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Interconnected Determinants in Depression and Cardiovascular Disease:
Personalized Strategies for Health
Esmael Musa
Department of Health Sciences, University of the People
HS 1101-01: Introduction to Health Science
Instructor Mukesh Saran
March 06 - 2024
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Introduction
Recent research has shown that health outcomes are controlled by a complex interplay of
biological, psychological, and social variables. Two recent publications, Remes, Mendes, and
Templeton (2021) on the determinants of depression and Powell-Wiley et al. (2022) on the social
determinants of cardiovascular disease, shed light on how these factors contribute to disease risk.
The following discussion relates these findings to two patient scenarios, demonstrating how
genetic predisposition, environmental stresses, and lifestyle affect mental and cardiovascular
health.
The case of Sarah
Sarah, a 35-year-old patient with persistent depressive symptoms and a family history of
sadness and anxiety. Depression is thought to have a strong genetic component. Variations in
genes such as brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) have been linked to decreased
neuroplasticity, which can increase a person's vulnerability to depression (Remes et al., 2021).
In addition, variations in serotonin transporter and other regulatory genes may predispose people
to mood disorders. Sarah's family history implies that she may have genetic variations that make
her more likely to experience depressive episodes when presented with life stressors.
Recognizing this propensity enables healthcare practitioners to implement personalized
interventions such as early intervention counseling and appropriate medicines. Pharmacogenetic
testing may improve treatment efficacy while decreasing undesirable side effects (National
Institute of Mental Health, 2021). Sarah may also benefit from lifestyle changes such as frequent
physical activity, better sleep, hygiene, and stress management skills, all of which have been
shown to reduce depressive symptoms (Mayo Clinic, 2020). These therapies, in conjunction
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with cognitive behavioral therapy and strong social support, address not only her genetic risks
but also the psychological and social determinants of mental health.
The case of Mr. Jhonson
Mr. Johnson, a 55-year-old patient with a family history of heart disease who faces
multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). His genetic propensity, inherited from his
parents, already puts him at risk. Powell-Wiley et al. (2022) state that genetic factors, when
combined with environmental and behavioral influences, considerably increase CVD risk. Mr.
Johnson's high-stress corporate atmosphere causes persistent sympathetic nervous system
activation, producing stress hormones like cortisol, which increase inflammation and vascular
damage. Furthermore, his sedentary lifestyle and processed-food diet contribute to obesity,
dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, all of which are important risk factors for CVD (American
Heart Association, 2020). His recent respiratory infection puts additional strain on his
cardiovascular system, triggering an inflammatory response that may destabilize atherosclerotic
plaques.
To solve his problem, a diverse approach is required. Targeted lifestyle changes, such as
frequent physical activity and a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, are vital. In
addition, stress management strategies such as mindfulness-based stress reduction,
psychotherapy, and potential workplace changes can assist him reduce his chronic stress.
Regular medical check-ups and appropriate medication, combined with participation in cardiac
rehabilitation programs, will help to lower his CVD risk.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Sarah and Mr. Johnson show how genetic predispositions interact with
environmental and lifestyle factors to influence health outcomes. Personalized healthcare
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treatments that include genetic testing, targeted lifestyle changes, and psychological support can
enhance the treatment of depression and cardiovascular disease. Addressing the multifaceted
causes of these illnesses is critical for creating effective interventions and supporting long-term
health and well-being.
Word count: 569
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References
American Heart Association. (2020). Understanding blood pressure readings.
https://www.heart.org
Mayo Clinic. (2020). Depression (major depressive disorder). https://www.mayoclinic.org
National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Genetics and depression. https://www.nimh.nih.gov
Powell-Wiley, T. M., Baumer, Y., Baah, F. O., Baez, A. S., Farmer, N., Mahlobo, C. T.,
Potharaju, K. A., Tamura, K., & Wallen, G. R. (2022). Social determinants of cardiovascular
disease. Circulation Research, 130(5), 782–799.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319811
Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021). Biological, psychological, and social
determinants of depression: A review of recent literature. Brain Sciences, 11(12), 1633.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633
