cover of 75 mm.
'
f c=20.7 MPa fy=420 MPa
KN
Unit weight concrete =23.6 3
m
a. Determine the dimension of the square footing.
b. Determine the reinforcement of the square footing.
Sample Problems: Design of Square Footing
5. A spread footing supports a 350mmx350mm column
carrying a dead load of 300 KN and live load of 500
KN. The footing is subjected to an axial moment
produced by the effect of dead load, live load, amd
earthquake. Allowable stress of soil is 300 Kpa. The
unfactored moments are tabulated below:
MD x =50 KN . m MD y =30 KN . m
ML x =60 KN . m ML y =50 KN . m
ME x =36 KN . m ME y =29 KN . m
Thickness of footing is 460 mm with an effective
depth of 360 mm. The bottom of the footing is 1.20
m below the ground surface. Unit weight of
soil=15.7 KN/cu.m, concrete = 23.5KN/cu.m. Use
2015 NSCP specifications.
a. Give the dimension of the spread footing.
b. Give the punching stress at the critical section.
Sample Problems: Design of Square Footing (S.W.)
1. A footing supports a 250 mm thick concrete wall.
Dead Load = 175 KN/m Live Load = 89 KN/m Concrete, fc' = 20.6 MPa
Steel, fy = 415 MPa Unit weight concrete = 23.6 KN/m^3
Factored load combination = 1.2D + 1.6L Width of footing = 1.75
m
Thickness of footing = 300 mm Effective cover of centroid of reinforcement =
100 mm
a. Which of the following gives the required spacing (mm) of 16 diameter bars
due
to the moment at the footing?
b. Find the wide-beam nominal shear stress (MPa).
c. The allowable soil pressure is 96 KPa. What should be the width (m) of the
footing so that the allowable soil pressure will not be exceeded? Assume footing
thickness of 250 mm.
Sample Problems: Design of Square Footing (S.W.)
2. A 2.4 m x 2.4 m square footing supports a 350mm × 400mm column.
Given data: Thickness of Footing = 0.60 m
Total Factored Axial Load = 1,818 KN.
Materials: Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa Steel bars, fy = 280 MPa (20mm both
ways)
Clear bar covering = 70 mm Strength reduction factors = 0.75 for shear and
0.90 for bending
a. Calculate the shear stress in the footing (MPa) at critical section for wide-
beam
action.
b. Calculate the shear stress in the footing (MPa) at critical section for two-way
action.
c. Determine the number of pieces of 20 mm reinforcing bars required in each
direction of the footing.

Sample Problems: Design of Rectangular footing

1. Given the ff:
Column: 600 mm x 600 mm
Axial DL: 1680 KN Axial LL: 1350 KN
Depth of Footing: 1.8m Allowable Soil Pressure: 230 Kpa
Unit Weight of Soil above Footing: 16 KN/cu.m
Unit Weight of concrete: 24 KN/cu.m
Concrete compressive strength fc’:28 MPa
Steel yield strength, fy: 345 MPa
Design the footing if its width is limited to 3.2 meters. Use 25-mm diameter
bars and 75 mm clear concrete cover.
Assume initial footing depth of 900 mm.