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Web Technology - Unit 1 Notes
1. How the Web Works
he World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked documents and resources,
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accessible via the internet. It uses a client-server model where a web browser (client)
requests data from a web server.
Steps in How the Web Works:
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1 user enters a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) in a web browser.
2. The browser sends a request to a DNS (Domain Name System) to translate the
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domain name into an IP address.
3. The request is forwarded to the appropriate web server using TCP/IP.
4. The server processes the request and sends the response (HTML, CSS, JavaScript,
or other resources).
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5. The browser renders the received response and displays the web page.
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2. Client-Server Architecture in Web Technology
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heClient-Server Modelis the backbone of the WorldWide Web. It defines how devices
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(clients) and web servers communicate with each other over the internet to exchange
information.
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1. Understanding the Client-Server Model
● C lient:A client is any device (computer, mobile phone,tablet) with a web browser
(Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) that requests web pages, resources, or data from a
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web server.
● Server:A server is a powerful computer or systemthat stores, processes, and
delivers web pages, applications, and data to clients upon request.
heclient and server communicateusingHTTP (HypertextTransfer Protocol)or
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HTTPS (HTTP Secure)to exchange information over theinternet.
2. How the Client-Server Model Works
Step-by-Step Communication Process:
1. Client Request Initiation:
[Link]
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○ user types a URL ( [Link] ) in the web browser.
○ The browser sends an HTTP request to retrieve the webpage from the web
server.
2. DNS Resolution:
○ The browser checks if theIP addressof the websiteis cached.
○ If not, it queries aDomain Name System (DNS)serverto translate the
domain name ([Link] ) into anIP address.
. Establishing a Connection:
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○ Using theTCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol)suite,
the browser establishes a connection with the web server.
4. HTTP Request Sent:
○ The browser sends anHTTP GET requestto fetch the web page from the
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server.
Example
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GET /[Link] HTTP/1.1
Host: [Link]
5. Server Processes the Request:
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○ The web server receives the request.
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○ It checks if the requested resource (HTML page, CSS, JavaScript, images) is
available.
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○ If available, the server prepares anHTTP response.
6. Server Sends Response to Client:
○ The server responds with anHTTP status codeand the requested resource.
Example
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
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○ (Followed by the HTML content of the web page.)
7. Client Receives and Renders Web Page:
○ The browser receives the response.
○ It processes the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files.
○ The web page is displayed to the user.
3. Domain Name System (DNS)
D [Link]
NS translates human-friendly domain names (e.g., ) into IP addresses
that computers use to identify each other.
How DNS Works:
[Link]
.
1 he user enters a URL in the browser.
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2. The browser checks the cache for a saved DNS record.
3. If not found, the request is sent to a DNS resolver.
4. The resolver queries root servers, top-level domain (TLD) servers, and authoritative
servers.
5. The corresponding IP address is returned to the browser.
. The browser uses this IP address to connect to the web server.
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4. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol)
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CP/IP is the primary communication protocol of the internet, ensuring that data is
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transmitted efficiently between devices.
🔹 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
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CP is aconnection-oriented protocol, meaning itestablishes a reliable connection before
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✅
sending data. It ensures that:
✅
✅ Errors are detected and corrected.
⚙️ How TCP Works:
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Data is deliveredaccuratelyandin order.
Lost packets areretransmitted.
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1. C onnection Establishment (Three-Way Handshake)
Before sending data, TCP establishes a connection between client and server.
○ Client sends aSYNrequest to initiate a connection.
○ Server responds withSYN-ACK(Acknowledgment).
○ Client sendsACK, and the connection is established.
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2. Data Transmission
○ TCP breaks data intopackets.
○ Each packet is numbered and sent in order.
○ If a packet is lost, TCPretransmitsit.
3. Connection Termination
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○ After data transfer, both client and serversend FINmessages to close the
connection.
📌 Uses of TCP
● eb Browsing (HTTP, HTTPS)
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● Email (SMTP, IMAP, POP3)
● File Transfers (FTP)
● Remote Login (SSH, Telnet)
🔹 IP (Internet Protocol)
[Link]
IP is responsible for addressing and routing data packets. It ensures that data reaches the
correct destination.
Types of IP:
1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
○ Uses a32-bit address(e.g.,[Link] )
○ Limited number of unique addresses.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
[Link]
○ Uses a128-bit address(e.g., )
○ Providesa much larger address space.
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How IP Works?
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● ach device on the internet has aunique IP address.
● Routersforwarddata packets to the correct destination based on IP addresses.
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● IPdoes not guaranteereliable delivery (handled by TCP).
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
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DP is aconnectionless protocol, meaning it doesnot establish a connection before
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sending data. Unlike TCP, UDP isfaster but less reliable.
⚙️ How UDP Works
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✅ Sends data without waiting for acknowledgment.
✅ No error correction or retransmission.
✅ Best for applications that prioritizespeedoverreliability.
📌 Uses of UDP
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● L ive Streaming (YouTube, Netflix, Twitch)– Speedis more important than lost
packets.
● Online Gaming (PUBG, Call of Duty, Fortnite)– Quickdata exchange matters
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more than reliability.
● VoIP Calls (WhatsApp, Zoom, Skype)– Minor delays are acceptable for real-time
communication.
● DNS (Domain Name System)– Fast lookup of IP addresses.
4. Conclusion
BothTCP/IP and UDPplay crucial roles in the internet:
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● CPis used whenaccuracyandreliabilityare important.
● UDPis used whenspeedis more important than reliability.
Would you like any diagrams to illustrate this further? 😊
[Link]
5. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP & HTTPS)
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
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● request-response protocol used for communication between clients and servers.
● Requests and responses include headers and a body.
● Stateless: Each request is independent and does notretain user session data.
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
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● secure version of HTTP that usesSSL/TLS encryption.
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● Protects againstman-in-the-middle attacks.
● Ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.
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6. Anatomy of a URL
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) consists of multiple parts:
[Link]
● Protocol:
[Link]
● Domain Name:
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[Link]
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443(Default for HTTPS)
● Port (Optional):
/path/[Link]
● Path:
?query=1
● Query String:
#section
● Fragment/Anchor:
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7. How Browsers Work
eb browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari) act as clients that request, interpret, and display
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web pages.
Browser Workflow:
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1 ser Input: Entering a URL.
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2. DNS Resolution: Translating domain name to IP.
3. HTTP Request: Sending request to the server.
4. Server Response: Receiving HTML, CSS, JavaScript.
5. Rendering Engine: Parsing and displaying content.
6. Execution: Running scripts, loading images, etc.
8. Web Standards and W3C
[Link]
eb standards ensure consistency across browsers and devices. They are set by
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organizations likeW3C (World Wide Web Consortium).
1. Role of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
heW3C (World Wide Web Consortium)is the main organizationthat develops and
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maintains web standards. It was founded byTim Berners-Lee(the inventor of the web) in
1994. The W3C ensures that web technologies areuniversal,accessible, and
interoperableacross all devices and platforms.
2. Important Web Standards:
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● TML5(Markup language)
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● CSS3(Styling)
● JavaScript (ES6+)(Interactivity)
● Web Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)
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● HTTP, HTTPS Standards
9. Web Server Basics
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A web server stores, processes, and delivers web pages.
Types of Web Servers:
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● pache(Open-source, widely used)
● NGINX(High-performance, load balancing)
● Microsoft IIS(Windows-based web server)
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Common Server Components:
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● osting Files: HTML, CSS, JS, images.
● Handling Requests: Processing GET, POST requests.
● Logging & Security: Monitoring traffic, handling HTTPS.
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10. HTTP Methods (GET & POST)
HTTP defines various request methods:
GET:
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● etrieves data from a server.
● Data is sent in theURL query string.
xample:
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GET /search?q=web HTTP/1.1
POST:
[Link]
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● ends data to a server (e.g., form submission).
● Data is sent in therequest body(secure, not visiblein the URL).
xample:
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POST /submit HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=John&password=1234
Summary
Topic Key Points
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Web Working ses client-server model, browser sends requests to a
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server.
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Client-Server lient requests, server responds, communication over
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HTTP.
DNS
TCP/IP & UDP
HTTP & HTTPS
URL Structure
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Resolves domain names to IP addresses.
TCP ensures reliable delivery, UDP is faster but unreliable.
HTTP is stateless, HTTPS is secure (SSL/TLS).
Protocol, domain, port, path, query, fragment.
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Browser Working Fetching, parsing, rendering, and executing scripts.
Web Standards HTML5, CSS3, JS, WCAG, W3C guidelines.
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Web Server Hosts websites, processes HTTP requests.
GET & POST GET retrieves, POST submits data securely.
hese notes provide a complete overview of Unit 1 of Web Technology, covering all major
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concepts in detail.
