1

Chapter 5
History of Pakistan II

[Link] local government plan 2000.

Ans.
Local Government System
In order to establish democracy at grassroots level, the regime of General Pervez
Musharaf, introduced the Local Government System. This was not a new experiment in Pakistan.
Ayub Khan had undertaken a similar effort in this direction by introducing the Basic Democracy
System.
This new system of Local Government was installed on August 14, 2001, after holding of
elections. Direct elections on non-party basis were held in five phases for members of Union
Councils, Union Nazims, and Naib Union Nazims during 2000 thru to 2001. On the basis of
these direct elections, indirect elections were held in July-August 2001 for Zila Nazims and Naib
Zila Nazims and also for Tehsil-Town Nazims and Naib Nazims. In order to attract people
towards electoral politics, the minimum age for local government elections was lowered from 21
to 18 years. One-third seats were reserved for women.
The main purpose of introducing the Local Government System was to empower the
people at the grassroots level and to transfer power from the elite to the masses. This system of
grassroots democracy envisaged yielding new political leaders. It was also anticipated to solve
people’s problems at local level, allow public participation in decision-making and ensure the
provision of speedy justice. The essence of this system was that the Local Governments would
be accountable to the citizens for all their decisions. It would enable the proactive elements of
society to participate in community work, development related activities and would remove
rural-urban divide. The new Local Government plan was an effort on the part of the Military
Government to lay the foundations of an authentic and enduring democracy.
The new System provided a three-tier Local Government structure:
1. The District Government
2. The Tehsil Government
3. The Union Administration
The District Government
The District Government consisted of the Zila Nazim and District Administration. The
District Administration consisted of district offices including sub-offices at Tehsil level, who
were to be responsible to the District Nazim assisted by the District Coordination Officer. The
District Coordination Officer was appointed by the Provincial Government and was the
coordinating head of the District Administration. The Zila Nazim was accountable to the people
through the elected members of the Zila Council. A Zila Council consisted of all Union Nazims
in the District, which consisted of members elected on the reserved seats. These seats were
reserved for women, peasants, workers, and minority community. The Zila Council had its
Secretariat under the Naib Zila Nazim and had a separate budget allocation. Adequate checks
and balances were introduced in the System.
 2

The new System also efficiently addressed the specific needs and problems of large
cities. The District Government was responsible to the people and the Provincial Government for
improvement of governance and delivery of services.
Tehsil Administration
The middle tier, the Tehsil, had Tehsil Municipal Administration headed by the Tehsil
Nazim. Tehsil Municipal Administration consisted of a Tehsil Nazim, Tehsil Municipal Officer,
Tehsil Officers, Chief Officers and other officials of the Local Council Service and officials of
the offices entrusted to the Tehsil Municipal Administration. The Tehsil Municipal
Administration was entrusted with the functions of administration, finances, and management of
the offices of Local Government and Rural Development, and numerous other subjects at the
regional, Divisional, District, Tehsil and lower levels.
Union Administration
The lowest tier, the Union Administration was a corporate body covering the rural as well
as urban areas across the whole District. It consisted of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and
three Union Secretaries and other auxiliary staff. The Union Nazim was the head of the Union
Administration and the Naib Union Nazim acted as deputy to the Union Nazim during his
temporary absence. The Union Secretaries coordinated and facilitated in community
development, functioning of the Union Committees and delivery of municipal services under the
supervision of Union Nazim. The Government allocated Rupees 32 billion to the Local
Government in 2002. The funds were deposited in the account of the District Government. The
District Government further distributed these funds to Tehsil and Unions. In addition to the fiscal
transfers from the Province, the Local Governments were authorized to generate money from
their own sources by levying certain taxes, fees, user charges, etc. It is, however, pertinent to
make a special mention that it is only in the absence of elected assemblies that local governments
are the popularly elected bodies and play important political and developmental roles. After the
election of Senators and members of the provincial and national assemblies, its role has been
again substantially marginalized. The elected representatives of National and Provincial
Assemblies usually take over some functions, which local governments used to perform and as
such in many ways they are prone to intervene in the evolution of proper and improved Local
government. Local governments suffer from the fact that their existence is not constitutionally
ordained and they are a mere extension of the provincial government. In the Constitution, the
allocations of the functions of the federal and provincial governments are clearly specified
whereas the existence of local government is not formally embodied in the Constitution.
Moreover, financial, technical, and bureaucratic constraints plus limited revenue (merely 5 per
cent of revenue generated by the government) cause the poor and almost non-existent local
government for most of the time.

[Link] the efforts made for islamization between 1977 to 1988.

Ans:
Islamization Under General Zia-ul-Haq
When General Zia-ul-Haq took over as the Chief Martial Law Administrator on July 5,
1977, Islamization was given a new boost. General Zia-ul-Haq was a practicing Muslim who
raised the slogan of Islam. The Islamic sentiment has always been fully alive in Pakistan.
Various governments have used this to their benefit. There are people who doubt Zia’s reasons
for raising the Islamic slogan; whether it was for political purposes to counter balance Bhutto’s
 3

appeal or was it to enforce Islam in its true sense. In his first address to the nation, he declared
that Islamic laws would be enforced and that earnest attention would be devoted towards
establishing the Islamic society for which Pakistan had been created. General Zia wanted to
bring the legal, social, economic and political institutions of the country in conformity with the
Islamic principles, values and traditions in the light of Quran and Sunnah, to enable the people of
Pakistan to lead their lives in accordance to Islam. The Government of Zia-ul-Haq took a number
of steps to eradicate non-Islamic practices from the country. He introduced the Zakat, Ushr,
Islamic Hadood and Penal Code in the country. The Government invited eminent scholars to
compile laws about Islamic financing. The Zakat and Ushr Ordinance to Islamize the economic
system was promulgated on June 20, 1980. It covered only Islamic organizations, associations
and institutions. Zakat was to be deducted from bank accounts of Muslims at the rate of 2.5
percent annually above the balance of Rupees 3,000. Ushr was levied on the yield of agricultural
land in cash or kind at the rate of 10 percent of the agricultural yield, annually. The Government
appointed Central, Provincial, District and Tehsil Zakat Committees to distribute Zakat funds to
the needy, poor, orphans and widows. Shias were exempted from Zakat deduction from their
accounts due to their own religious beliefs. The Zakat was to be deducted by banks on the first
day of Ramazan.
A Federal Shariah Court was established to decide cases according to the teachings of the
Holy Quran and Sunnah. Appeals against the Lower and High Courts were to be presented
before the Shariah Court for hearing. Blasphemy of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W.) would now be
punishable by death instead of life imprisonment. Zia-ul-Haq selected his Majlis-i-Shoora in
1980. It was to be the Islamic Parliament and act as the Parliament of Pakistan in place of the
National Assembly. Most of the members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema,
journalists, economists and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to
act as a board of advisors for the President. A number of other Islamization programs were
carried out including the teaching of Islamic Studies and Arabic, which were made compulsory.
Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies were made compulsorily for B. A., B. Sc., Engineering, M.
B. B. S., Commerce, Law and Nursing students. For professional studies, extra marks were given
to people who were Hafiz-e-Quran. The first Ombudsman was appointed to rectify the
misadministration of the Federal Government, officials and agencies. A Shariah Council
consisting of ulema was established to look into the constitutional and legal matters of the State
in order to bring them in line with Islamic thought. Since Islam does not allow interest, On
January 1, 1980, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq introduced a “Profit and Loss Sharing System”
according to which an account holder was to share the loss and profit of the bank. The media was
also targeted. Television especially was brought under the Islamization campaign, news in
Arabic were to be read on both television and radio, female anchor persons were required to
cover their heads, the Azan was relayed regularly on radio and television to announce time for
prayers. In the armed forces, the status of the religious teachers was raised to that of a
Commissioned Officer. This was done to attract highly qualified individuals from the
universities and religious institution to serve on such assignments.
As the government grew further in its Islamic leanings, the numbers of mosques were
increased. Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramazan was introduced to pay reverence to the holy
month of Ramazan. The Ordinance forbade public drinking and eating during the holy month of
Ramazan. A three months imprisonment and a fine of Rupees 500 were imposed for violating the
Ordinance. A program to ensure the regularity of prayers called the Nizam-i-Salaat was launched
 4

by General Zia himself. Zia’s Government introduced the Hadood Ordinance for the first time in
Pakistan, which meant the punishments ordained by the Holy Quran or Sunnah on the use of
liquor, theft, adultery and qazf. Under this Ordinance, a culprit could be sentenced to lashing, life
imprisonment and in some cases, death by stoning. The Islamic laws of Zia also included laws
for women. Zia put forward the theory of “Chadar Aur Chaar Devari” and this was to be applied
to women. Thus, for the first time, a woman could be flogged for adultery. If a rape was
reported, four witnesses were to be provided otherwise, legally, the rape could be termed
adultery. Another law, The Law of Evidence, under the Shariah laws proposed that the testimony
of a woman was not equal to that of a man. In legal matters, two women would have to stand
witness against the testimony of one man. The status of women was thus arbitrarily cut in half by
Zia. There was little consensus amongst Muslim authorities over this law. The lack of consensus
among the re1igious authorities combined with countrywide protests forced Zia to hold back on
making the Shariah law the law of the country. General Zia-ul-Haq wanted to make Pakistan the
citadel of Islam so that it could play an honorable and prominent role for the Islamic world. The
steps taken by General Zia were in this direction and had a long-term impact; the Zakat tax
introduced by General Zia still holds and so does many of his the other laws.
[Link] the nuclear programme of pakistan.
Ans:
Nuclear programme of pakistan
In May 28, 1998, Pakistan became a nuclear power when it successfully carried out five
nuclear tests at Chaghi, in the province of Baluchistan. This was in direct response to five
nuclear explosions by India, just two weeks earlier. Widely criticized by the international
community, Pakistan maintains that its nuclear program is for self-defense, as deterrence against
nuclear India. A former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, offered justification for
Pakistan’s nuclear program when he said that if India were to produce a bomb, Pakistan would
do anything it could to get one of its own. It has always been maintained by Pakistan that a
nuclear threat posed to its security can neither be met with conventional means of defense, nor
by external security guarantees.
India had already posed a nuclear threat against Pakistan ever since it tested a nuclear
device in May 1974. At that time Pakistan had no nuclear weapons. India maintained that its
nuclear program was based on their requirement to have a minimum nuclear deterrence, and that
it was not against any specific country.
After the tit-for-tat nuclear explosions, the United Nations Security Council unanimously
passed a resolution urging India and Pakistan to halt their nuclear weapons programs. The United
States and other Western states imposed economic sanctions against both the countries. The U.
N. Secretary General, Kofi Annan, urged both the countries to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty, which Pakistan agreed to sign if India did the same.
After the tests, both sides declared that they had completed their series of nuclear testing
and both announced a moratorium on future testing. Pakistan announced the moratorium on June
11, 1998, and offered to join in new peace talks with India. Even long before these tests, Pakistan
has time and again proposed for a nuclear weapon-free zone in South East Asia.

[Link] the important events of Mian Nawaz Sharif government?

Ans:
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
 5

Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was born in Lahore on December 25, 1949. He is the eldest
son of Muhammad Sharif, a joint owner of the Ittefaq Group of Industries.
Nawaz Sharif got his schooling from Saint Anthony’s High School. After graduating
from Government College Lahore, he obtained his Law Degree from the Punjab University.
Nawaz Sharif remained a member of the Punjab Provincial Council for some time. He joined the
Punjab Cabinet as Finance Minister in 1981. He was able to raise the allocation of funds for the
development of rural areas to 70 percent of the Annual Development Program in the Province.
He also held the portfolio of Sports and was able to reorganize the sports activities in the
Province.
In the general elections of 1985, Nawaz Sharif won with an overwhelming majority, both
in the National and Provincial Assemblies. On April 9, 1985, he was sworn-in as Chief Minister
of Punjab. On May 31, 1988, he was appointed caretaker Chief Minister, after the dismissal of
Assemblies by General Zia. Nawaz Sharif was again elected as Chief Minister after the 1988
general elections. A massive uplift of Murree and Kahuta was undertaken during his term as
Chief Minister of Punjab.

On November 6, 1990, Nawaz Sharif was sworn-in as Prime Minister of the country,
after his alliance, I. J. I. won the October 1990 elections. However, Nawaz Sharif could not
complete his term of five years, and was dismissed by the President in April 1993. He was
reinstated by the superior Judiciary, but had to resign along with the President in July 1993.
During his tenure as the Prime Minister, efforts were made to strengthen the industries with the
help of private sector. Projects like Ghazi Brotha and Gawadar Miniport were initiated. Land was
distributed among landless peasants in Sindh. Relations with the Central Asian Muslim
Republics were strengthened and E. C. O. was given a boost. In an attempt to end the Afghan
crisis, the “Islamabad Accord” was reached between various Afghan factions. His most
important contribution was economic progress despite American sanctions on Pakistan through
the Pressler Amendment.
Pakistan Muslim League again won the elections held in February 1997, and Mian
Nawaz Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an overwhelming majority.
Taking advantage of his absolute majority in the National Assembly, he added a landmark in the
constitutional history of Pakistan by repealing the controversial Eighth Amendment. This
Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment stripped the President of his powers, under Article 52(b)
of the Eighth Amendment, to dismiss the Prime Minister and dissolve the National Assembly. He
added another milestone to the Constitution when his Parliament adopted the anti-defection
Fourteenth Amendment Bill. His development venture of the Lahore-Islamabad motorway has
also been appreciated by a segment of the society, while others have criticized it for being an
extravagance for a developing country.

During his second tenure, his working relationship with the apex court severed, and his
differences with the Chief Justice came out in public. He also developed an uneasy relationship
with the President, Farooq Leghari, who had earlier been his major political opponent. With the
passing of the Thirteenth Amendment, the President was on a direct collision course with the
Prime Minster. A few months later, this, and the dramatic confrontation with the Judiciary,
culminated in the removal of the Supreme Court Chief Justice, Sajjad Ali Shah, and on
December 2, 1997, the resignation of President Farooq Leghari.
 6

On October 12, 1999, the civilian Government headed by Nawaz Sharif was overthrown
by a military coup. Controversy over the Kargil operation, corruption charges, and the “Plane
Conspiracy” case are considered to be the main reasons for his ouster.
After an extensive trial, Nawaz Sharif was charged and found guilty in the “Plane
Conspiracy” case. On request of the Saudi Royal Family, the Government of Pakistan exiled him
to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where he now lives with his close family.

[Link] the important events of Benazir Bhutto government?

Ans:
Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
In the 1988 elections, Pakistan Peoples Party won 94 seats in the National Assembly
without forming any alliance. With the cooperation of 8 M. Q. M. members and 13 members of
the Federally Administered tribal Area, the P. P. P. showed a clear majority. Benazir Bhutto,
daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was sworn in as the Prime Minister, the first woman to govern
an Islamic State.
Soon after taking oath, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto announced that the ban on Student
Unions and Trade Unions would be lifted. The P. P. P. Government hosted the fourth S. A. A. R.
C. Summit Conference in December 1988. As a result of the Conference, Pakistan and India
finalized three peace agreements.

But soon, Benazir’s Government started facing problems on the political front. A. N. P.
deserted the Pakistan People Party and on November 1, 1989, a no-confidence motion was
moved against the Prime Minister by the opposition. Benazir was barely able to pull through
with 12 votes to her advantage. M. Q. M., which had formed an alliance with the P. P. P. also
broke away and started creating trouble in Sindh.
Serious conceptual differences arose between the P. P. P. Government and the
Establishment. Less than two years later, on August 6, 1990, her Government was accused of
corruption and dismissed by the President, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who exercised his power
through the controversial Eighth Amendment of the Constitution.

Benazir Bhutto’s Regime I (1988-1990)

Benazir Bhutto took the charge of the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 December,1988
thus becoming the first lady head of government of a Muslim country. She got the vote of
confidence in the National Assembly soon after. Under the agreement, PPP nominated Ghulam
Ishaque Khan its candidate for fourth coming presidential election. Consequently he won the
elections and became the President for the next term of five years.
The first step of Benazir Bhutto’s Government was to release hundreds of political
prisoners who were sentenced to various lengths of rigorous imprisonment by the previous
Martial Law government.
Similarly, cases against political exiles were withdrawn, which encouraged many of them
to return to Pakistan. The government released various categories of women prisoners, old
prisoners and child prisoners.
 7

First term (1988–1990)[edit]

Benazir Bhutto became 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988. Arriving at
the Prime Minister Secretariat, Benazir Bhutto addressed the huge crowd:
We gather together to celebrate freedom, to celebrate democracy, to celebrate the three most
beautiful words in the English language: `"We the People. "
—Benazir Bhutto on 2 December 1988,
Initially on 2 December, Benazir Bhutto formed a coalition government with MQM, a
liberal party, as her ally. As time passed, Bhutto quietly isolated MQM's influence from
government and later ousted them, establishing a single party government and claiming the entire
mandate from all of Pakistan. During this time, the effects of General Zia'sdomestic
policies began to reveal themselves and she found them difficult to counter. During her first
term, Bhutto vowed to repeal the controversial Hudood Ordinance and to revert the Eight
Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto also promised to shift
Pakistan's semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system. But none of the reforms were
made and Benazir began to struggle with conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan over the
issues of executive authority. President Khan repeatedly vetoed proposed laws and ordinances
that would have lessened his presidential authority. Benazir Bhutto's accomplishments during
this time were in initiatives for nationalist reform and modernisation, which some conservatives
characterised as Westernization.
Relations with India and Afghanistan war
Benazir took the office in the crucial and penultimate decade of Cold War, and closely
aligned with the United States President George H. W. Bush, based on a mutual distrust
ofCommunism, although she strongly opposed United States's support of Afghan Mujaheddin
which she labeled "America's Frankenstein" during her first state visit to United States in
1989. Benazir Bhutto's government oversaw and witnessed the major events in the alignment of
the Middle East and the South Asia. On the Western front, theSoviet Union was withdrawing its
combatant forces in Afghanistan and the United States-Pakistan alliance had broken off with the
United States suspicions on Pakistani nuclear weapons, in 1990. Benazir Bhutto deliberately
attempted to warm the relations with neighboring India and met with prime minister Rajiv
Gandhi in 1989 where she negotiated for a trade agreement when the Indian premier paid a
farewell visit to Pakistan.
Science policy

While on her trip to United Kingdom in 1990, Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Dr. Abdus
Salam, a Nobel laureate in Physics and science advisor of her father, where she had paid great
respect to Abdus Salam. During her first and second term, Benazir Bhutto followed the same
policy on science and technology as her father did in 1972, and promoted themilitary funding of
science and technology as part of her policy. However, in 1988, Benazir Bhutto was denied
access to any of the country's classified national research institutes run under the Pakistan Armed
Forces which maintained under the control of civilian President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the
Chief of Army Staff. Ironically, Bhutto was deliberately kept unaware about the progress of the
nuclear complexes when country passed the milestone of manufacturing fissile core decades
ago. The U.S. Ambassador, Robert Oakley, was the first diplomat to have notified about the
complexes in 1988. Shortly after this, Benazir summoned Chairman of the PAEC, Munir Ahmad
Khan who she knew since 1975 in her office where Khan brought Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan with
 8

him and introduced Dr. Khan to the prime minister. At there, Benazir Bhutto learned to status of
this crash program which had been matured since 1978, and on behalf of dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan,
Benazir first paid the visit to KRL in 1989 which angered the President Ghulam Ishaq
Khan. Benazir Bhutto also responded to Khan when she moved the Ministry of Science and
Technology's office to the Prime Minister Secretariat with Munir Ahmad Khan directly reporting
to her. Benazir Bhutto had successfully eliminated any possibilities of Khan's involvement or
any influence in science research programmes, a policy which also benefited Nawaz Sharif.
Atomic weapons programme
In opposition to her conservative opponent Nawaz Sharif whose policy was to make the
nuclear weapons programme benefit the economy, Benazir Bhutto took aggressive steps and
decisions to modernise and expand the integrated atomic weapons programme founded and
started by her father in 1972, was one of the key political administrative figures of
Pakistan's nuclear deterrent development. During her first time, Benazir Bhutto established the
separate but integrated nuclear testing programme in the atomic bomb programme, thus
establishing a nuclear testing programme where the authorisations were required by the Prime
minister and the military leadership. Despite Benazir's denial for the authorisation of the nuclear
testing programme in her second term, Benazir continued to modernise the programme into new
heights despite the United States' embargo, which she termed this embargo as "contractual
obligation".
Space programme
Benazir Bhutto continued her policy to modernise and expand the space programme and
as part of that policy, she launched and supervised the clandestine project integrated research
programme (IRP), a missile programme which remained under Benazir Bhutto's watch and
successfully ended in 1996, also under her auspices. As part of her policy, Benazir constituted
the establishment of National Development Complex and the University Observatory in Karachi
University and expanded the facilities for the space research. Pakistan's first military
satellite, Badr-I, was also launched under her government through China, while the second
military satellite Badr-II was completed during her second term. With launching of Badr-I,
Pakistan became the first Muslim country to have launched and placed a satellite in
Earth's orbit. She declared 1990 a year of space in Pakistan and conferred national awards to
scientists and engineers who took participation in the development of this satellite.
1989 military scandal
In 1989, public media reported a sting operation and political scandal
codename, Midnight Jackal, when former members of ISI hatched a plan to topple the Bhutto
government. Midnight Jackal was a political intelligence operation launched under President
Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg, and the objectives
were to bring the vote of no confidence movement in the Parliament by bribing the members of
Benazir's own party. Lieutenant-General Asif Nawaz had suspected the activities of Brigadier-
General Imtiaz Ahmad, therefore, a watch cell unit was dispatched to keep an eye on the
Brigadier.
Dismissal
By the 1990, Benazir Bhutto had successfully lessened the role of President Ghulam
Ishaq Khan in government operations as well as Khan's importance in the military. With the
following revelation of Midnight Jackal, Benazir had successfully undermined Khan's
importance in national politics and his influence in government-ruling operations on the day-to-
 9

day basis. Benazir Bhutto was thought by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to be a young and
inexperienced figure in politics, though highly educated. But, Khan had miscalculated the
capabilities of Bhutto who emerged as a 'power player' in international politics. Benazir Bhutto's
authoritative actions frustrated the President who was not taken in confidence while the decisions
were made, and by 1990, the power struggle between the Prime minister and President
ensued. Because of the semi-presidential system, Benazir needed permission from Khan for
imposing new policies, which Khan vetoed as he seen to moderate or contradict to his point of
view. Benazir, through herlegislators, also attempted to shift parliamentary democracy to replace
the semi-presidential system, but Khan's constitutional powers always vetoed Benazir's attempts.
The amid tales of corruption began to surfaced in the media in the nationalised industries
and corporations which undermined the credibility of Benazir Bhutto. The unemployment and
labour strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country
and Benazir Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to in a cold war with the President. In
November 1990, after a long political battle, Khan finally used the Eighth Amendment (VIII
Amendment) to dismiss the Bhutto government following charges of corruption, nepotism,
and despotism. Khan soon called for new elections in 1990 where Bhutto conceded defeat.

Benazir Bhutto’s Regime I (1993-1996)

Though the Pakistan People's Party won the most seats (86 seats) in the election but fell
short of an outright majority, with the PML-N in second place with 73 seats in the Parliament.
The PPP performed extremely well on Bhutto's native province, Sindh, and rural Punjab, while
the PML-N was strongest in industrial Punjab and the largest cities such
as Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi. On 19 October 1993, Benazir Bhutto was sworn as Prime
Minister for second term allowing her to continue her reform initiatives.
Benazir Bhutto learned a valuable experience and lesson from the presidency of Ghulam
Ishaq Khan, and the presidential elections were soon called after her re election. After carefully
examining the candidates, Benazir Bhutto decided to appoint Farooq Leghari as for her
president, in which, Leghari sworned as 8th President of Pakistan on 14 November 1993 as well
as first Baloch to have became president since the country's independence. Leghari was
an apolitical figure who was educated Kingston University London receiving his degree in same
discipline as of Benazir Bhutto. But unlike Khan, Leghari had no political background, no
experience in government running operations, and had no background understanding the civil-
military relations. In contrast, Leghari was a figurehead and puppet president with all of the
military leadership directly reporting to Benazir Bhutto. She first time gave the main ministry to
the minorities and appointed Julius Salik as Minister for Population Welfare. The previous
governments only give ministry for minority affairs as a minister of state or parliamentary
secretary. J. Salik is a very popular leader among minorities and won the MNA seat by getting
highest votes throughout Pakistan.
Domestic affairs
Benazir Bhutto was Prime Minister at a time of great racial tension in Pakistan. Her
approval poll rose by 38% after she appeared and said in a private television interview after the
elections: "We are unhappy with the manner in which tampered electoral lists were provided in a
majority of constituencies; our voters were turned away." The Conservatives attracted voters
from religious society (MMA) whose support had collapsed. The Friday Times noted "Both of
them (Nawaz and Benazir) have done so badly in the past, it will be very difficult for them to do
 10

worse now. If Bhutto's government fails, everyone knows there will be no new elections. The
army will take over". In confidential official documents Benazir Bhutto had objected to the
number of Urdu speaking class in 1993 elections, in context that she had no Urdu-speaking
sentiment in her circle and discrimination was continued even in her government. Her stance on
these issues was perceived as part of rising public disclosure which Altaf Hussain called
"racism". Due to Benazir Bhutto's stubbornness and authoritative actions, her political rivals
gave her the nickname "Iron Lady"of Pakistan. No response was issued by Bhutto, but she soon
associated with the term.
Women's issues
During her election campaigns, she had promised to repeal controversial laws (such
as Hudood and Zina ordinances) that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan. Bhutto waspro-
life and spoke forcefully against abortion, most notably at the International Conference on
Population and Development in Cairo, where she accused the West of "seeking to impose
adultery, abortion, intercourse education and other such matters on individuals, societies and
religions which have their own social ethos." However, Bhutto was not supported by the leading
women organisations, who argued that after being elected twice, none of the reforms were made,
instead controversial laws were exercised more toughly. Therefore, in 1997 elections, Bhutto
failed to secure any support from women's organisations and minorities also gave Bhutto the
cold-shoulder when she approached them. It was not until 2006 that the Zina ordinance was
finally repealed by a Presidential Ordinance issued by Pervez Musharraf in July 2006.
Bhutto was an active and founding member of the Council of Women World Leaders, a
network of current and former prime ministers and presidents.
Economic issues
Benazir Bhutto was an economist by profession; therefore during her terms, Benazir
Bhutto had no Minister to lead the Ministry of the Treasury. Benazir Bhutto appointed herself
as Treasury Minister, taking the charge of economic and financial affairs on her hand. Benazir
sought to improve the country's economy which was declining as the time was passing. Benazir
disagreed with her father's nationalization and socialist economics. Soon after the collapse of
the Soviet Union, Benazir attempted to privatize major industries that were nationalized in
1970s. Benazir Bhutto promised to end the nationalisation programme and to carried out the
industrialisation programme by means other than the state intervention. But controversially
Benazir Bhutto did not carry out the denationalization programme or liberalization of the
economy during her first government. No nationalized units were privatized, few economic
regulations were reviewed.
Privatization and era of stagflation
During her second term, Benazir Bhutto continued to follow former prime minister
Nawaz Sharif's privatisation policies, which she called a "disciplined macroeconomics
policy". After the 1993 general elections, the privatisation programme of state-owned banks and
utilities accelerated; more than ₨ 42 billion was raised from the sale of nationalised
corporations and industries, and another $20 billion from the foreign investment made the United
States. After 1993, the country's national economy again entered in the second period of the
stagflation and more roughly began bite the country's financial resources and the financial
capital. Bhutto's second government found it extremely difficult to counter the second era of
stagflation with Pressler amendment and the US financial and military embargo tightened its
position. After a year of study, Benazir Bhutto implemented and enforced the Eighth Plan to
 11

overcome the stagflation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating
economic and social progress. But, according to American ambassador to Pakistan, William
Milam's bibliography, "Bangladesh and Pakistan:Flirting with Failure in South Asia", the Eighth
Plan (which reflected the Soviet styled highly centralized and planned economic system) was
doomed to meet with failure from the very beginning of 1994, as the policies were weak and
incoherent.
Foreign policy
Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy was controversial. As for her second term, Benazir
Bhutto expanded Pakistan's relations with the rest of the world. As before like her father, Benazir
Bhutto sought to strengthen the relations with socialist states, and Benazir Bhutto's first visit
to Libya strengthened the relations between the two countries. Benazir also thanked Muammar
al-Gaddafi for his tremendous efforts and support for her father during before Zulfikar's trial in
1977. Ties continued with Libya but deteriorated after Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in
1990 and again in 1997. In Pakistan, Gaddafi was said to be very fond of Benazir Bhutto and was
a family friend of Bhutto family, but disliked Nawaz Sharif due to his ties with General Zia in
the 1980s. Benazir Bhutto is said to have paid a state visit to North Korea in early 1990 and in
1996, and according to journalistShyam Bhatia, Bhutto smuggled CDs containing uranium
enrichment data to North Korea on a state visit that same year in return for data on missile
technology. According to the expert, Benazir Bhutto acted as female "James Bond", and left with
a bag of computer disks to pass on to her military to North Korea.
Relations with military
During her first term, Benazir Bhutto had strained relationship with the Pakistan Armed
Forces, especially with Pakistan Army. Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg had cold
relations with the elected prime minister, and continued to undermine her authority. As for the
military appointments, Benazir Bhutto refused to appoint General Beg as theChairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, instead invited Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey to take the
chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1988, Benazir Bhutto appointed Air Chief
Marshal Hakimullah as the Chief of Air Staff and Admiral Jastural Haq as the Chief of Naval
Staff. In 1988, shortly after assuming the office, Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Siachen region, to
boost the moral of the soldiers who fought the Siachen war with India. This was the first visit of
any civilian leader to any military war-zone area since the country's independence in 1947. In
1988, Benazir appointed Major-General Pervez Musharraf as Director-General of the Army
Directorate General for Military Operations (DGMO); and then-Brigadier-General Ishfaq Pervez
Kayani as her Military-Secretary. In 1989, the Pakistan Army exposed the alleged Operation
Midnight Jackal against the government of Benazir Bhutto. When she learned the news, Benazir
Bhutto ordered the arrest and trial of former ISI officer Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmad and Major Amir
Khan, it was later revealed that it was General Beg who was behind this plot. General Beg soon
paid the price in 1993 elections, when Benazir Bhutto politically destroyed the former general
and his career was over before taking any shifts in politics. During her first term, Benazir Bhutto
had successfully removed senior military officers including Lieutenant-GeneralsHamid
Gul, Zahid Ali Akbar, General Jamal Ahmad Khan, and Admiral Tarik Kamal Khan, all of
whom had anti-democratic views and were closely aligned to General Zia-ul-Haq, replacing
them with officers who were educated in Western military institutes and academies, generally the
ones with more westernised democratic views.
 12

Policy on Taliban[edit]
The year of 1996 was crucial for Benazir Bhutto's policy on Afghanistan when Pakistan-
backed extremely religious group, the Taliban, took power in Kabul in September 1996. It was
during Benazir Bhutto's rule that the Taliban gained prominence in Afghanistan and many of her
government, including herself, had backed the Taliban for gaining the control of
Afghanistan. She continued her father's policy on Afghanistan taking aggressive measures to
curb the anti-Pakistan sentiments in Afghanistan. During this time, many in the international
community at the time, including the United States government, viewed the Taliban as a group
that could stabilise Afghanistan and enable trade access to the Central Asian republics, according
to author Steve Coll.
Coup d'état attempt
In 1995, Benazir Bhutto's government survived an attempted coup d'état hatched by
renegade military officers of the Pakistan Army. The culprit and ringleader of the coup was a
junior level officer, Major-General Zahirul Islam Abbasi, who had radical views. Others
included Brigadier-Generals Mustansir Billa, and Qari Saifullah of Pakistan Army. The
secretISI learned of this plot and tipped off the Pakistan Army and at midnight before the coup
could take place, it was thwarted. The coup was exposed by Lieutenant-General (retired)Ali Kuli
Khan, at that time Major-General and head of the Military Intelligence, and Lieutenant-
General (retired) Jehangir Karamat, Chief of General Staff. The Military Intelligence led the
arrest of 36 army officers and 20 civilians in Rawalpindi; General Ali Kuli Khan reported to
Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto early morning and submitted his report on the coup. After
learning this, Benazir was angered and dismayed, therefore a full-fledged running court martial
was formed by Benazir Bhutto. Prime Minister Benazir issued arrests of numbers of religiously
conservatives leaders and therefore denied the amnesty and clemency calls made by the Army
officers. By the 1996, all of the dissident officers were either jailed or shot dead by the Pakistan
Army and a report was submitted to the Prime minister. General Kuli Khan and General Karamat
received wide appreciation from the prime minister and were decorated with the civilian
decorations and award by her.
Death of younger brother
In 1996, the Bhutto family suffered another tragedy in Sindh Province, Benazir Bhutto's
stronghold and political lair. Murtaza Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto's younger brother, was
controversially and publicly shot down in a police encounter in Karachi. Since 1989, Murtaza
and Benazir had a series of disagreements on formulating the Pakistan Peoples Party's policies
and Murtaza's opposition towards Benazir's operations against the Urdu-speaking class. Murtaza
also developed serious disagreement with Benazir's spouseAsif Ali Zardari, and unsuccessfully
attempted to remove his influence in the government. Benazir and Murtaza's mother, Nusrat
Bhutto, sided with Murtaza which also dismayed the daughter. In a controversial interview,
Benazir declared that Pakistan only needed one Bhutto, not two, though she denied giving or
passing any comments. Her younger brother increasingly made it difficult for her to run the
government after he raised voices against Benazir's alleged corruption. Alone in Sindh, Benazir
lost the support of the province to her younger brother. At the political campaign, Murtaza
demanded party elections inside the Pakistan Peoples Party, which according to Zardari, Benazir
would have lost due to Nusrat backing Murtaza and many workers inside the party being willing
to see Murtaza as the country's Prime minister as well as the chair of the party. More problems
arose when Abdullah Shah Lakiyari, Chief Minister of Sindh, and allegedly her spouse created
 13

disturbances in Murtaza's political campaign. On 20 September 1996, in a controversial police

encounter, Murtaza Bhutto was shot dead near his residence along with six other party
activists. As the news reached all of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto hurriedly returned to Karachi, and
an emergency was proclaimed in the entire province. Benazir Bhutto's limo was stoned by
angered PPP members when she tried to visit Murtaza's funeral ceremonies. Her brother's death
had crushed their mother, and she was immediately admitted to the local hospital after learning
that her son had been killed. At Murtaza's funeral, Nusrat accused Benazir and Zardari of being
responsible, and vowed to pursue prosecution.
President Farooq Leghari, who dismissed the Bhutto government seven weeks after
Murtaza's death, also suspected Benazir and Zardari's involvement. Several of Pakistan's leading
newspapers alleged that Zardari wanted his brother-in-law out of the way because of Murtaza's
activities as head of a breakaway faction of the PPP. In all, after this incident, Benazir Bhutto
lost all support from Sindh Province. Public opinion later turned against her, with many
believing that her spouse was involved in the murder, a claim her spouse strongly rejected.
Dismissal
In spite of her tough rhetorical actions to subdue her political rivals and neighbouring
India and Afghanistan, the government corruption heightened and exceeded its limits during her
second regime by her appointed government members and cabinet ministers, most notable
figures were both Asif Ali Zardari and Admiral Mansurl Haq. Soon after the death of her
younger brother, Benazir Bhutto widely became unpopular and public opinion turned against her
government. In Sindh Province, Benazir Bhutto lost all the support from the powerful feudal
lords and political spectrum that turned against her. In 1996, the major civil-military scandal
became internationally and nationally known when her spouse Asif Ali Zardari (now the current
President of Pakistan) was linked with then-Chief of Naval Staff and former Admiral Mansurol
Haque. Known as Agosta class scandal, many of higher naval admirals and government officials
of both French and Pakistan were accused to have gotten heavy commissions while the deal was
disclosed to sell this sensitive submarine technology to Pakistan Navy.
In November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by Leghari primarily because of
corruption and Murtaza's death, who used the Eighth Amendment discretionary powers to
dissolve the government. Benazir was surprised when she discovered that it was not the military
who had dismissed her but her own hand-picked puppet President who had used the power to
dismiss her. She turned to the Supreme Court hoping for gaining Leghari's actions
unconstitutional. But the Supreme Court justified and affirmed President Leghari's dismissal in a
6–1 ruling. Many military leaders who were close to Prime minister rather than the President, did
not wanted Benazir Bhutto's government to fall, as they resisted the Nawaz Sharif's
conservatism. When President Leghari, through public media, discovered that
General Kakar (Chief of Army Staff), General Khattak (Chief of Air Staff), and
Admiral Haq (Chief of Naval Staff) had been backing Benazir to come back in the government;
President Leghari aggressively responded by dismissing the entire military leadership by
bringing the pro-western democracy views but neutral military leadership that would supervise
the upcoming elections. This was the move that Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (elected in 1997)
did repeat in 1999, when Nawaz Sharif had deposed General Jehangir Karamat after developing
serious disagreements on the issues of national security.
Causes of military coup 1999
 14

The 1999 Pakistani coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état in which the Pakistan
Army and then Chief of Army Staff andChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee, General Pervez Musharraf, overthrew elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharifand his
existing elected government, on 12 October 1999. Two days later, on 14 October 1999,
Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the coup to be legal, but ordered that the army
rule be limited to three years. Consequently, Musharraf held a national referendum on allowing
himself to continue his rule, on 30 April 2002. The referendum, which Musharraf won with
almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the Human Rights
Commission of Pakistan, to be highly fraudulent.
After the Kargil War, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was already on bad terms with Chief
of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Sharif assigned blame for the political and military
disaster on Musharraf, and Musharraf placed the blame on Sharif.[5] On 12 October 1999, Sharif
dismissed Musharraf and nominated the ISI Director-General, Lt Gen Ziauddin Butt, in his
place. Musharraf, who was, at that time, on an official visit to Sri Lanka, immediately boarded a
commercial airliner back to Pakistan. Also on board were Major-General Tariq Majid and
Brigadier-General Nadeem Taj. In an attempt to thwart Musharraf's return to Karachi, Pakistan,
Sharif ordered the plane to be diverted to Nawabshah. When this failed, Sharif ordered the
Karachi airport to refuse to allow the plane to land; the airport used civil aviation planes to block
the runway. The Pakistan Army, under directions from Lieutenant General Muzaffar Usmani,
seized the control tower and allowed the plane to land. After this, troops took control of the state-
run television station in Islamabad, encircled the Prime Minister House, gained control of
international airports, and cut international phone lines.
On 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional
Constitutional Order. These designated Musharraf as Chief Executive, suspended the federal and
provincial Parliaments, and suspended the Constitution, although they left Muhammad Rafiq
Tarar in office as President.
Q. describe the important aspects of 1973 constitution?
Ans:
1973 Constitution of Pakistan

On 7th April, 1972 the national assembly of Pakistan appointed a committee to prepare a
draft of the permanent constitution of Pakistan. A bill to provide a constitution was introduced by
the committee in the Assembly on February2, 1973. The Assembly passed the bill on 10th April,
1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973.
The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic
Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islam.
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution
The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of
Holy Qur'an and Sunnah.
Official Name
Pakistan shall be known as "Islamic Republic of Pakistan."
State Religion
Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.
Sovereignty Belongs to Allah
 15

Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the authority
bestowed by him on men is a sacred trust which the people of Pakistan will exercise with the
limits prescribed by Qur'an and Sunnah.
Definition of a Muslim
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim. A person who believes in Tauheed
or Oneness of Allah, and in the prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet
of Allah has described as a Muslim.
A Muslim to be a President and Prime Minister
The constitution laid down that only Muslims shall be elected President and Prime
Minister of Pakistan. Non non-Muslim could hold these offices.
Islamic Way of life
Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance
with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils
The state shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice and eradication of
social evils and shall prevent prostitution, gambling and taking of injurious drugs, printing,
publication, circulation and display of obscene literature and advertisements.
Teachings of Holy Qur'an
The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Qur'an and Islamic Studies compulsory
to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.
Strengthen Bond with Muslim World
The state shall endeavour to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries in
order to promote Islamic unity.
Council of Islamic Ideology
There is a council of Islamic ideology which shall guide the government in respect of
Islamic teachings, their implementation and propagation. Its chairman and members are
appointed by President. Although its advice is not binding on the government yet it is not easy
for any government to ignore or over rule its suggestion or opinion regarding any law.
Error Free Publication of Quran
The government shall endeavor to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the
Holy Qur'an.
Oath to Project and Promote Islamic Ideology
The Federal and Provincial Ministers, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National
and Provincial Assemblies, the Chairman of the Senate and the Governors and Chief Ministers of
the Provinces also take oath to preserve and protect the Islamic Ideology.
Ahmadi’s/Qadiani 's A Non Muslim Minority
According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution, the Qadiani group or the
Lahori group who call themselves "Ahmadi’s" were declared as Non-Muslim minority.
[Link] the following:
Jihad-e-afghanistan
The nationalization of industries in prime minister zulfiqar ali
Bhutto period.
Ans:
 16

Afghan jihad
The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted nine years from December 1979 to February 1989.
Part of the Cold War, it was fought between Soviet-led Afghan forces against multi-national
insurgent groups called the Mujahideen, mostly composed of two alliances - the Peshawar
Seven and the Tehran Eight. The Peshawar Seven insurgents received military training in
neighboring Pakistan and China, as well as weapons and billions of dollars from the United
States, United Kingdom,Saudi Arabia, and other countries. The Shia groups of Tehran
Eight alliance received support from the Islamic Republic of Iran. The decade-long war resulted
in millions of Afghans fleeing their country, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. Hundreds of thousands
of Afghan civilians were killed in addition to the rebels in the war.
The initial Soviet deployment of the 40th Army in Afghanistan began on December 24,
1979, under Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988,
and ended on February 15, 1989, under the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev. Due to the
interminable nature of the war, the conflict in Afghanistan has sometimes been referred to as the
"Soviet Union's Vietnam War" or the "Bear Trap"

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was formed after the Saur Revolution on April
27, 1978. The government was one with a pro-poor, pro-farmer and socialistic agenda. It had
close relations with the Soviet Union. On December 5, 1978, a friendship treaty was signed
between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan. On July 3, 1979, United States President Jimmy
Carter signed the first directive for covert financial aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime
in Kabul.
Russian military involvement in Afghanistan has a long history, going back
to Tsarist expansions in the so-called "Great Game" between Russia and Britain. This began in
the 19th century with such events as the Panjdeh Incident, a military skirmish that occurred in
1885 when Russian forces seized Afghan territory south of the Oxus River around an oasis
atPanjdeh. This interest in the region continued on through the Soviet era, with billions in
economic and military aid sent to Afghanistan between 1955 and 1978.
In February 1979, the Islamic Revolution ousted the American-backed Shah from
Afghanistan's neighbor Iran. The United States Ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was
kidnapped by Setami Milli militants and was later killed during an assault carried out by the
Afghan police, assisted by Soviet advisers. The death of the U.S. Ambassador led to a major
degradation in Afghanistan–United States relations.
The United States then deployed twenty ships to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian
Sea including two aircraft carriers, and there was a constant stream of threats of warfare between
the US and Iran.
March 1979 marked the signing of the U.S.-backed peace agreement between Israel and
Egypt. The Soviet leadership saw the agreement as a major advantage for the United States.
One Soviet newspaper stated that Egypt and Israel were now "gendarmes of the Pentagon". The
Soviets viewed the treaty not only as a peace agreement between their erstwhile allies in Egypt
and the U.S.-supported Israelis but also as a military pact. In addition, the U.S. sold more than
5,000 missilesto Saudi Arabia and also supplied the Royalist rebels in the North Yemen Civil
War against the Nasserist government. Also, the Soviet Union's previously strong relations
with Iraq had recently soured. In June 1978, Iraq began entering into friendlier relations with the
 17

Western world and buying French and Italian-made weapons, though the vast majority still came
from the Soviet Union, its Warsaw Pact allies, and China.
Soviet intervention
On October 31, 1979 Soviet informants to the Afghan Armed Forces who were under
orders from the inner circle of advisors under Soviet premier Brezhnev, relayed information for
them to undergo maintenance cycles for their tanks and other crucial equipment. Meanwhile,
telecommunications links to areas outside of Kabul were severed, isolating the capital. With a
deteriorating security situation, large numbers of Soviet Airborne Forces joined stationed ground
troops and began to land in Kabul on December 25. Simultaneously, Amin moved the offices of
the president to the Tajbeg Palace, believing this location to be more secure from possible
threats. According to Colonel General Tukharinov and Merimsky, Amin was fully informed of
the military movements, having requested Soviet military assistance to northern Afghanistan on
December 17. His brother and General Dmitry Chiangov met with the commander of the 40th
Army before Soviet troops entered the country, to work out initial routes and locations for Soviet
troops.
On December 27, 1979, 700 Soviet troops dressed in Afghan uniforms,
including KGB and GRU special forces officers from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group,
occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including their primary
target – the Tajbeg Presidential Palace.
Zulfiqar ali Bhutto reforms
The Age of Reforms
Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in his very first speech on the night of 20 December, 1971,
declared that he would introduce various reforms and would come down with a heavy hand on
corruption: his declared objective being to put the social and economic system right. The reforms
introduced by the People’s Government reflect a radical change in respect of the organization of
the social and economic systems.
Reforms Reflect Radical Chang
The process of economic reforms speedily carried out has prepared the economy to
channel the gains in production towards meeting the essential requirements of the people. Main
elements of the new economic system as it had emerged include organization of agriculture on
the basis of large number of small and medium size holdings within a prescribed ceiling; legal
protection to the rights of the tenants where tenancy system may persist; public management of
basic industries; the acceptance of the principle that by and large basic industries would be
developed under public management; public sector direction of credit facilities; improvement in
the bargaining strength of the labour with assured rights and universal access to basic facilities
like health and education to remove handicaps which prevent individuals from participating in
the economic activity to the best of their ability. These institutional changes together with the
remolding of economic policies to satisfy basic needs of the common man rather than greed of
the privileged few were designed to blaze a new trail of economic progress.
[Link] Reforms
The Land Reforms of 1972 have restricted the individual holdings to 150 acres of
irrigated and 300 acres of un-irrigated land. The excessive land holdings were taken over by the
without paying compensation. Due to these measures agricultural land resumed thus far is over
800,000 acres.
 18

[Link] Reforms
Comprehensive labor reforms were introduced by the Government in July 1972 and
further elaborated and enlarged in August 1972 after threadbare discussions and analysis at a
Tripartite Labour Conference at Islamabad.
They guarantee to the workers their long over due fundamental rights of freedom of
association and collective bargaining, and assurance of greater security of service; representation
in management, group-insurance, old age pension, free education for children and housing and
medical facilities. These laws are now also operative in the centrally Administered Tribal Areas.
These reforms have paved the way for a new workable relationship between the employers and
employees for the future.

[Link] and Corporate Reforms

Ten basic industries were immediately taken over by the Government. These include iron
and steel, basic metal industries, heavy engineering, heavy electrical industries, petro-chemical
industries, cement industries, public utilities and power generation, transmission and distribution,
gas and oil refineries.

[Link] Reforms Order

An Economic Reforms Order promulgated in January 1972 removed the Boards of
Directors and managing Agencies of 20 big industries. A little later 11 industrial units were
added to the list. Again, very recently, to avoid hardship and sufferings to the common man, the
Government has taken over the vegetable oil industry. Managing Agency system has been done
away with. To manage and control the taken over units, Board of Industrial Management was
constituted, which implements the policy directives of the Government and has successfully put
these industries on an even keel. At present only about 18 per cent of industries are under the
public sector. There is thus still greater scope for the private sector to participate and expand the
national economy.

[Link] Reforms
The primary aim of the Banking Reforms is to subject the commercial banks to an
elaborate system of social control. Specifically they aim at bringing about equitable distribution
of bank credit and also ensure greater social accountability. To achieve this goal, a National
Credit Consultative Committee was formed which formulated a Rs. 1,560 million bank credit
plan for the private sector in respect of small loans for low cost housing and advances for
agricultural production.

[Link] Reforms
Since 1959 multiple rates of exchange in the shape of Bonus Vouchers Scheme had been
followed in the country on account of which the industrial sector thrived, whilst the common
man suffered. The Exchange Reforms announced in May 1972 brought realism to the external
value of our currency and also made it impossible for big business to obtain unearned income
from foreign exchange. Pakistani travelers and pilgrims have also benefited from this and in
1972, 80,000 pilgrims performed Hajj. Above all, Pakistan earned 33 million dollars in foreign
 19

exchange with the result that her balance of payments has shown remarkable signs of
improvement.

[Link] Reforms
On 15 March 1972, the New Education Reforms were announced. They envisage
universal and free education up to class (x) throughout the country in three phases. Under this
scheme all educational institutions are to be nationalized. These institutions are now open to
gifted students from all over the country without regard to their financial status and social
background. So far about 400 colleges and several schools have been nationalized in the
provinces of Sind and the Punjab. The college teachers have also been given a respectable
position in society.
[Link] Reforms
This was the most neglected sector independence. No health scheme could succeed
because the common man did not have the means to meet the cost of drugs. To obviate this, it
was necessary as a first step to make medicines available within the reach of the common man
by bringing down the prices and rationalizing their means. To achieve this goal, an act called the
Drug act, 1972, was enacted which prohibited the manufacture and import of any drugs under
brand names after 23 December, 1972 and their sale after 31 March, 1973.
[Link] Reforms
In a historic declaration bringing to an end the notorious and outdated British system
conferring on District officers the power of both judiciary and executive, Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
announced the separation of the judiciary from the executive. Under these reforms the legal
procedures have been simplified, rights and duties have been clearly defined and criminal
litigation made more liberal which meet the long felt needs and cherished desires of the people.
Ch.6
Pakistan in world affairs
[Link] are basic principles of foreign policy of Pakistan?
Ans.
Basic Principles of Foreign Policy of Pakistan
A country frames its foreign policy in the light of its domestic policies. Foreign policy of
a country does not remain static but it changes according to time and circumstances Pakistan’s
principles of foreign policy are its ideology and national integration.

Pakistan came into being on 14th of August 1947 and it inherited the legacy of foreign
policy from the British India. However it made some adjustments in accordance with its ideology
and objectives of Pakistan movement. Its foreign policy was determined by three factors (i)
Security (ii) Development (iii) Ideology. Its security has remained the core stones of its foreign
policy, because of its geographical location and historical background. Its relationship with super
powers and regional powers have been fluctuating according to political weather, injecting a
permanent feelings of uncertainty in their friendship. Thus Pakistan’s foreign policy underwent
changes to exigencies of time and requirement of international situation;
However Pakistan evolved some basic principles of foreign policy which are as under.
 20

1. National Security:
National Security occupies first place in the foreign policy ofPakistan since its
independence Pakistan’s national security is being threatened by theIndia because British left
the Kashmir issue unsolved and three wars have been fought by both countries. As for as
the Kashmir issue is there Pakistan needs to maintain its national security or independence. It is
why the main principle of its foreign policy is national security.

2. Economic Interest:
Pakistan as a developing country is also needed to establish and maintain cordial relations
with those states with whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain
maximum economic aid.

3. Islamic Solidarity:
Pakistan would pursue its ideological objective and would like to achieve the objective of
Islamic Solidarity by promoting its relations with Islamic world and by preserving its Islamic
ideology.

4. Peaceful Co-existence:
Pakistan would believe in peaceful co-existence and would respect the other countries
territorial integrity and sovereignty and non-interference in other’s internal affairs.

5. Non Alignment:
Pakistan had followed the policy of neutrality and had not aligned it self with any block.
When non-aligned movement was formed it joined it and remained active member of it.

6. Bilateralism:
Pakistan has tried to settle its differences with neighbouring countries
including India through bilateral negotiations.

7. United Nations:
Pakistan has faith in the United Nations and has extended full support to the United
Nations actions by contributing military as well as personnel for implementing its decision.

[Link] the objectives of Pakistan,s foreign policy.

Ans:
Foreign Policy Objectives
In light of the guiding principles laid down by the founding fathers and the constitution as
also aspirations of the people of Pakistan, the objectives of foreign policy can be summarized as
under:
1. Promotion Pakistan as a dynamic, progressive, moderate, and democratic Islamic
country.
2. Developing friendly relations with all countries of the world, especially major powers
and immediate neighbours.
3. Safeguarding national security and geo-strategic interests, including Kashmir.
 21

4. Consolidating our commercial and economic cooperation with international community.

5. Safeguarding the interests of Pakistani Diaspora abroad.
6. Ensuring optimal utilization of national resources for regional and international
cooperation.

[Link] the relations between india and Pakistan.

Ans:
Pak india relations
Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number of historical and
political issues, and are defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir
dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even
though the two South Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links,
their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.
After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed
—the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The subsequent partition of the former
British India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from
several hundred thousand to a million. India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu
majority population and a large Muslim minority while Pakistan was established as an Islamic
republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population.
Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations but the
violent partition and numerous territorial disputes would overshadow their relationship. Since
their independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, oneundeclared war and have
been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir dispute is the
main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971,
which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan(now Bangladesh).
There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship—notably, the Shimla
summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the
two nations soured particularly after the Siachen conflict, the intensification ofKashmir
insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war.
Certain confidence-building measures — such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi–
Lahore Bus service — were successful in deescalating tensions. However, these efforts have
been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the
two nations on the brink of a nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed
68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally,
the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani militants resulted in a severe blow to the
ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks.
According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 11% of Indians view Pakistan's influence
positively, with 45% expressing a negative view, while 19% of Pakistanis view India's influence
positively, with 54% expressing a negative view.
Pak-India Relations
If people of any particular country want peace in their country then they should maintain
good relations with other countries. These relations are made especially with powerful countries
of the world as only powerful countries can support a particular country but along the powerful
countries of the world it is necessary to maintain good relations with neighboring countries.
Pakistan have good relations with its neighboring countries but there is only one neighboring
 22

country of Pakistan with which Pakistan has seen number of ups and downs and that neighboring
country is India. Pak-India relations have always fluctuated number of times for number of
different situations.
Since the partition of India and Pakistan in August 1947 citizens of both the countries
have witnessed only hate and anger for each other due to many different issues such as, the long
lasting Kashmir issue, military issues, security issues and there are many uncountable issues for
which citizens of both the countries hate each other. As these types of issues are always there
that’s the reason Pak-India relation never became stable. There was a time when India became
more concerned about the purchasing of arms that Pakistan does, India became more concerned
about the aid given to Pakistan by the military of U.S.A and the most important thing for which
India became concerned regarding Pakistan was the programme of nuclear weapons conducted
by the Pakistan. Disputes were arising between 2 countries due to nuclear programme so in order
to avoid any tension and look over the rising disputes the 2 countries decided to create a
commission and they even created it. Then in 1988 in December it was decided by the Prime
Ministers of both the countries, who were Rajiv Gandhi and Benazir Bhutto at that time that
nuclear facilities of each other will not be attacked by any one from the 2 countries.
In 1997, the Pak-India relations became bit better as they resumed talking after 3 years.
Both country’s Prime Ministers and foreign secretaries all of them met in order to solve the
issues of India and Pakistan those were there all the time since the creation of India and Pakistan
so peace between both the countries can be maintained and Pak-India relations can become
better. Although these meetings were not so effective and outcome was not very big as it was
being expected but it actually gave a hope that Pak-India relations will get better.
In 2001, an earthquake came in India that hit Gujarat. Many citizens of Gujarat die in that
earthquake. As damages were huge so number of countries stood up in order to help India and
along them Pakistan also came forward for helping India. President of Pakistan at that time was
Pervez Musharraf who arranged for lots of supplies for relief and then a plane was sent by him
that was released from Islamabad and it was sent to Ahmadabad. In return India did the same
favor to Pakistan when Pakistan got hit by an earthquake in 2005. These natural calamities faced
by both the countries truly brought both the countries bit closer to each other and there is a hope
that Pak-India relations will get better one day.
[Link] is Pakistan,s neighbouring country which has always supported Pakistan in
difficult [Link].
Ans:
Pak-China Relationships
A country’s existence can’t stay for much longer if the country doesn’t have good
relations with some other countries. Relations are mostly built with those countries that are
strong and powerful in every aspect such as U.S.A and China. Fortunately Pakistan has good
relations with both of the super powers of the world U.S.A and China especially with China.
Pakistan and China are close to each other since 1951. Pakistan has always stood as an ally with
China and Pakistan was also the first country to supported China in gaining a recognized name in
the world and today we can see the results of the Pakistan’s support. Pakistan helped China in
becoming what it has become now. Pak-China relations became stronger at the time of
international isolation in 1960’s.
China supported Pakistan in every way possible in return of all the favors Pakistan gave
to China. China helped Pakistan by giving support of its own military, its economic assistance,
 23

its technical assistance, and arranged nuclear equipments for Pakistan and there many other
uncountable ways in which China helped Pakistan just to return the favor and also to maintain
Pak-China relationship. According to the analysis of experts it is believed that as the relation will
get better between U.S.A and India then Pak-China relation will grow stronger as China is
always there to provide security to its greatest ally Pakistan.
Pakistan has strong trust on China in every aspect and same is the case with China.
Pakistan stood up with China and started supporting it mainly after the defeat of China in 1949.
To improve the diplomatic relations with China Trans-Karakoram tract was ceded by Pakistan
which was going to China. In this way not only Pak-China diplomatic relation got improved but
also China’s border disputes came to an end with India.
When it comes to supporting Pakistan through military then China is always there for
Pakistan as China has extremely strong ties of defense with Pakistan and China is very satisfied
with it. These defense ties give assurance to Pakistan that China is there to provide counter to
any bad influence from U.S.A and India. There are number of defense projects that are ongoing
between Pakistan and China in these recent years. There are also been some agreements
regarding this due to which Pak-China relation has got strengthened in all these years. To the
Army of Pakistan most of the military equipments are issued by China and this is being
happening since 1962. China has also helped Pakistan in establishing ammunition factories with
which it also provided technical assistance to Pakistan in order to modernize the existing
facilities Pakistan has.
The country that has invested the most in Gwadar Pakistan sea port is China. China is
trying its best so Pakistan’s current situations can get better. It even provided its support in order
to protect Pakistan from terrorism so the name of the country Pakistan can get cleared in the eyes
of the people of the world. Citizens of both the countries strongly hope that Pak-China relation
gets stronger and stays longer.
[Link] the relations between Pakistan and iran.
Ans:

Pak-Iran Relationships
We can know the Pak-Iran relations better if we go back to Indo-Iranian ancestry, but it is
better to count the relationship after the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. The relation between
two countries started when Iran became the first country in the whole world to know Pakistan.
Iran is considered as the most important neighbor of Pakistan because of its great help.
And it is said that in the future these two countries will depend on each other for economic
development. The relations between Iran and Pakistan are old and are known all over the world.
In fact, some of the cultural things of Iran are adopted by Pakistan.
In Pak-Iran relations, it must be said that the element that binds these two countries
together is Islam. If we look at the time before the independence of Pakistan, Pakistani people
were closer to Iranians than Indians living in the sub-continent. Pak-Iran relationships were that
strong in the late 19th century that Persian was included in the languages spoken all over
Pakistan. Even today many of the words of Urdu are taken from Persian language and Persian is
taught now in many educational institutes of Pakistan.
Due to some conflicts with Arab countries, Iran became unsecured, but after the
emergence of a Non-Arab Muslim country its security became strong. Iran supported Pakistan in
every problem after its emergence as a country on the map of the world. First prime minister of
 24

Pakistan visited Iran first in 1949 and the head of Iran did the same in the year 1950. In the honor
of head of Iran Pakistani national anthem was also played in the year 1950. After this, the
relationship between Iran and Pakistan became stronger than ever before. In this way a sense of
brotherhood was created according to the Islamic rules and regulations that all the Muslims are
brothers to each other.
After the stability of Pakistan, Iran and Turkey along with Pakistan created an
organization for social development of the countries that were the part of organization. It was
named as Regional cooperation for development (RCD). It was established in 1964. Due to some
issues its name was later changed and the organization was called as Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). This organization bounded all the Muslim countries together. Pakistan was
the first country which introduced Revolutionary government in Iran.
Pakistan played a great role in the Pak-Iran relationship. When the war between Iran and
Iraq was set, Pakistan tried to settle disputes between the two Muslim countries. The relationship
between Pakistan and Iran is really powerful and these two countries share each sorrow and
happiness with each other. These two countries considered the Islamic values and acted as
brothers to each other.

[Link] the relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Ans:
Pak-Afghan Relationship
On accords the everlasting relation between Pakistan & Afghanistan started in August
1947 however the bondage of pak-afghan between its people goes beyond Indo-Pak partition due
to common religious, cultural, traditional, linguistic and ethnic ties shared on both sides.
The common border is 2240 km long and formally known as Durand Line. The fact is that
Pakistan’s western border (Afghanistan’s eastern border) which encompasses Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (previous NWFP), Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) and some
Northern Balauchistan is inhibited by people, clans and tribes of the same origin, race, religion,
norms, culture & language as those who are residing on the other side of the border e.g.
Afghanistan. Majority of individuals from these Pashtun tribes have marital relationships with
families across Pak-Afghan Border on both sides.
The existence predominant Pashtun tribes living in this strip (Pak-Afghan Border) can be
dated back to thousands of years. It is the same ethnic clan through which many rulers and
dynasties ruled in sub-continent. Ahmad Shah Abdali who ruled & liberated people of Punjab
from Marhattas in the famous battle of Panipat (1761) is a well known historic figure in this
regard. Many prominent individuals from Pashtun Tribes (usually referred as Pathans in
Pakistan) served in important military and political posts of both countries e.g. Ayub Khan,
Ghulam Ishaaq Khan, Asfanyaar Wali Khan etc from Pakistan and renowned Zahir Shah family
and Karzais from Afghanistan. Infact present Karzai Government has majority of Pashtuns
serving as minister e.g. Abdul Rahim Wardak, Umer Zakhilwal, Anwar ul Haq Ahady etc. So the
people of this clan (which form the majority in Afghanistan and Tribal Belts of Pakistan) are
playing significant role for the development of respective nations. Nothing seems unusual for
them while residing in any place of these countries. Majority of them consider other country as
their second home apart from the one in which they are living and serving nation. The terrain and
life style of people living along the remote areas of Pak-Afghan border are same.
 25

During soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1980’s many leaders from Afghanistan ran
their campaigns to liberate Afghanistan from foreign occupation inside Pashtun tribal belts of
Pakistan. President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan was the one amongst them. Pakistanis raised
funds and militarily trained Afghans in these areas to fight against oppression which they were
facing at that time. That era marked the best of relations between Afghanistan & Pakistan as
Afghan Muhaajirs (Refugees of Soviet-Afghan War) were not only embraced but also
accommodated by their Pakistani brothers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and adjacent areas. Analysts
from the west still account it as the best example of “Muslim Brotherhood” the world had ever
witnessed. The fruit ripped and Afghans with the support of their Pakistani Muslim brothers
liberated their homeland when the aggressors withdrew in 1989.
As Afghanistan is a landlocked so most of its trade is carried through Pakistan. Pakistani
Governments always supported this phenomenon but gave it more shape after the end of Soviet
occupation to leverage Afghanistan’s economy which was shattered due to war. Still Pakistani
Government has not given up. The most recent and noteworthy occasion in this spectrum is the
Afghan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement held in October 2010. It was signed by Commerce
Ministers of both sides. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was also established to give
access to afghan containers to Wahgah (Indo-Pak Border), and renowned port cities of Karachi
and Gawadar through Pakistani Transport Infrastructure. Infact both countries also agreed on the
construction of railway tracks in Afghanistan and link them to the Pakistani ones. This will help
Afghanistan to accelerate its trade activities and raise its economy. A joint chamber of
commercebetween two countries is also established in November 2010 to add more to the noble
cause.
Apparently the relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan is of neighborhood and
ethnicity for others. However for the people of both these countries it is not limited to blood but
also of spirit. This is none other than the spirit of Humanity and Muslim Brotherhood. As long as
the world will exist so does this spirit.
[Link] the Pakistan,s role in the OIC.
ANS:
Pakistan role in OIC
Pakistan continues to enjoy a privileged status in the Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference). In terms of population,
it is the OIC's second largest member. Being the only Muslim country with nuclear weapons,
having the seventh-largest standing military force, through research
at NESCOM and DESTO and a large labour workforce working in various Muslim countries,
play a role in its prominence.
It was under the pretext of the 2nd summit of OIC held in Lahore between 22–24
February 1974, that Pakistan recognised the former or ex-Eastern Pakistan as the People's
Republic of Bangladesh. Pakistan had initially not invited Bangladesh to attend the summit.
However as members of the OIC group gathered in Lahore, several heads of the state from the
Arab world put pressure on Pakistan's then prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, to invite Sheikh
Mujibur Rehman to attend. A seven member delegation from OIC in fact visited Dacca to invite
Mujib to participate in the summit. As a result of the 2nd OIC summit, Pakistan formally
recognised Bangladesh on 22 February 1974, and Mujib was flown by a special aircraft
from Dacca to Lahore to attend the summit. Bhutto subsequently visited Dacca in July 1974.
Established relations on 18 January 1976.
 26

In line with OIC strong stance against the occupation of Palestine by Israel, Pakistan has
continuously adopted a stance against Israel, while maintaining moral solidarity with Palestine.
Army collaboration
Army Service Corps School has trained up to 30 officers from Muslim countries like
Bangladesh, Bosnia, Maldives, Palestine, Turkey. Pakistan Army Military College of Signalshas
trained more than 500 officers from places such as Burma, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bosnia,
Gambia, Ghana, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Libya, Malaysia, Oman, Nepal, Nigeria,
Oman, Palestine, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Turkmenistan,
Uganda, UAE and Zambia, most of these countries are member of OIC.
Naval collaboration[edit]
More than 1900 officers from Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain,
Qatar, Palestine, Turkmenistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ghana, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya and Oman have
been trained in Pakistan Naval Academy. Pakistan SSGN has also trained officers from countries
like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Qatar and Iran.
Military technology collaboration[edit]
Pakistan is though to have developed its atomic bomb programme with millions of
dollars of contributory aid from (mostly) Saudi Arabia and Libyan oil wealth.
OIC ON THE ISSUE OF KASHMIR
Pakistan has always used OIC as a platform to gather support on the Kahmir conflict
against the Republic of India. In 1969 King Hassan of Morocco invited the Government of India
for the 1969 Summit in Rabat. But after Pakistan then ruler Gen Yahya Khan threatened to walk
out, King Hassan requested the Indian delegates not to attend the meeting.
During the OIC 1994 Conference in Tehren, Pakistan succeeded in persuading the
member countries to create the "OIC Contact Group on Kashmir"
China representation in oic through pakistan
As a goodwill gesture of China's veto power in support of Pakistan at the UN Security
Council, for example the Chinese opposition of UNSC resolution at Pakistan's behest demanding
a ban on the militant organisation Jama'at-ud-Da'wah following the 2008 Mumbai attacks,
Pakistan assured China, that the OIC will not pass any resolution condemning China's 'strike
hard' campaign against the Uighur Muslim minority. Pakistan therefore act as a contact point for
China's engagement with the OIC.
[Link] the genesis and development of Kashmir problem.
Ans:
A brief history of the Kashmir conflict
The Kashmir dispute dates from 1947. The partition of the Indian sub-continent along
religious lines led to the formation of India and Pakistan. However, there remained the problem
of over 650 states, run by princes, existing within the two newly independent countries.
In theory, these princely states had the option of deciding which country to join, or of remaining
independent. In practice, the restive population of each province proved decisive.
The people had been fighting for freedom from British rule, and with their struggle about to bear
fruit they were not willing to let the princes fill the vacuum.

The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between the Government of India, Kashmiri
insurgent groups and the Government of Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. While an
inter-state dispute over Kashmir has existed between India and Pakistan since the Indo-Pakistani
 27

War of 1947 an internal conflict between Kashmiri insurgents (some favouring Kashmiri
accession to Pakistan, and some favouring Kashmir's complete independence.[2]) and the
Government of India has constituted the main conflict and source of violence in the region since
2002.
India and Pakistan have fought at least three wars over Kashmir, including the Indo-
Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1999and since 1984 the two countries have also been involved
in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier. India claims the entire state of Jammu
and Kashmir and as of 2010, administers approximately 43% of the region, including most
of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claims are contested by
Pakistan, which controls approximately 37% of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashmir and the northern
areas of Gilgit Baltistan.
The indians were very insolent and rude towards pakistan and [Link] roots of the
conflict between the Kashmiri insurgents and the Indian Government are tied to a dispute over
local autonomy. Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s and by
1988 many of the democratic reforms provided by the Indian Government had been reversed and
non-violent channels for expressing discontent were limited and caused a dramatic increase in
support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India. In 1987, a disputed State election
created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the state's legislative assembly
members forming armed insurgent groups. In July 1988 a series of demonstrations, strikes and
attacks on the Indian Government began the Kashmir Insurgency which during the 1990s
escalated into the most important internal security issue in India.
The turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir has resulted in thousands of deaths, but has become
less deadly in recent years. There have been protest movements in Indian Administered Kashmir
since 1989. The movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and grievances with the
Indian government, specifically the Indian Military. Elections held in 2008 were generally
regarded as fair by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, had a high voter
turnout in spite of calls by militants for a boycott, and led to the pro-India Jammu & Kashmir
National Conference forming the government in the state. According to Voice of America, many
analysts have interpreted the high voter turnout in this election as a sign that the people of
Kashmir have endorsed Indian rule in the state. However Sajjad Lone, a prominent separatist
leader in Kashmir, claims that "the high turnout should not be taken as a sign that Kashmiris no
longer want independence. In 2009 and 2010 unrest erupted again.
[Link] Pakistan,s relations with the central asian countries.
Ans:
PAKISTAN AND THE CENTRAL ASIAN STATES

Introduction

The Central Asian States (CAS), i.e., Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
and Uzbekistan, with a total population of over 60 millions spread over an area of about four
million square kilometers, are located on historical Silk Route. The region has adjoining borders
with South Asia, West Asia, China and Russia and is of great geo-strategic and politico-
economic importance. Its potential is attracting the attention of extra regional powers.

Pakistan-Central Asia relations are based on geographical proximity, common history,

 28

religion, culture, traditions, values and destiny. Pakistan and these states can work together in
matters of security, stability and development of the region.

They can collaborate in numerous areas, such as scientific and technical fields, banking,
insurance, information technology, pharmaceutical industry, tourism and media. The economies
of CAS and Pakistan are complementary to each other. There is cooperation in several spheres,
notably, war against terrorism, combating religious extremism and drug trafficking.

CURRENT SCENARIO OF RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND

CENTRAL ASIAN STATES

1. ECO, PAKISTAN & Central Asian States

Pakistan and Central Asian States are also the members of Economic Cooperation
Organization; it provides a good opportunity for the Heads of State and Government to meet.
Bilateral meetings on the sidelines offer a closer focus on bilateral relations

2. Common Security Policy

There is a desire in Pakistan that the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) of the
Central Asian States, which is basically an economic grouping, should try to assume a political
role and in due course of time also aspire to the possibility of geopolitical and geo-economic
role.

ECO may help in adopting a common security policy on similar grounds as pursued by
EU in the European States combating religious extremism and Terrorism.

3. Trade and Economic Cooperation

Pakistan should concentrate on the economic and trade ties with CA States.

An important agreement has been concluded with Germany for a rail-road from Hamburg
to Shanghai, through Eastern Europe, Moscow, Tashkent, Kabul, Lahore, Delhi and Shanghai.
This would open the rich mineral deposits of Uzbekistan and Kazhakistan for exploration and
export by Pakistan and through the Arabian Sea again, with a new railway road from the Khyber
Pass to the Russian land.

4. Investing in Untapped Natural Resources of CA States

Although Central Asian States are land-locked and dependent on other regional partners
for export purposes but still all eyes are set on central Asian States. The Caspian Sea in Central
Asia contains the world’s largest untapped oil and gas resources. All countries in the region are
getting close to Central Asian States and they geared up their trade.
Pakistan’s loans of $ 10 to 30 million to each of the CA States and its commitment to
cooperate in the building of $500 million hydel power station in Tajikstan are some of the many
 29

indicators of its keen wish to assist them in their economic development.

5. Direct Air Link

The expansion of PIA’s air network to Tashkent in Uzbekistan and Alma Ata in
Kazakstan is a major step forward in cementing ties with these two states. The PIA is has
finalized plans for air services to the capitals of the other three Central Asian States

6. Cooperation in Admission to OIC

Pakistan cooperated with the CA States in their admission to the Organization of the
Islamic Conference (OIC).

7. Communication Network and Media exchanges

Radio Pakistan is working on projects to strengthen its service for the Central Asian
region so that the people there can be informed and educated about Pakistan in their own native
languages.
An expansion of Pakistan Television’s transmission facilities in Peshawar can enable it to
beam its TV programmes to the entire Central Asian region, covering all of Afghanistan as well.
Media exchanges between Pakistan and the Central Asian States are at present skimpy
and their canvas must be expanded rapidly.

8. Establishment of Joint Economic Commission

Pakistan developed institutionalized arrangement to promote cooperation in the economic

and commercial fields. For this purpose Joint Economic Commissions (JECs) have been
established with all the Central Asian States.

9. Technical Assistance Programme

Under Technical Assistance Program initiated in 1992-3 Pakistan provided training

facilities, which are fully funded. The Program includes courses ranging from English language,
banking and accountancy to diplomacy. These have contributed to better understanding and
closer cooperation. Pakistan wishes to keep up the momentum

MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE RELATIONS WITH CA STATES

Following measures and implementations will improve the ties between Pakistan and Central
Asian states.

1. Pakistan-An attraction of Shortest Land Route

Pakistan would enjoy the role of middle man between the SAARC, ECO and EEC and
the attraction of the shortest land route to the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and the Black Sea would
clearly give discomfort to Russia.
 30

2. Encourage Mutual Trade

The Government of Pakistan, despite its economic difficulties, should provided more
credit facilities to the Central Asian States to encourage mutual trade and the setting up of stable
banking channels.

3. Better Port Facilities for Handling the Transit Trade

Despite their ethnic bonds with Turkey. Iran and Afghanistan, the CA States can benefit
more from Pakistan’s port facilities, trade and commerce with the countries in tire Southern
Hemisphere.
The ports of Abadan and Bander Abbas in Iran and the Karachi port in Pakistan can
handle this transit trade by expanding their facilities rapidly. The Tajik capital of Dushanbe is
about 3000 kilometers from Bander Abbas in Iran and about 2200 kilometers from Karachi while
the Black Sea port of Odessa for access to the Mediterranean is about 4200 kilometers away

4. Speedy Implementation of Projects

Bilaterally and through the ECO, many schemes and projects for intra-regional
cooperation in trade and travel, industrial enterprises as joint ventures, banking and exchange of
technology and technical know-how are rapidly emerging, whose speedy implementation would
be to their mutual advantage.

5. Expertise in Banking system to be shared

A strong, modern banking system capable of operating internationally without

dependence on or control by Moscow, is a dire need of all Central Asian States and Pakistan has
the expertise and the infrastructure to assist them in this direction.

6. Joint Shipping Company to be established

The landlocked Central Asian states can even set up a joint shipping company with
Pakistan under the aegis of the EC.O to handle a large part of their transit trade.

7. Gwadar Port- An Asset for Pakistan and the Central Asian States

If Pakistan speeds up the development of the Gawadar port on the Baluchistan coast into
a large-size modern port, it can be an asset for this province as well as for the CA States.

8. Trade via the Land Route

Kazakstan’s ruling leaders, who are energetically improving their relation with Beijing,
have shown interest in building rail and road links with Urumchi, capital of the Chinese province
of Xinjiang, and thus using the Karakorum Highway between Pakistan and China for trade via
 31

the land route.

9. Cheap Air Cargo Service

A cheap and regular air cargo service between Pakistan and the CA states is the need of
the hour.

10. Dynamic Railway Network

The Pakistan railway network, which runs Zahidan in Iran, should he linked via Iran with
Turkmenistan, Pakistan and China are now working on the expansion of the Sino-Pakistan and
Karakorum Highway in such a way that it will be extended to Tajikistan, Kyrgistan and
Kazakstan will give a boost to intra-regional trade among these states.

11. Pakistan to invite senior editors of newspapers of CA States

Pakistan should invite senior editors of newspapers of the Central Asian States to
Pakistan and provide them with ample opportunities to know facts for themselves and to study
Pakistan’s economic development, especially its industrialization, in the past 48 years of its
independence

12. Business Encouragement backed by the Governments of Pakistan in CA States

With Governmental encouragements, Pakistani entrepreneurs can set up industrial units

in Uzbekistan, Kazakstan and other CA states, especially for footwear, textiles, building
materials, agro-processing, cold storage, petro-chemicals, garments and pharmaceuticals.

13. Cooperation Between the Universities

There is immense scope for cooperation between the Universities of Pakistan and those in
the CA States. Pakistan, which has a low literacy rate of 30 per cent, can learn a great deal from
the CA States which have made nearly 95 per cent of their population literate. It would have a
salubrious effect on their relations with Pakistan for their mutual benefit.

14. Improved Regional Security is to be improved

1. Pakistan’s relations with the Central Asian Republics have made good progress during
the past few years.
2. With improved regional security after the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan
and Pakistan have decided to push ahead with plans for the ambitious 1,500-kilometre-long gas
pipeline. The leaders of the three countries have signed a framework agreement (The Trans
Afghanistan Pipeline).
3. The Trans-Afghanistan pipeline would export Turkmen gas (from Dualtabad gas field)
via Afghanistan to Pakistan, from where it could reach world markets. Proponents of the project
see it as a modern continuation of the Silk Road.
 32

4. The Asian Development Bank is the leading coordinating financial and technical partner.
CONCLUSION

The stabilization and steady expansion of these relations may take time and would
require deft, patient and wise handling on the part of the States concerned. A time may come,
perhaps sooner than expected, when Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and the six West and
Central Asian States; having a population of nearly 300 million and an area larger than that of
the SAARC region, may form a Common Market.

In the meantime, Central Asia and Pakistan must keep on vigorously pursing the peace
option in Afghanistan. Mutual Pak-Afghan trade is expected to reach Rs one billion in this year.

In the final analysis, it is the “Afghan corridor” that is still blocking Pakistan’s physical
access to the CARs, and, vice versa, only its unblocking will materialize the connectivity with
South and Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, the war-tossed Afghanistan remains a major stumbling
block. Yet it holds the ultimate key for Pakistan to gain access to the CARs. Therefore, all efforts
need to be focused to pry open this passage to gain access to the ex-Soviet republics.

While regional and international circumstances have no doubt conspired against Pakistan,
the latter should leave no stone unturned in combating international terrorism, building a sound
infrastructure along Pakistan-Afghan border and cleansing its own fractious tribal belt of foreign
militants. At the same time, there is a dire need in setting its political house in order by co-opting
major political parties and regaining the trust and goodwill of Afghans through trade, assistance
and policy of non-interference.

[Link] Pakistan,s relations with Saudi Arabia.

Ans:
Pak Saudi relations
he bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan are historically and internationally close and extremely friendly, occasionally described
as constituting a special relationship.
As two of the world's leading Islamic states as well as the power brokers in the Muslim
world, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have sought to develop extensive commercial, cultural,
religious and strategic relations since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. Even today, the
relationships with the Saudi Arabia represents the most "important and bilateral partnership" in
the current Foreign policy of Pakistan, working and seeking to develop closer bilateral ties with
the Saudi Arabia, the largest country on the Arabian peninsula and host to the two holiest cities
of Islam, Mecca and Medina and the destination of Muslim pilgrims from across the world.
According to a 2013 Pew global opinion poll, while Saudi Arabia's image has faltered
somewhat in recent years, Pakistanis hold the most favourable perception of the desert kingdom,
with 95% viewing Saudi Arabia favourably and none expressing a negative view
Development of bilateral relations
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are leading members of the Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC). Saudi Arabia was one of the strongest supporters of Pakistan during
Pakistan'swars with India, especially opposing the creation of Bangladesh from
 33

Pakistan's eastern wing in 1971. While it had supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir
conflict, it has since endorsed the Indo-Pakistani peace process. With Pakistan, it provided
extensive financial and political support to the Taliban and the Afghan mujahideen fighting
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. During the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War,
Pakistan sent troops to protect the Islamic holy sites in Saudi Arabia, but strains developed when
some Pakistani politicians and Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg, the then-chief of staff of the Pakistani
army openly expressed support for Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and its invasion
ofKuwait. Along with the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan were the only states
to recognise Taliban rule in Afghanistan. In May 1998, Saudi Arabia was the only country that
was taken in complete confidence by Prime minister Navaz Sharif on Pakistan's decision on
performing atomic test in Weapon-testing laboratories-III (WTL-III) in the region of the Chagai
Hills. After the ordered the atomic tests, Saudi Arabia, along with United Arab Emirates, were
the only countries to backed Pakistan and congratulated the country for making the "bold
decision". Furthermore, Saudi Arabia promised to supply 50,000 barrels per day of free oil to
help Pakistan cope with likely economic sanctions in the aftermath.

Military cooperation
Pakistan maintains close military ties with Saudi Arabia, providing extensive support, arms and
training for the Saudi Arabian military.[3] Fighter Pilots of the Pakistan Air Force flew aircraft
of the Royal Saudi Air Force to repel an incursion from South Yemen in 1969. In the 1970s and
1980s, approximately ~15,000 Pakistani soldiers were stationed in the kingdom. Saudi Arabia
has negotiated the purchase of Pakistani ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear
warheads. It is also speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's atomic bomb
programme and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan to enable it to counteract
possible threats from arsenals of the weapons of mass destruction possessed
by Iran, Iraq and Israel. Both nations have received high-level delegations of scientists,
government and Saudi military experts of seeking to study the development of a Saudi nuclear
programme.
According to Bruno Tertrais, a researcher for the EU Non-Proliferation Consortium,
during informal discussions held in 2005 a former Pakistan National Command
Authority officials have said that deploying Pakistan nuclear warheads in Saudi Arabia would be
"worse than the Cuban missile crisis." Tertrais concludes that there is no hard evidence in the
public domain of any nuclear cooperation between the two countries.

Cultural and economic ties

Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational aid to Pakistan, being a major
contributor to the construction of mosques and madrassas (religious schools) across Pakistan,
the Faisal Mosque (dedicated to King Faisal of Saudi Arabia) in Islamabad, the capital of
Pakistan. Since 1947, the far-right political parties have been receiving funding for their political
activities in the country. The major Pakistani city of Lyallpur was also renamed Faisalabad in
honour of King Faisal in 1977. Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for immigration
amongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1
million (see Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia). Saudi Arabia was a major supporter of the
"Islamisation" programme of the military ruler Gen. Zia-ul-Haq in the 1970s. In 2006,
 34

King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia was awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, the highest civilian
decoration of Pakistan.
Saudi Arabia is the largest source of petroleum for Pakistan. It also supplies extensive
financial aid to Pakistan and remittance from Pakistani migrants to Saudi Arabia is also a major
source of foreign currency. In recent years, both countries have exchanged high-level delegations
and developed plans to expand bilateral cooperation in trade, education,real
estate, tourism, information technology, communications and agriculture. Saudi Arabia is aiding
the development of trade relations with Pakistan through the Gulf Cooperation Council, with
which Pakistan is negotiating a free trade agreement; the volume of trade between Pakistan and
GCC member states in 2006 stood at USD 11 billion.
[Link] Pakistan,s role in SAARC.
ANS:
Pakistan’s Role in SAARC
Introduction to SAARC

South Asia is a region of enormous prosperity, growth and economic development. It has
a long cultural heritage of strong bonding. This region is endowed with huge natural resources in
and around. To strengthen the bonding among the people of this region,
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of
South Asian nations, founded in December 1985 by Zia ur Rehman and dedicated to economic,
technological, social, and cultural development emphasizing collective self-reliance. Its seven
founding members are
• Bangladesh
• Bhutan
• India
• Maldives
• Nepal
• Pakistan
• Sri Lanka
Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled annually; meetings of foreign
secretaries, twice annually. It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.
The 16 stated areas of cooperation are
1. Agriculture and rural
2. Biotechnology
3. Culture
4. Energy
5. Environment
6. Economy and trade
7. Finance
8. Funding mechanism
9. Human resource development
10. Poverty alleviation
11. People to people contact
12. Social development
 35

13. Science and technology

14. Communications
15. Tourism
Objectives
The objectives of the Association as defined in the Charter are:
1. to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life;
2. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to
provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential;
3. to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia;
4. to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems;
5. to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural,
technical and scientific fields;
6. to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries;
7. to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums..
SAARC and Pakistan
The world has many examples of regional organizations making states to emerge as
developed countries although they had long history of enmities, wars and a world war. One such
example is of European Union. Similarly, head of Bangladesh proposed an idea for regional
cooperation between the countries of South Asia. Initially Pakistan and India were two states that
refused it because of their allegations and fears towards each other. Pakistan feared India’s
hegemonic designs while India did not want to establish relations with Pakistan that had worked
towards dividing their motherland. Later on the proposal was materialized after much
collaboration among the states.
SAFTA, South Asian free trade area has been introduced to this regional organization
which is working to extend the economic relation regarding free trade areas for specific products
between these countries. This year Pakistan has been nominated to head SAARC CCI after
fourteen years that is headed by all the seven member countries including Pakistan, India, Nepal,
Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives in rotation for two years. The objective of chamber
of commerce and industry CCI is based on increasing global linkages, providing services to
private sectors, working closely with the governmental organizations and promoting economic
cooperation in this region.
Despite the fact that India has uncomfortable relations with rest of south Asian states,
based on India’s hegemonial designs, such as it has Tamil issue with Srilanka, harsh trade treaty
with Nepal a land locked state, Ganga water problem with Bangladesh and so on, today it has
made itself a stronger link between all. Similarly the fact that states in this region constitute most
of the third world countries therefore the pace of economic development has been slow still these
sates can contribute to make South Asia as a future’s growing economic bloc in the world.
Not only that this region can emerge as a future global power because Pakistan and India are two
countries possessing nuclear capabilities as well to defend the region security threats.
[Link] Pakistan relations with America.
Ans.
US-PAK Relationships
Through decades US-PAK relationships grew and resulted in to strong alliance and
partnership for bringing peace and prosperity. Pakistan always supported US for its military and
 36

peace building operations. US always supported Pakistan in financial crisis, education standards
improvement, health, security and better stability.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan and United State of America have old historical, cultural
and international relationships. The first step was taken back in 1947 on October 20th by
America through establishing relationships with newly born Pakistan. Since then USA has
provided extensive economic, scientific military support to Pakistan. Pakistan had been the
strongest ally of US through every thick and thin. The relationships deepened over the decades
and currently Pakistan is knows as Major non-NATO ally of United Sates of America.

On other hand America is second largest supplier of military equipment and biggest aid
contributor to Pakistan. Numerous projects in past and currently are working in Pakistan to bring
better quality of education, health, relief, good governance, gender free ideology and peace
building activities.
US also helped Pakistan in space technology for peaceful purposes in 1960. Sonmiani
terminal was constructed in 1961 along with an air field and launch pad. In 1962 first solid fuel
rocket called Rehbar-I was built by the Space Research Commission with close interaction with
NASA. This Launching made Pakistan first South Asian country and 10th country in world for
setting rocket in space. For the next ten years from 1962 to 1972 around 200 rockets were fired
from Sonmiani terminal. This was the great contribution in prosperity of Pakistan.
Pakistan played vital role in building relationships between US and China in July 1971.
Pakistan arranged the visit of President of United States of America Mr. Richard Nixon to
Peoples Republic of China. This opened a new horizon of country to country mutual trust and
bridged long term relationship.
In 1981, US and Pakistan signed a deal of US $3.2 billion for economic assistance in the
region to meet the development needs. During the tenure of US President Mr. Reagan, American
and Pakistani officials visited each other regularly and built stronger and deeper relationships.
In the new millennium, Pakistan became key ally with United States. George W. Bush,
the president of US admired role of Pakistan against terrorism. In 2003, US officially decreased
$ 1 billion debt for Pakistan as reward for joining war on terror. US Ambassador Nancy Powell
said, “Today’s signing represents a promise kept and another milestone in our expanding
partnership, the forgiveness of $1 billion in bilateral debt is just one piece of a multifaceted,
multibillion dollar assistance package. The new relationship between the United States and
Pakistan is not just about September 11, it is about the rebirth of a long-term partnership between
our two countries.”
Pakistan has lost more than 40,000 lives since its alliance with US on war against terror.
Though Pakistan cannot support US financially or technically as US is already most advanced
country in the world, but Pakistan has given its citizens, soldiers, lands and full dedicated support
to US to bring peace in region. Pakistan has most important geopolitical significance in region
for India, China, Iran and Afghanistan. Three out of four are nuclear powers and Pakistan is key
player in American efforts for improving situation in Afghanistan.
US congress passed a bill called Kerry-Lugar Bill to provide $7.5 billion to Pakistan for
social causes. In February 2010, US President Barack Obama helped Pakistan to promote
economic and political stability in strategically important regions where US has special security
interests and provided US $ 3.1 billion.
 37

US President Mr. Obama said encouraging words for Pakistan, “In the past, we too often
defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly. Those days are over…. The Pakistani people
must know America will remain a strong supporter of Pakistan’s security and prosperity long
after the guns have fallen silent, so that the great potential of its people can be unleashed. We are
committed to a partnership with Pakistan that is built on a foundation of mutual interests, mutual
respect and mutual trust”
US-Pak relations have seen significant improvement under Obama. No Government on
earth has received more high-level attention. Mr Obama focused on “greater Pak-U.S.
cooperation”
American culture has penetrated heavily in Pakistan. We are watching US style pizzas, drive-
thru, motorways, fast food chains, home deliveries, social rescue services, clothes and movies.
Pakistani representation in America also played important role in every field of life. Our
brilliant brains are serving America for decades. We will keep on building such long lasting
relationships and promise to stand by each other in any case. The peace in region and prosperity
of both countries is absolute on bridge of mutual trust.
Other world calls US-Pak relationships as ‘strategic relations’, we believe, relations
purely based on trust and faith.
[Link] pak china relationship.
Ans:
Pak-China Relationships
A country’s existence can’t stay for much longer if the country doesn’t have good
relations with some other countries. Relations are mostly built with those countries that are
strong and powerful in every aspect such as U.S.A and China. Fortunately Pakistan has good
relations with both of the super powers of the world U.S.A and China especially with China.
Pakistan and China are close to each other since 1951. Pakistan has always stood as an ally with
China and Pakistan was also the first country to supported China in gaining a recognized name in
the world and today we can see the results of the Pakistan’s support. Pakistan helped China in
becoming what it has become now. Pak-China relations became stronger at the time of
international isolation in 1960’s.
China supported Pakistan in every way possible in return of all the favors Pakistan gave
to China. China helped Pakistan by giving support of its own military, its economic assistance,
its technical assistance, and arranged nuclear equipments for Pakistan and there many other
uncountable ways in which China helped Pakistan just to return the favor and also to maintain
Pak-China relationship. According to the analysis of experts it is believed that as the relation will
get better between U.S.A and India then Pak-China relation will grow stronger as China is
always there to provide security to its greatest ally Pakistan.
Pakistan has strong trust on China in every aspect and same is the case with China.
Pakistan stood up with China and started supporting it mainly after the defeat of China in 1949.
To improve the diplomatic relations with China Trans-Karakoram tract was ceded by Pakistan
which was going to China. In this way not only Pak-China diplomatic relation got improved but
also China’s border disputes came to an end with India.
When it comes to supporting Pakistan through military then China is always there for
Pakistan as China has extremely strong ties of defense with Pakistan and China is very satisfied
with it. These defense ties give assurance to Pakistan that China is there to provide counter to
any bad influence from U.S.A and India. There are number of defense projects that are ongoing
 38

between Pakistan and China in these recent years. There are also been some agreements
regarding this due to which Pak-China relation has got strengthened in all these years. To the
Army of Pakistan most of the military equipments are issued by China and this is being
happening since 1962. China has also helped Pakistan in establishing ammunition factories with
which it also provided technical assistance to Pakistan in order to modernize the existing
facilities Pakistan has.
The country that has invested the most in Gwadar Pakistan sea port is China. China is
trying its best so Pakistan’s current situations can get better. It even provided its support in order
to protect Pakistan from terrorism so the name of the country Pakistan can get cleared in the eyes
of the people of the world. Citizens of both the countries strongly hope that Pak-China relation
gets stronger and stays longer.

[Link] Pakistan,s contribution towards peace keeping in the world.

Ans:

Pakistan contribution towards peacekeeping

While the world celebrate 24 October as United Nations (UN) Day, we must not forget
the role and sacrifices of Pakistan Army in United Nations Peacekeeping Missions all over the
[Link]'s commitment with UN for promoting international peace and prosperity stems
from the vision of its Founding Father, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Pakistan,s
journey with UN Peacekeeping operations began in 1960 when it deployed its first ever
contingent in United Nations Operations in Congo (ONUC). Over the past 50 years, Pakistan has
been the most significant and consistent contributor to the UN Peacekeeping around the World.
Pakistani peacekeepers have left no stone unturned in the noble cause of helping humanity,
building peace and bringing stability across the regions, under the banner of United Nations.
Pakistan's dedication towards UN has been recognized by the fact that UN Secretary General Mr.
Ban Ki Moon himself visited Pakistan and inaugurated the Center for International Peace and
Stability (CIPS) on 13 August 2013 and acclaimed Pakistan's efforts in United Nations
peacekeeping [Link] has contributed 1, 51,505 troops till to-date in 41 Missions
spread over 23 countries in almost all continents of the World. Pakistan has remained one of the
largest Troops Contributing Countries consistently for many years. Presently, Pakistan is
contributing 8247 all ranks deployed in 6 different UN Missions. In pursuance of its commitment
to the noble cause of international peace and tranquillity 136 Pakistani troops including 22
Officers have given the ultimate sacrifice in different UN Missions, almost an equal number
have been wounded.
The performance of Pakistani peacekeepers has been acknowledged worldwide by
numerous world leaders and the UN leadership. The undisputed high professional standing
enjoyed by Pakistani peacekeepers has given them the honour of being one of the most desired
body of troops in each UN Peacekeeping Mission. Our troops deployed in UN missions are
continuously engaged in tasks like protection of civilians, providing health care and medical
facilities, building roads and infrastructure, assisting in conduct of elections and providing
logistics and aviation support. Pakistani contingents played a significant role in normalizing the
war torn regions and countries by maintaining law and order and overseeing successful transition
of Governments through supervision of elections in Cambodia, East Timor, Haiti, Liberia, Ivory
Coast, Sudan, Congo etc.
 39

Chapter 7
Economic Development
[Link] the important problems being faced by our agricultural sector.
Ans:
Problems of agriculture in pakistan and their remedies
Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of Pakistan. Even today agriculture is a
major sector and occupies a very important place in the economy of Pakistan. It not only
provides food for our growing population but is a source of raw materials for our principal
industries as well as a source of foreign exchange for our government.
24% of our gross domestic products belong to this sector. It engages 53% of our
employed labour .About 75% of our people are engaged directly or indirectly with this
profession. A large part (about 10%) of Pakistan’s exports is made up of primary commodities,
including the major cash crops. In addition to this major large scale industries like cotton textile
and sugar etc. as well as medium and small scale agro-based and cottage industries are directly
dependent on this sector for their raw materials.
Problems:
Following are the causes of our backwardness in agriculture:
1. The farmers of our country are mostly un-educated and lack technical knowledge .They are
unable to unde4rstand the modern scientific methods of agriculture and often remain ignorant of
good means to protect and increase their yield. Their production is therefore low.
2. The majority of our farmers are poor and they often live in a hand to mouth position. Most
of them are always under heavy burdens of debts. So due to lack of capital they cannot afford to
purchase modern scientific implements, chemical manures, improved types of seeds etc. Hence
they cannot attain the required standards.
3. Most of our farmers are still stuck to the old traditions of their fore fathers. The
circumstances have compelled them to use the crude implements, because due to small holdings
of land and poverty they are unable to acquire and use modern scientific methods. That is why
their standard is lower than that of cultivators in developed countries.
4. Due to excessive use of canal water, most of our cultivated lands have become victims of
these two dangerous diseases. Every year, salinity alone, is turning about 1, 00,000 acres of
arable land into marches and salt lands. Water-logging is no less injurious. On the other hand the
measures taken so far are quite inadequate for such issues.
5. Due to our law of inheritance, our farmers command very small pieces of hands which
prove to be costly. A farmer cannot afford tractors and other machineries for a small piece of
land and those incomes are low. Hence his interest is converted to some other sector.
6. Our farmers have to face many problems due to scarcity of water which is one our major
problems. Large tracts of land estimated to be about 22 million acres is lying uncultivated due to
shortage of water. Rainfall is uncertain and the existing irrigational facilities in our country are
quite insufficient and need to be extended.
 40

7. The land tenure system of Pakistan has creates a chain of intermediaries in between the state
and the tenants. The system, instead of being conductive to agricultural development, stands in
the way of its progress.
8. In some areas of our country, especially in hilly regions, the upper fertile soil is being
eroded by different natural agents of change .Thus the fertility is poor and soils are becoming
less productive.
9. The marketing facilities for agricultural products in Pakistan are still far from satisfactory
level. Our cultivators cannot get just prices for their produce due to defective marketing
organization. Moreover the chain of middlemen between the producers and ultimate consumers
take a heavy share of their produce .Thus the cultivators do not take much real interest in
increasing their product too.
10. Due to lack of agricultural education and methods of modern research, our farmers cannot
control the various diseases of crops and attacks of pests and insects. The result is low yields.
11. The agricultural activities in our country are performed in rural areas, but most of our
villages have no road or railway links with our markets. So farmers have to face innumerable
hardships to sell their products. Hence the farmers take very little interest in their profession and
production suffers.
12. The resources required for agricultural operation are land, layout, livestock, farm equipment,
seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, transport etc. For the convenient and timely procurement of these
resources the farmers must have easy access to credit. Zarai taraqiati and commercial banks
provide loans to the farmers which are insufficient because our farmers are very poor.
13. Due to the above mentioned facts, it is clear that the yield per acre of various crops in our
country is comparatively low than of the other countries. Hence we are backward agriculturally.

[Link] the remedies to overcome the agricultural problems.

Ans:
Remedies to Overcome the Problems:
1. The land which has been declared useless due to salinity and water-logging should be
reclaimed. Tube-wells should be installed in the affected areas to decrease the salinity. Beds of
new canals should be made of concrete to avoid water-logging. These measures should be taken
on priority basis to avoid further deterioration of land .
2. The major problem of agriculture in Pakistan is scarcity of water. Most of the land is lying
unused due to this problem. Therefore, it is necessary that the irrigation facilities be extended for
increasing agricultural output.
3. The agricultural yield can also be increased to a great extent by using fertilizers. The use of
artificial manure should be introduced throughout the country. Due to poverty and illiteracy our
farmers hesitate to purchase the fertilizers.
4. The use of better seeds, fertilizers and modern implements is not possible without adequate
credit facilities for the farmers. The government has extended the existing credit facilities to a
large extent. The commercial banks also grant loans to the farmers, but still there is a need for
more facilities as our farmers are very poor.
5. The farmers should be provided better quality seeds at the lowest price and at the right time.
Better seeds will ultimately give better yield.
 41

6. Various plant diseases damage a large part of our crops. But our farmers have no effective
control over them. Therefore, preventive and narrative measures should be taken throughout the
country.
7. Mechanization of agriculture refers to the use of various equipments the different stages of
cultivation. By the use of modern equipments better results can be achieved in the shortest time.
8. Co-operative farming refers to the farming done on the basis of mutual help and co-
operation. Under this method the small holdings are consolidated .In this way the owners of
small holdings can also use fertilizers and modern equipments jointly. After harvesting, the yield
can be distributed among the owners according to their ownership.
9. Increase of literacy ratio in rural areas especially in agree-education is the need of the day.
The more educated the farmers will be the better will be the results achieved.
10. Marketing procedures should be simplified and various marketing facilities should be
provided to the cultivators.

11. The rural areas of the country must be provided with road and railway links with marketing
centers and better means of transport and communication should be provided.

[Link] the cottage and small industry of Pakistan.

Ans:
Cottage and small industry of Pakistan
In Pakistan cottage or household industries hold an important position in rural set-up.
Most villages are self-sufficient in the basic necessities of life. They have their
own carpenters,blacksmiths, potters, craftsmen and cotton weavers. Many families depend on
cottage industries for income.
Cottage industries have also gained immense importance in cities and towns. There is
great demand for hand-woven carpets, embroidered work, brassware, rugs and
traditionalbangles. These are also considered important export items and are in good demand in
international markets.
1. Cottage and small-scale industries are labor intensive and provide employment to 80% of
the industrial labor force. This reduces the unemployment and offers opportunities for self-
employment.
2. Traditionally, women are not encouraged to work outside their homes. Cottage or small-
scale industries like carpet-weaving, candle-making and handicrafts can be established in houses
and women can be gainfully employed. This increases the active labor force.
3. These industries also meet the local demands for industrial goods, and save foreign
exchange spent in imports.
4. There is a demand for rugs, carpets, brassware, handicrafts and embroidered work in the
International market. These goods provide 30% of the export receipts of themanufacturing
sector.
5. When people are employed gainfully in villages, the migration of people from rural to
urban areas will reduce. The acute problems
of housing, sanitation, education, transportand health will be reduced in urban areas.
6. Many districts are under-developed. With the expansion of such industries, the
regional disparity in income can be reduced.
 42

7. These industries make effective use of local raw materials which also promotes primary
industries like agriculture and mining.
8. Small-scale industry does not require much capital and high technology. I.T is suited to
the traditional economic set-up.
9. Cottage and small-scale industries do not use much imported material or equipment.
10. The waste of large-scale industries, particularly the cotton, sugar and steel industries, can
be used to make by-products.
11. Home Decoration

Types of cottage and small industries of pakistan

There is a web of cottage and books industries. In almost every village, there are a
number of such industries depending upon the size of the village and the demand for the
products. The establishment of such industry is closely related t the availability of raw material
traditional skills, climatic conditions and, in several cases, the local specialization in the
organized factory sector.
There is a large variety of handicrafts available in Pakistan. They are not only
aesthetically pleasing items, but they are also serve the needs of local people.
Some of these industries produce important export items. Recently exports of non-cotton
products have faced increasing trade barriers as public opinion in industrialized countries has
expressed growing concern about child labor, environmental and health standards. These
concerns are being addressed now.
Carpets
In the small scale industries, the most important is the Carpet weaving and its center are
located almost all over the Pakistan. It is also significant in economic terms and they make
valuable contribution in exports. They employ women and children for the production of fine
hand woven carpets and made of wool silk or a mixture of the two.
Textiles
Textiles are found throughout the country with a variety of design and techniques. The
most famous among them are Khaddar, Susi, Khes, Chunri, Boski, Karandi, Shaal, andAjrak.
The designs are invariably brightly colored with traditional emphasis on blue and red.
Embroidery
Embroidery has developed to a fine art with distinctive regional designs and patterns.
Jewelry
Gold and silversmiths are one of the largest communities of craftsmen. Much of
the jewelry made and sold in the cities is intricately fashioned and delicate.
Ceramics
Clay and terracotta pottery and utensils continue to be of great practical importance.
Many of the designs of urns, pitchers, bowls, jugs, plates, and pots seen today are almost
identical to those un covered at archaeological sites around the country. Distinctive glazed
blue tiles are used to decorate many of the great mosques in Pakistan.
Cutlery
Wazirabad is the city of cutlery industry in Pakistan . This industry is growing day by day
and has share of 65 million US dollars in Export for 2010. High Quality Damascus Steel is
manufactured in this city and 95% of world needs are produced here.
 43

Woodwork
The Swat Valley is perhaps the most famous for its intricately
carved architectural woodwork and furniture, although wood-carving is common throughout the
northern mountains.
Sports goods
Sports goods earn about 3.7% of our total exports. The main raw material for the sports
goods industry are leather and mulberry wood that are available in Punjab, but also imported
PVC. Football, hockey ball, hockey sticks, cricket bats and rackets are mostly manufactured by
hand. The skilled workers are available in Sialkot and Lahore. In the industry large and medium
size factories contract work out to small-scale and cottage concerns. The local sports goods
manufacturing industry is one of the major source of foreign exchange earnings of Pakistan. It is
centralised in and around the city of Sialkot, where it has flourished as a cottage industry with
most of its production by generations of skilled craftsmen. At the time of independence, this
industry was in an infant stage with a nominal export of Rs. 0.82 million. The Government took
immediate steps to develop this industry by providing loans and subsidies to the manufacturers
and arrangements were made to market the manufactured goods. Since then, the industry has
flourished locally and enjoys good reputation in the international markets as well.

[Link] the problems of cottage and small scale industries in Pakistan

Ans:

problems of cottage and small scale industries in Pakistan

Cottage and small-scale industries contribution to the GDP is only 5%. There are certain
problems associated with these industries that are mentioned below.
1. Profits are limited and they are mostly spent on the daily expenses of the owners. They
do not have extra capital for expansion of these industrial units.
2. Economies of scale are not available so production cost is higher. Goods produced in
small-scale industries cannot compete in open market if the same goods are manufactured on a
large scale.
3. The wholesaler, who takes most of the profits, exploits the owners of the small-scale
industry. In some cases goods are sold to wholesalers at cost price, which discourages the owners
and they reduce the quality and quantity the produced.
4. In rural areas, where the electricity is not provided, small-scale industries are difficult to
set up. Even the great fluctuation in voltage and power break-downs cause damage to the electric
motors. The commercial rates of electricity have also increased significantly which hinders the
growth.
5. The craftsman and artisans learns their skills and production methods from their elders.
The provision of technical advice and further training is limited.

Government policy towards small industry

The government is fully aware of the potential of cottage and small-scale industries for
industrial development. The following organizations have been established to develop this sector
of economy.
 44

1. Pakistan Small Industries Corporation (PSIC)

2. Punjab Small Industries Corporation (PSIC)
3. Sindh Small Industries Corporation (SSIC)
4. The Small Industries Development Board NWFP (SIDB)
5. The Directorate of Small Industries Baluchistan (DSIB)
The above organizations are taking the following measures:
i. Establishment of industrial estates.
ii. Providing marketing facilities.
iii. Setting up of technical service centers.
iv. Establishing handicraft development centers and carpet centers.
v. Providing per-investment counseling and guidance to newcomers.
vi. Providing local and foreign loans to small industry owners on easy installments.

[Link] the large scale industry of Pakistan

Ans:
Large scale industry of Pakistan
Q.4. Give a brief account on major industries of Pakistan
A brief introduction about the major/large scale industries of Pakistan is given along the
following lines.
1. Textile Industry
The textile industry is the largest industry of Pakistan. At the time of partition, Pakistan
received only 17 textile units in its share. The production of textile was very low and a large
quantity of textile had to be imported to meet the domestic, requirements. Now, Pakistan is a
prominent country for the production of textile. The textile industry accounts for 17.3% of value
added, 32.2% of industrial employment and 60% of total exports. There were 354 mills operating
in the textile industry in 2001-02. The installed capacity of spindles was 8841 thousand and
installed capacity of looms was 10 thousand in the same year. The production of cloth was 558
million square meters by the organized mills sector. Various steps have been taken by the
Government for the growth of the textile industry e.g. the provision of incentives, freedom to
acquire technical assistance from abroad, directly financing institutions and improvements in
management and labour efficiency etc.
2. Vegetable Ghee and Cooking Oil Industry
At the time of independence oil industry was very poor. Now there are 150 vegetable
ghee and cooking oil factories in Pakistan. Out of these 26 are in the public sector with an
installed capacity of 500 thousand tonnes of ghee and cooking oil. Total production of ghee and
cooking oil was 774 thousand tonnes in 2001-02. A large quantity of cooking oil is imported to
meet the domestic needs. The decline in the production of vegetable ghee is due to lower scale
turnover and operational difficulties & closing down of two units in N.W.F.P.
3. Sugar Industry
In 1947, there were only 2 sugar factories in Pakistan, but at present there are 77 sugar
factories in the industry. During the year 2001-02 total production of sugar was 3247 thousand
tonnes. Revolutionary steps are required to expand the working capacity of this industry, which
must be expanded and facilities should be provided to farmers for the production of better crops.
4. Fertilizer Industry
There are 10 fertilizer units (6 in the public sector and 4 in the private sector) in the
 45

country, having an installed capacity of 42,98,000 N. Tonnes (16,74,000 N. Tonnes in the public
sector and 26,24,000 N. Tonnes is the private sector). Total production of fertilizers in 2001-02
was 5012 thousand tonnes. The low production was caused, by operational difficulties, decline in
working hours and power failure/load shedding. A number of concessions are provided for the
growth of this industry.
5. Cement Industry
At present 24 cement factories are operating in the country, out of these 4 factories are in
public sector and 20 are in private sector. The installed capacity of cement is 16,300 thousand
tonnes out of which 9935 thousand tonnes of cement was produced in 2001-02. This industry has
been allowed duty free import of plant and machinery.
6. Chemical Industry
There are 12 chemical factories in the country producing, soda ash, sulphuric acid,
caustic soda, chlorine gas and other chemicals. The contribution of the chemical industry
towards GNP is only 3%. This industry is not fulfilling domestic requirements, so a large amount
of foreign exchange is spent on the import of different chemicals every year.
7. Jute Industry
At the time of independence there was not a single jute factory in Pakistan. By the
cooperation of PIDC, 32 factories were setup in East Pakistan and one in West Pakistan by the
time of separation of East Pakistan in 1971. At present there are 12 Jute mills in the country.
Total production of Jute goods was 81.7 thousand tonnes during 2001-02. Now a large quantity
of Raw Jute is imported from China and Bangladesh every year to meet the domestic
requirement.
8. Engineering Goods Industry
The engineering goods and capital goods produced domestically are very helpful for
economic development of a country. This industry was given importance in the 3rd five year
plan. Now we have 4 heavy engineering industries. There are
(1) Heavy Mechanical Complex, Texila
(2) Heavy Foundry Project, Taxila
(3) Pakistan Machine Tools Factory, Landhi
(4) Pakistan Steel Mills, Karachi.
All these are in the public sector. There are also a number of light and medium engineering
goods industries producing a lot of items.
9. Ship Building Industry
Ships are constructed at Karachi. A number of small and large ships are made by Karachi
yard and Engineering works. This factory was establised by PIDC. Now Pakistan is selling ships
and boats abroad. In all the five year plans, this industry is given much importance.
10. Woolen and Worsted Textile Industry
There are 16 woolen mills in Pakistan. These are located at Karachi, Nowshera,
Lawrencepur, Quaidabad and Hamai. This industry is not only meeting the worsted and woolen
yam requirements of the country, but it is also exporting a large quantity of worsted cloth and
carpets to foreign countries.
11. Cigarette Industry
At present 22 factories are producing cigarettes and Biri. Our country is self sufficient in
the production of cigarettes. The raw tobacco used in the manufacturing of cigarettes is produced
domestically. During the year 2001-02, 55,318 million cigarettes were produced in the country.
 46

[Link] the importance of resources of energy for development.

Ans:
The importance of energy
Energy growth is directly linked to well-being and prosperity across the globe. Meeting
the growing demand for energy in a safe and environmentally responsible manner is a key
challenge.
Modern energy enriches life. There are seven billion people on earth who use energy
each day to make their lives richer, more productive, safer and healthier. It is perhaps the biggest
driver of energy demand: the human desire to sustain and improve the well-being of ourselves,
our families and our communities. Through 2040, population and economic growth will drive
demand higher, but the world will use energy more efficiently and shift toward lower-carbon
fuels.

[Link] the production of important energy resources in Pakistan and their usage.
Ans:
Energy sources of Pakistan
An energy source is a system which makes energy in a certain way, for instance a hydro-
electric station. A hydro-electric station uses the current of the river for the making of electricity.
We use many different energy sources to do work for us.
Energy sources are classified into following two groups:—
Non-Renewable
In our world, most of our energy comes from non-renewable energy sources like Coal,
petroleum, natural gas, propane, and uranium are nonrenewable energy sources. They are used
to make electricity, to heat our homes, to move our cars, and to manufacture all kinds of
products.
These energy sources are called nonrenewable because their supplies are limited.
Petroleum, for example, was formed millions of years ago from the remains of ancient sea
plants and animals. We cannot make more petroleum in a short time.
Renewable
Renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal energy, hydropower, solar
energy, and wind energy. They are called renewable energy sources because they are
replenished in a short time. Day after day the sun shines, the wind blows, and the rivers flow.
We use renewable energy sources mainly to make electricity.
Nowadays we need energy-sources for electricity. Without electricity no computers, no
television, no washers. A lot of apparatus would not work without electricity.
Sources of Energy
These are the most important sources of energy.
Nuclear Power (Non-Renewable)
Nuclear power is a form of energy which arise from a reaction between atomic nucleï.
Mostly this form of energy comes out of nuclear fission. To explain how this process works, we
give a little explanation about the structure of atomic nucleï. Atomic nucleï excist out of neutrons
and protons. these little parts (neutrons and protons) are held together in the center of the atomic
nucleus through a special energy, called binding-energy. In a process in which the atomic nucleï
collide whith eachother, they fall apart and the loose parts come out of the atomic nucleus. The
 47

energy which kept the parts together is not necessary anymore and this energy comes ‘free’. At
the technique of nuclear fission, atomic nucleï collide with eachother in a central boiler to
become as much energy out of it as possible. The so called ‘binding-energy’ falls apart and this
energy comes out of the atomic nucleus. This energy is used for heating up water and this water
becomes steam. Through the steam a turbine can be driven and so electricity is a fact. The speed
in which the atomic nucleï collide is controlled by special rods. These rods can pull atomic
nucleï towards them and so there become less atomic nucleï which can collid and then there is
less binding-energy to come ‘free’.
Fossil Energy (Non-Renewable)
Fossil energy is generated through the burning of fossil remains. At this burning the fossil
fuel is used as a source of heat to make steam out of water. This steam is used for the working of
a turbine. With the help of a generator, this turbine can make electricity. Examples of fossil fuels
are oil, natural gas and coal. These fossil fuels are remains of dead materials of plants and
animals. These plants and animals died over a million years ago and under the pressure of the
earth’s surface and through the decay of this material their came a process of compression.
Carbon is the main part of these fossile fuels, the more carbon, the heavier the fuel.
Renewable Energy
Alternative energy is a form of energy without waste-matters. It is also a form where the
source, which delivers the energy, is endless. Some alternative energy-sources are sun-, water-
and windenergy. By all these forms of alternative energy, existing energy (like water, wind and
sun) is used for the making of electric energy. For instance, a hydro-electric station makes use of
the fall between a lake and a river. They build a flood control dam between the lake and the
river. And in the one outlet of the dam they build a turbine. This turbine activates a generator and
the water energy is transformed into electric energy. More information about alternative energy
you can find in the article about green energy.
Hydro Energy
Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken from water and converted to electricity.
Hydro energy can be obtained by using many methods of capture. The most common method of
using energy from water is a hydroelectric dam, where water coming down through an area
causes turbines to rotate and the energy is captured to run a generator. Power can also be
generated from the energy of tidal forces or wave power, which uses the energy created by
waves.
A hydropower source of energy is well known in Pakistan and there is ever growing
experience in this sector to develop the hydropower potential indigenously in the country. The
total Hydropower resources is estimated at about 50,000 MW. Most of the resources lie in the
North of the country, which offers sites for large scale (100 MW to 7,000 MW) power projects.
Smaller (less than 50 MW) sites are available throughout the country. In addition, canal system
with total of 58,450 km watercourses, farm channels and field ditchers running another 160,000
km in length has a huge hydropower potential at numerous sites/locations on each site, ranging
from 1 MW to more than 10 MW hydel plants can be installed.
Geothermal in Pakistan
Most of the high enpathalpy geothermal resources of the world are within seismic
volcanic activity. A global seismic belt passes through Pakistan and the country has long
geological history of geotectonic events. Pakistan possesses a good regime for goethermal
energy. Many hot water springs, some generating surface water temperature upto 83oC lie in the
 48

North of Pakistan. Geothermal sites have also been identified in Balochistan and Sindh.
Although detailed survey have not been conducted. In Tibet, which occupies more or less the
same geological position in Himalayan mountain ranges as Pakistan, more than 6000 surface
indications of geothermal energy resources have been discovered with an estimated potential of
800,000 KW. It is estimated that over 5,000 MW of Geothermal resources can be commercially
tapped in the short run.
Nuclear power
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear energy
and research applications in the country.
Its first nuclear power reactor is a small 137 MWe (125 MWe net) Canadian pressurized
heavy water reactor (PHWR) which started up in 1971 and which is under international
safeguards – KANUPP at Paradise Point in Sindh province, about 25 km west of Karachi. It is
operated at reduced power.
The second unit is Chashma 1 in Punjab province in the north, a 325 MWe (300 MWe
net) two-loop pressurised water reactor (PWR) supplied by China's CNNC under safeguards. The
main part of the plant was designed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design
Institute (SNERDI), based on Qinshan 1. It started up in May 2000 and is also known as
CHASNUPP 1. Designed life span is 40 years. It, and the following 3 units, were built using
international design codes and standards.
Construction of its twin, Chashma 2, started in December 2005. It was reported to cost
PKR 51.46 billion (US$ 860 million, with $350 million of this financed by China). A safeguards
agreement with IAEA was signed in 2006 and grid connection was in March 2011, with
commercial operation in May.
Solar electric power
Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insulation in the world and has
immense solar resources, suitable for both Photovoltaic (PV) and Thermal i.e. Concentrated
Solar Power (CSP) applications. There are certain regions of south, Quetta valley and Central
Punjab that receive maximum solar radiation. The Annual Direct Normal Solar Radiation for
CSP is in the range of 7-7.5 KWh/m2/day in many parts of Balochistan and between 6.5-7
KWh/m2/day in other parts of Balochistan. 5-5.5 KWh/m2/day in Southern Punjab and Northern
Sindh and around 4.5-5 KWh/m2/day in rest of Pakistan .

The Annual Flat Plate Titled at Latitude Solar Radiation indicates immense potential for
PV, which is in the range of 7-7.5 KWh/m2/day in most of Balochistan, 6-6.5 KWh/m2/day in
most of Sindh, Southern Punjab and Gilgit-Baltistan and in the range of 5.5-6 KWh/m2/day in
rest of the country .

This means that there is a vast potential for converting the untapped solar energy source
for useful means. This potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which can be provided to
off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. According
to the Pakistan Energy Book 2004-05, solar energy falling on 0.25% Balochistan province would
be adequate to meet the current requirement of the country with 20% efficient devices.
Wind electric power
 49

Wind energy is another important area where Pakistan can benefit by exploiting it in
efficient manner. This sector is getting worldwide attention with the development and
availability of inexpensive technology that allows its easy conversion to useful energy.
Recognizing the vast potential that wind energy offers, a number of initiatives in Public and
private sector have been taken. Pakistan has 1000 Km long coastline, which could be utilized for
installation of wind farms. There are regions in the mountainous areas of Pakistan, which has the
potential for wind energy generation.
The Wind Map of Pakistan developed by National Renewable Energy Labs (USA) has
identified that wind with good to excellent speeds is available in many parts of the country,
establishing a total potential of about 340,000 MW. The Gharo – Keti Bandar Wind corridor, in
the South of Pakistan, having an approximate potential of 50,000 MW in the most attractive to
investors at this point due to good resource potential as well as its close proximity to major load
centres and the National Grid.
Natural gas
The miraculous Pakistan is blessed with infinite natural resources by the God and natural
gas is the most precious one. The recoverable reserves of natural gas have been estimated at
29.671 trillion cubic feet (January 1st 2009). During July-March 2008-09 the production was
3986.5 million cubic feet per day as compared to 3965.9 mmcfd during the corresponding period
last year showing an increase of 0.52%. Presently 26 private and public sector companies are
engaged in oil and gas exploration and production activities.
Following are the natural gas fields in the Pakistan:
i. Adkhi
ii. Badim
iii. Bhit gas field
iv. Khasan gas field
v. Kandanwari gas field
vi. Kandkhot field (13 TCF, 347×109m³)
vii. Khan field
viii. Mari field
ix. Miano gas field
x. Mizra field
xi. Sawan gas field
xii. Sui gas field (2 TCF; 54×109m³)
xiii. Toot gas field
xiv. Ul Haq field (1 TCF; 27×109m³)
xv. Zamzama field
The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in the pakistan. It is located near Sui in
Baluchistan. The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial exploitation of the
field began in 1955. The Sui gas field accounts for 26% of Pakistan’s gas production. Remaining
reserves are estimated to be at about 800 billion cubic feet (tcf) and the daily production is
around 660 million cubic feet (19,000,000 m3) of natural. The operator of the field is Pakistan
petroleum limited.
 50

[Link] the foreign trade of Pakistan ,its composition ,direction and changes in balance.
Ans:
Foreign Trade of Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
When Pakistan came into being her economy was completely based on [Link]
experts consisted of agricultural products [Link] the economic development of the country
there was need for diversification of her trade and a change in her [Link] government of
Pakistan decided to industrialize the country as rapidly as [Link] promotion was
regarded as one of the highest national commitments by the [Link] measures were
adopted for export [Link] participated in International Trade Conferences and
[Link] Export Promotion Bureau and Export Promotion Council were set up to provide
assistance and information to potential foreign buyers.A large number of concessions and
incentives were given to the export trade section [Link] a result the pattern of trade in Pakistan
[Link] increased and now these include industrial finished products as well as raw
materials.
In spite of the different measures taken by the government for boosting the export,still
our imports are greater than the [Link] balance of trade is unfavourable and deficit.

The year 1991-92 was estimated to have closed with a balance of payment deficit of
dollar 2.6 billion [Link] as far as one may go back the balance of payment has been in the
red, with the figure hovering over dollar 1 billion through out the last ten years or so.

CHIEF EXPORT ITEMS OF PAKISTAN

Following are the main items which may be included in our export list:
[Link]:
Cotton ranks at the top of the export list of [Link] occupies first position in
Asia and second position in the world as an exporter of cotton and cotton [Link] of
Raw cotton,cotton cloth and cotton yarn together contribute approximately 40 to 42% to the total
export earning of [Link] with the cotton growing hinterland has almost the monopoly
of the trade.

Pakistan grows surplus amount of best quality long staple American Upland Cotton
which is very much demanded all over the [Link] main customers of raw cotton are
U.K.,China,Japan,Hong Kong,Belgium,Indonesia,Italy,Singapore and Bangladesh.
[Link]:

Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading exporters of rice .In the previous years rice
was at the top of our export list but due to fluctuation in the world market,its demand has
[Link] qualities like Basmati and Irri-6 are [Link] exports rice to almost all
the Gulf States and Middle Eastern,European,East Asian and some African countries.
[Link],Rugs And Mats:
Pakistan earns a large amount of foreign exchange by exporting very fine quality carpets
(both hand and machine made) rugs and [Link] to heavy competition in world's market their
demand is increasing.
 51

U.S.A. is an important buyer of Pakistani carpets,rugs and [Link] customers are

mostly European countries including France,U.K.,Italy,Switzerland,[Link],Belgium etc.
[Link] And Fish Preparations :
Fish is exported,fresh,canned and [Link] are exported to Japan and U.S.A. canned
fish finds its market mostly in [Link] Eastern and South Asian countries (specially
Sri Lanka) are also important customers of Pakistani fish and fish preparation.
[Link] And Hides:
Pakistan produces hides and skin worth approximately 2 crore every year of which 40 %
are [Link],because of leather industries in our country export of hides and
[Link],Spain,Japan,France,China,Romania,[Link] any [Link] important markets in this
regard.
[Link] Textile Products:
Pakistani Synthetic Textle Products are popular in various foreign [Link] are
mainly exported to Middle Eastern,African and South american countries.
[Link] Products:
There are 3 oil refineries in Pakistan where crude petroleum is imported and a number of
petroleum products are being [Link] of the surplus products are exported to
India,Turkey,Sri Lanka,Singapore etc.
[Link] Goods:
Pakistan has a worthy name in exporting sports goods to more than 100
countries,principally to [Link],U.K.,Italy,U.S.A.,France etc.
[Link] Instruments:
Pakistan is also exporting surgical equipments to China,Japan,America and Canada.
Besides the above mentioned items,Pakistan exports a number of miscellaneous items like raw
wool,Tobacco,Fruits,Vegetables etc . to various countries.
CHIEF IMPORT ITEMS OF PAKISTAN
Following are the main items of our country:
[Link] Oil:
Our country is not self sufficient in our mineral oil [Link] present oil
production of our own country meets only about 24% of the country's [Link] to meet
the deficiency,we have to import a large amount of mineral oil from other [Link] import
mineral oil from Saudi Arabia,Iran,U.A.E and other Middle East countries.
[Link]:

As our country is in its developing stage,we have to import different kinds of machinery
to meet the demands of various [Link] machines are usually imported from Japan,U.S.A.
and Europeian countries.
[Link] Oil:
The production of edible oil is is not sufficient to meet the demand of our Ghee
[Link] the government has taken various measures to boost up the production of oil
seeds,but inspite of those our country is still deficient in edible oil so we have to import enough
amount of edible oil e.g. soyabean oil from U.S.A. and Palm oil from Malaysia and Indonesia.
[Link] And Drugs:
The economy of our country mainly demands on agriculture,so to get higher yield from
different crops spray of various chemicals is [Link] to meet all these demands of our
 52

agricultural sector,we have to import various kinds of chemicals and drugs from other
[Link] chemicals and drugs are mainly imported from Japan,Germany,U.S.A.,U.K., and
other European countries.
[Link] And Colours:
Various Industries of our country use a number of dyes and colours as raw material in
their products such as textile,inting etc. so to meet the demand of all these industries,various
kinds of colours and dyes are [Link] colours and dyes are mainly imported from
Japan ,U.K.,U.S.A. etc.
[Link]:

Our country produces a very small quantity of tea which is sufficient to meet the demand
of our [Link] various tea companies port huge amount of [Link] is mainly imported from
Sri Lanka,Bangladesh,India and Kenya.
[Link] Goods:
Different kinds of electrical goods are needed in our country .The local industries are not
in in the position to meet the required demand so we have to import a large number of electric
goods from Japan,S.A.,U.K. and other European countries.
[Link] Equipments:
Our country needs different kinds of transport equipments e.g.
buses,cars,rickshaws,[Link] demand of these are high and hence they are imported from
Japan,Italy and other countries.
[Link] And Paper Products:
Before 1971,we had a number of paper mills our eastern wing and our requirements were
fulfilled from the eastern .Although,after 1971 some paper mills were set up in the wster
wing,are still deficient in paper especially in paper for newspaper [Link] have to import a
large amount of news print paper and other kinds of paper from Cnada,Japan,Sweden,U.S.A.
etc.
DIRECTION OF TRADE
The global concentration of Pakistan's trade can be broadly classified to the following
major groups of countries:
[Link] European Countries:
In this group U.K.,France,[Link],Belgium,Nether lands and other Scandinavian
countries can be included:These countries are the main buyers of our export goods [Link]
cloth , ,carpets,rugs,sports goods and many other items and we import machines,electric
goods,chemicals and various other items from these [Link] exports are less in comparison
to the imports from these countries and balance of trade is in favour of these countries.
[Link] East Countries:
Saudi Arabia,Iraq,U.A.E. and other Arab countries can be included in this [Link]
countries are the top buyers of our export goods,such as rice,cotton cloth and various other
items,but due to oil crises and Iran-Iraq war,our export to these countries has declined to some
extent, but our imports from these countries have increased [Link] import mineral oil and
various other items from these [Link] due to heavy imports from these countries,the
balance of trade is in their favour.
[Link] Countries:
 53

Japan,Hong Kong,China,Singapore,Malaysia,Indonesia and various other countries can

be included in this [Link] exports to these countries has been decreasing every year,and
imports have increase too much so due to these circumstance the balance of trade go in the
favour of these [Link] is the top buyer of our export goods in Asian countries,but we
have to import large amount of machinery,chemicals,transport equipments and various other
items from [Link] Japan we do trade with [Link] countries,such as we import palm
oil from Malaysia and Indonesia and Tea from Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
[Link] American Countries:
U.S.A.,Mexico,Canada and other countries can be included in this [Link] exports of
our country to North American group is not progressive,but we import so many kinds of
goods,such as machinery,electrical goods,soybean oil and requirements for our armed forces and
various other items,and our imports are about three times greater than our [Link] due to all
these conditions the balance of trade remains in favour of these countries.
5.R.C.D. Countries:
In this group are included Iran,Turkey and newly Independent Central Asian Republics
namely Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Azerbaijan and [Link] exports to Turkey and Iran
are quite [Link] all these countries are trying to make their balances of trade
favourable,but inspite of various measures taken by the concerned countries still Pakistan's
imports are greater than exports,so the balance of trade remains to the favour of these countries.
[Link] European Countries:
This group includes countries of eastern Europe such as Poland, U.S.S.R., Romania,
Hungary, Yugoslavia, Greece and [Link] countries import large amount of our export goods
such as rice, cotton cloth, sports goods,carpets and various other items ,but our imports are
comparatively less than our exports,so balance of trade is in favour of our country.
Besides the above we do trade with so many African,central and South American countries and
also the various Asian and Oceania countries.
[Link] the importance of seaports and dry ports in Pakistan.
Ans:
importance of seaports and dryports in Pakistan
Importance Of Seaports
Many Western developed nations depend for their development on the Middle East Oil.
This Oil is shipped through Arabian Sea to all the Far East countries passing through the Karachi
seaport. All the international trade of land tight countries of Central Asia and Afghanistan carry
out their international trade through the Karachi sea port China is expected to carry out its
international trade through the sea port of Gwadar.
Further all the food grains, wheat, wool, sheep of Australia are exported via Karachi sea
port to the Middle East and Europe and North Africa through Karachi. All the Far East countries
carry out their exports and imports with Europe and America through Karachi sea port.
In the East of Pakistan there is another series of Muslim countries which comprises of
Bangladesh, Malaysia and Indonesia and Maldives and their countries also carry out their export
and imports with Europe of America through the Pakistan Sea Port that’s why Quaid -e-Azam
had rightly remarked.”Pakistan is the key of Unity of Islamic World”

importance of dryports
 54

a dry port provides services for the handling and temporary storage of containers, general and/or
bulk cargoes that enters or leaves the dry port by any mode of transport such as road, railways,
inland waterways or airports.
A dry port of international importance shall refer to a secure inland location for handling,
temporary storage, inspection and customs clearance of freight moving in international trade.
Major Dry Ports of Pakistan
1. Fasialabad Dry Port
2. Lahore Dry Port
3. Multan Dry Port
4. Quetta Dry Port
5. Pashawar Dry Port
6. Rawalpindi Dry Port

[Link] the economic development of Pakistan from 1947 to 1970.

Ans: Economic history of Pakistan

The economic history of Pakistan begins with the country's independence in 1947.
The economy of Pakistan is a semi-industrialized one, based heavily on textiles, agriculture and
food production, though recent years have seen a surge towards technological diversification.
The land forming modern-day Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization from
2800 BC to 1800 BC; historical evidence suggests that the civilization relied on and carried trade
through the Indus River, and its inhabitants were some of the most resourceful traders.
First five decades
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the
average growth rate of the world economy during the same period. Average annual real GDP
growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual
growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that
decade.
During the 1960s, Pakistan was seen as a model of economic development around the
world, and there was much praise for its economic progression. The capital Karachi was seen as
an economic role model around the world, and there was much praise for the way its economy
was progressing.[who?] Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy
and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan"; the World Financial
Centre in Seoul is modeled after Karachi.
 55

Later, economic mismanagement in general, and fiscally imprudent economic policies in

particular, caused a large increase in the country's public debt and led to slower growth in the
1990s. Two wars with India - the Second Kashmir War in 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation
War in 1971 - and the resultant separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan also adversely affected
economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although
economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalisations of the mid-1970s. The economy
recovered during the 1980s via a policy of deregulation, as well as an increased inflow of foreign
aid and remittances from expatriate workers.
Pakistan Industries
Review on Pakistan from Economic Watch Pakistan’s economy can be characterized as
semi-industrialized. The country’s industrial sector constitutes 24.3% of the country’s gross
domestic product. Pakistan has a total labor force of 55.88 million (as of 2009). The largest
industries of the country are textile, cement, agriculture, fertilizer, steel, tobacco, edible oil,
pharmaceuticals, construction materials, shrimp, sugar, food processing, chemicals and
machinery. Pakistan’s industrial sector experienced tremendous growth between 2004 and 2006
despite the shortage of electricity. However, it is worth noting that net foreign investment in
industries of Pakistan constitutes only 2.5% of the country’s GDP.

Pakistan Economic Review

Pakistan economic review projects that because of strong economic policies taken up by
Pakistan government manufacturing and financial services sectors have flourished since fiscal
2008. Export of goods is a major concern for Pakistan economy. From 1999, exports of Pakistan
have increased from $7.5 billion to $18 billion in financial year 2007-2008. Major items for
exports include cotton fiber, vegetables, rice, electrical appliances, furniture, cement, tiles,
marble, textiles, clothing, sports goods, powdered milk, livestock meat, software, seafood,
leather goods, surgical instruments, carpets, rugs, ice cream, chicken, wheat, processed food
items, Pakistani assembled Suzuki cars, salt, defense equipment, onyx, marble and engineering
goods to mention a few. Some important import items of Pakistan are petroleum and petroleum
products, automobiles, medicines, industrial machinery, construction machinery, trucks,
electronics, civilian aircraft, computers, pharmaceutical products, computer parts, food items,
toys, defense equipment, iron and steel. Economic review of Pakistan has been focusing in recent
times on how to deal with economic recession. Economic indicators look positive in present
situation. Discount rate of central bank has been improved to 1.5 percentage points. This will
help in dealing with high inflation rate in Pakistan. Pakistan economic review projects that
government encourages foreign investments in various fields of real estate, telecommunications,
software, energy, fertilizer, aerospace, textiles, steel, ship building, arms manufacturing, cement
and automotives.

Pakistan Economic Structure

Characterized as semi-industrialized, Pakistan’s economy has grown tremendously since
its independence in 1947. Punjab and Karachi states constitute the major share in the economic
growth of the country. The first decade of the 21st century has experienced wide-ranging
economic reforms particularly in manufacturing and financial services sector, leading to
improvement in the country’s economic outlook.
Pakistan Economic Structure: Primary Sector
 56

Pakistan’s primary sector plays a major role in the country’s economy. Primarily an
agrarian economy, Pakistan produces a range of agricultural products. Around 43% of the
country’s labor is engaged in the primary sector, which in turn contributes 20.8% to the
country’s economy in 2009. Pakistan is the second largest producer of Chickpea and the third
largest producer of mango in the world according to the 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations. Some other major agricultural products of Pakistan include onion, cotton,
rice, tangerines, oranges, apricot, sugarcane, date palm, Clementine and wheat. Dairy farming is
also a large industry in Pakistan. In fact, Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world.
Although Pakistan has a considerable livestock population, it spends around $40 million a year
on formula milk import.
Pakistan Economic Structure: Secondary Sector
Pakistan’s manufacturing sector provides employment to 20.3% of the country’s labor
force (est. 2005). Some major manufacturing industries include cotton textile and apparel
manufacturing, carpets, rugs, rice, chemicals, sports goods and leather goods. Some other
popular industries are construction materials, mineral, paper products, food processing and
beverages. Around 51.4% of country’s exports include textile and apparel. The secondary sector
experienced a growth of 5.4% in 2007-08. However, electricity shortage remains the biggest
challenge in ensuring development of Pakistan’s secondary sector.
Pakistan Economic Structure: Tertiary Sector
The services sector of Pakistan mainly includes industries such as finance, insurance,
transport, communications and storage that account for 24% of the country’s GDP. Wholesale
and retail trade has 30% share in the GDP. With increase in the country’s software exports, the
IT industry is emerging as a flourishing service industry. Despite union unrest, the Pakistani
government is actively engaged in privatization of banking, telecommunications and utilities to
produce more jobs in the country.

[Link] is the significance of agricultural sector in the economy of Pakistan?

ans
Significance of the agricultural sector in the economy
Agriculture is an important sector, providing food to the fast-growing population of the
country. According the 1998 census, the total population of Pakistan is 130 million. With a
population growth rate of 2.6 percent there is a net addition of 3.4 million people each year. In
1947 the population of Pakistan was 32.5 million; in 50 years it has increased fourfold. During
this period the production of wheat, the major food crop, has increased only 2.9 fold. During
1970/71 the amount of wheat imported was 0.3 million tonnes; it has
increased to 4.1 million tonnes in 1997. Tremendous efforts have been carried out to narrow the
gap between population growth and food production.
Agriculture contributes about 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and
employs 47 percent of the national employed labour force. The contribution of the agricultural
sector to the GDP has declined gradually since Pakistan came into existence, from over 50
percent in 1949-50 to about 24 percent in 1996-97. Agriculture still remains the major sector of
the GDP composition. A major part of the economy depends on farming through production,
processing and distribution of major agricultural commodities.
In foreign trade agriculture again dominates, through exports of raw products such as rice
and cotton and semi-processed and processed products such as cotton yarn, cloth, carpets and
 57

leather production .Agriculture is essential for sustainable improvements in internal and external
balances. Of the total export earnings, the share of primary commodities and processed and
semi-processed products constituted almost 60 percent of the total exports. There have been
some structural changes over time, but the contribution of agro-based products has more or less
sustained its position.
The average annual growth rates in the agricultural sector during the 1960s, 1970s and
1980s were 5.07, 2.37 and 5.4 percent, respectively. With the announcement of a new agriculture
package by the government in April 1997, the growth rate during 1997/98 has improved to 5.9
percent.

More specifically; the agricultural sector plays an important part in Pakistan's economy
by:

1. contributing 24 percent towards GDP;

2. providing food to about 130 million people;
3. earning about 60 percent of the country's total export earnings;
4. providing employment to 47 percent of the total work force;
5. providing the main source of livelihood for the rural population of Pakistan;
6. providing raw materials for many industries and a market for many locally produced
industrial products.

Ch 4
Basic features of Pakistani society and culture
[Link] the basic features of Pakistani society and culture.
Ans:
salient features of pakistani culture
The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:
[Link] Uniformity
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on [Link]
people ,in spite of some differences of languages,customs and traditions commonly follow one
religion of [Link] is the religion,which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.
[Link]
A number of languages are spoken in [Link] of them are Punjabi,Sindhi,Pushto
and [Link] Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of [Link] the official
language,it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.
[Link] and Poetry
Literature is an important aspects of our cultural [Link] of our poets reflect Islamic
code and trend in their [Link] gave the message of love and [Link] of
thoughts amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.
[Link] and Diet
Dress is an important manifestation of [Link] regional dresses of Pakistan under go
changes in the light of local traditions,economic conditions,way of living and wealth in the
[Link] in all provinces people generally wear Shalwar Qameez.
Our eating habits,foods and social etquette are stricktly in conformity with Islamic principles.
[Link] Culture
 58

Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and
faith .But there is great influence of Hindu and British culture on the present Pakistani society.
[Link] Dominated Society
In Pakistani culture the male member of the family enjoys the key [Link] is
headed by a male member and in most cases,he is the soul sources of income for other members
of the family.
[Link] and Architecture
The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elwgant
designs,based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from [Link] Shah Jahan
Masjid,Shalimar Garden,Badshahi Masjid,Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a
living proof of the exellent Mughal architecture.
[Link]
Embroidery,Leather works,glazed pottery,wood work,carpet making,metal crafts,ivory
are the essential parts of our [Link] craftsmen are considered as the best in their
[Link] are known for the high quality works which is very popular in foreign
countries.
[Link] Activities-Sports
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are [Link] games like
wrestling,hockey ,cricket,football,squash,Kabaddi etc are popular in every part of our
[Link] games reflect our cultural identity.
[Link]
Education contributes a great deal in developing national [Link] system
plays a vital role in the formation of culture,unity and solidarity of a [Link]
is,therefore,important that the entire syllabi right from the lower to higher level should be placed
in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan.
[Link] Festivals
Festivals play an important part of our [Link]-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two
main religious festivals .They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
[Link],Mushaikh and Sufi Poets
Ulema,Mashaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honoured place in our cultural aspect of
[Link] like Lal Shahbaz,Data Ganj Baksh,Shah Abdul Lateef,Sachal Sarmast,Hazrat Sultan
Bahu and Waris Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.
CONCLUSION
Culture which includes religion,literature art,architecture,dresses,music,manners and
customs has its roots in the Islamic [Link] has described the rights and duties of every
[Link] in drinking,eating and dressing,we have to observe certain rules prescribed by
[Link] it may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.

[Link] the educational structure of pakistan.

Ans:
Educational structure of Pakistan
Primary education[edit]
Only 87% of Pakistani children finish primary school education. The standard national
system of education is mainly inspired from the British system. Pre-school education is designed
for 3–5 years old and usually consists of three stages:
 59

Play Group, Nursery and Kindergarten (also called 'KG' or 'Prep'). After pre-school
education, students go throughjunior school from grades 1 to 5. This is proceeded by middle
school from grades 6 to 8. At middle school, single-sex education is usually preferred by the
community, but co-education is also common in urban cities.
The curriculum is usually subject to the institution. The eight commonly examined
disciplines are Urdu, English, mathematics, arts,science, social studies, Islamiyat and
sometimes computer studies (subject to availability of a computer laboratory). Provincial and
regional languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi,Pashto and others may be taught in their respective
provinces, particularly in language-medium schools. Some institutes give instruction in foreign
languages such as Turkish,Arabic, Persian, French and Chinese. The language of instruction
depends on the nature of the institution itself, whether it is an English-medium school or an
Urdu-medium school.
Secondary education
Secondary education in Pakistan begins from grade 9 and lasts for four years. After end
of each of the school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by
a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE).
Upon completion of grade 9, students are expected to take a standardised test in each of
the first parts of their academic subjects. They again give these tests of the second parts of the
same courses at the end of grade 10. Upon successful completion of these examinations, they are
awarded a Secondary School Certificate (or SSC). This locally termed as 'matriculation
certificate' or 'matric' for short. The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses
including electives (such as Biology, Chemistry, Computing and Physics) as well as compulsory
subjects (such as Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamiat and Pakistani Studies).
Students then enter an intermediate college and complete grades 11 and 12. Upon
completion of each of the two grades, they again take standardised tests in their academic
subjects. Upon successful completion of these examinations, students are awarded the Higher
Secondary (School) Certificate (or HSC). This level of education is also called the FSc/FA/ICS
or 'intermediate'. There are many streams students can choose for their 11 and 12 grades, such as
pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities (or social sciences), computer science and commerce.
Each stream consists of three electives and as well as three compulsory subjects of
English, Urdu, Islamiat (grade 11 only) and Pakistani Studies (grade 12 only).
University education
After earning their HSC, students may study in a professional college for Bachelor's
degree courses such as engineering([Link]/BS Engg.), [Link] Hons/BS
[Link] medicine (MBBS), dentistry (BDS), veterinary
medicine (DVM), law(LLB), architecture ([Link]), pharmacy (Pharm-D) and nursing ([Link]).
These courses require four or five years of study. There are some councils and boards that will
handle all the education matters in these cases; they are the PMDC, Pakistan pharmacy council
and Pakistan nursing council. Students can also attend a university for Bachelor of
Arts (BA),Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) or Bachelor of Business
Administration (BBA) degree courses. These all are the courses that are done in Pakistan and are
really common. These days doctor of pharmacy is also gaining much reputation. The pharmacy
council of Pakistan is doing huge struggle to make the pharmacy education better.
There are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan: Pass or Honors. Pass degree
requires two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such
 60

as Chemistry or Economics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects (such

as English and Pakistan Studies). Honours degree requires three or four years of study, and
students normally specialize in a chosen field of study, such as Biochemistry (BSc Hons.
Biochemistry). It can be noted that Pass Bachelors is now slowly being phased out for Honours
throughout the country.
Quaternary education[edit]
Most of Master's degree programs require two years education. Master of
Philosophy ([Link]) is available in most of the subjects and can be undertaken after doing
Masters. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is available in selected areas and is usually
pursued after earning a [Link] degree. Students pursuing [Link] or PhD degrees must choose a
specific field and a university that is doing research work in that field. [Link] and PhD
education in Pakistan requires a minimum of two years of study
[Link] the education problems in pakistan.
ans
Education Problems in Pakistan
Education is an essential investment for human and economic development. It is
considered as the cheapest defense of a nation but unfortunately it is one of the biggest problems
in Pakistan. The education system of Pakistan is rotten to the core. The literacy rate in Pakistan is
recorded as about 55% in 2012-2013.
At present, the education sector is facing crisis just like other major sectors of the
country. Following are the major problems in education system of Pakistan:
The educational system of the country is based on different mediums which divides the
students in two segments. Mostly private schools are English medium while the Government
schools are Urdu medium. Regional differences are also a major cause for a poor educational
system in Pakistan.
Gender discrimination is very common in Pakistan. People are very conservative and
they don’t want their girls to go to school and get education. Due to this, the ratio of boys and
girls in primary schools is 10:4.
Poverty is another factor that prohibits the parents to send their children to private school
where the quality of education is high. Poor people get their children admitted to Government
schools. The teachers in Government schools are not professionally trained. They even don’t
take lectures and waste the precious time of the students.
The allocation of funds for education sector by the Government of Pakistan are very low;
only 2% of the total GDP. Government should increase this rate to improve the quality of
educational system.
Education is very important for the development of every country. It is the only cure for the
disability of a country because today’s students are tomorrow’s nation builder. Government of
Pakistan should take steps to remove the above mentioned problems so as to improve the quality
of educational system of the country.
Education structure of Pakistan
Education in pakistan is divided into five levels:
• Elementary school (grades 1 through 5)
• High school (grades 6 through 8)
• High school (grades 9 through 10)
 61

• Higher Secondary School (grades 11 to 12)

• Higher Education
All academic education institutions are administered by provincial governments. The
federal government provides assistance, primarily in curriculum development, accreditation, and
partial funding of scientific research.
In Pakistan, there are both public and private schools.
Pre-primary Education
Early childhood education is designed for 3-5 years, and usually consists of three steps:
• Playgroups
• Nurseries
• Kindergartens
After the pre-school children are transferred to the primary school.
Primary education
As part of the curriculum students studied English, mathematics, science, and art.
Sometimes students are taught the basics work on the computer.
Secondary education
It is generally accepted, that secondary education starts at grade 9 and lasts for four years.
At the end of 10th grade students pass the standardized test, which is under the auspices of the
regional council of intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE).
In the case of successful completion of this test, they receive a Secondary School Certificate
(SSC). At the end of grade 12 they will have another standardized test and the successful
delivery of its student receives a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (HSC). The most
common alternative to these certificates is a certificate of general education (General Certificate
of Education – GCE), where the certificates of SSC and HSC level replaced Ordinary Level (or
O Level) and Advanced Level (or A Level), respectively. Other possible certificates include
IGCSE, which replaces the SSC. Certificate GCE O Level, IGCSE and GCE AS / A Level
controlled by the British examination boards.
Higher education
Students can attend college or university for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Bachelor of
Arts (BA)), BSc (Bachelor of Science (BSc)) or a degree in Commerce / Business
Administration (Commerce / Business Administration (BCom / BBA)). There are two types of
bachelor’s degree in Pakistan – the successful graduation and graduation with honors. The first
type requires a two-year training and includes the study of electives (chemistry, mathematics,
economics, statistics) and the compulsory subjects (such as English). Undergraduate with honors
requires three-four-year study.
After receiving the certificate of HSC students can acquire knowledge in engineering,
medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, law, architecture. Duration of training in these
specialties is 4-5 years. For the title of Bachelor of technology, students need to unlearn 3 years
and receive a diploma “Diploma of Associate Engineer”, and then another 4 years to learn the
technical program. You can also get the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in some areas.
[Link] urdu is called the national language of communication of pakistan?
Ans:
Urdu - National Language of Pakistan
 62

Introduction
Urdu enjoys the status of being the mother tongue of 80 millions people of the world,
mostly residing in two countries Pakistan and India. It also enjoys the status of being the national
language of Pakistan and one of the national languages of India. It is also the official language of
different states of India like Utter Pradesh, Indian controlled Jammu and Kashmir, etc. It is
spoken and understood in many countries of Asia, Africa and Europe and a large number of
speakers are also present in USA and Australia. The total count of the people, who can speak and
understand Urdu, is more than 200 millions. It is the 20th most populous natively spoken
language.
Urdu belongs to the Indo-Aryan family and thus is an Indo-European language. It has
developed in the present shape under the great influence of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Punjabi,
and other indigenous languages of Indian sub-continent during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal
Empire from 12th to 18th century.
Urdu is the national and one of the two official languages of Pakistan, along with
English, and is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state
languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the provincial languages. Only 8%
of Pakistanis have Urdu as their native language, but Urdu is understood all over Pakistan. It is
used in education, literature, office and court business. It holds in itself a repository of
the cultural and social heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles,
and Punjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and national language in
Pakistan.
[Link] the various stages of development of the Punjabi and sindhi language ?
Ans:
Status of Punjabi in Pakistan
Punjabi is the mother tongue of the majority of people in Pakistan. According to 1981
census, the last census for which the figures are available, Punjabi (including Saraiki, Hindko
and other variations) is the “commonly spoken in the household” language for 60.43 per cent
Pakistanis, followed by Pushto for 13.14 per cent, Sindhi for 11.77 per cent, Urdu for 7.60 per
cent and Baluchi for 3.02 per cent. Yet, Punjabi has no official status either in Pakistan or in
West Punjab. The medium of teaching in government and private schools in West Punjab is Urdu
and, to a lesser extent, English. There is not a single Punjabi medium school in Pakistan, as
compared to 36,750 Sindhi medium schools in Sindh and 10,731 Pushto medium schools in the
NWFP, per a study in 2001. Except for a very small number of writers and activists, Punjabis are
illiterate in their own language – they can neither read nor write Punjabi. The rich tradition of
Punjabi literature, going back to the 12th century AD when Baba Farid composed his poetry in a
highly developed and sophisticated Punjabi language, has been forgotten. Among the educated
classes of Punjabis, instead of pride and affection, contempt and shame for their culture and
language is commonly observed.
A closer study of this unique social phenomena of systematic and deliberate denial of
their own ethnic identity by West Punjabis, as highlighted by their rejection of Punjabi language,
provides many insights into the dynamics of search for an identity by various ethnic and
religious groups in the subcontinent during and after the British colonial period and the way
power structure has evolved in Pakistan.
The Lack of British Patronization: Prior to the annexation of Punjab by the British in
1849, Punjabi language had developed on the same course followed by most other regional
 63

languages in India. Throughout the period of Muslim dominance of India, Persian was the
official language of Delhi durbar for conducting the official business until it was officially
replaced by English in 1837. The language policies of British Government provided the catalyst
for a number of local languages to flourish and develop into their modern and standardized
forms. Prior to the British rule, a large number of local schools were functioning in the Punjab.
They can be classified as madrassas (for Arabic and Islamic education), maktabs (for Persian
education), Gurmukhi schools (for Punjabi language in Gurmukhi script and Sikh religious
studies) and patshalas (Sanskrit schools). In all of these schools, Punjabi was the medium of
teaching even though the main purpose was to teach other languages and religious subjects. For
a number of years after the British conquest of the Punjab, official circulars and court orders
were published in Punjabi. The subject of adopting Urdu or Punjabi as the official vernacular
and medium of education in government schools was widely debated among the British officers.
A number of them supported Urdu for various reasons, including their fear of resurgence of
Sikhs if Punjabi was officially promoted. Most of the low level functionaries in the British
governments bureaucracy in the Punjab had come from Urdu speaking areas. They also
supported Urdu. Eventually, the British government adopted Urdu for Punjab’s schools and
lower courts. Although Punjabi continued to be taught in some private schools in Gurmukhi
script to Sikh children, it only served the purpose of religious studies since government
employments were available only in Urdu and English. Punjabi missed the boat of British
patronization that was the key turning point in the development of other regional languages, e.g.,
Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Sindhi, etc.
Sindhi Language
The Sindhi language is spoken by over 53 million people inside Pakistan alone.
Originally derived from Sanskrit, it is the official language of the province of Sindh in Pakistan.
Sindhi language evolved over a period of 2400 years. The language of the people of
Sindh, after coming in contact with the Aryan, became Indo-Aryan (Prakrit). Sindhi language,
therefore, has a solid base of Prakrit as well as Sanskrit, the language of India, with vocabulary
from Arabic, Persian, and some Dravidian – descendants from Mediterranean sub-continent.
Initially, Sindhi had close contacts with Arabic- speaking Muslims. Therefore the language
adopted many of the Arabic words.
Sindhi language is an ancient language spoken in Pakistan and many other parts of the
world. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and
12 million people in India; it is the second most spoken language of Pakistan, mostly spoken in
the Sindh province. It is a recognized official language in Pakistan, and also an official language
in India. Government of Pakistan issues National Identity Cards to its citizens only in two
languages; Sindhi and Urdu.
Sindhi language is also greatly influenced by Sanskrit and about 70% of the words in
Sindhi are of Sanskrit origin. Sindhi is a very rich language with a vast vocabulary; this has made
it a favorite of many writers and so a lot of literature and poetry has been written in Sindhi. It has
been the inspiration for Sindhi art, music, literature, culture and the way of life. The language
can be written using the Devanagri or Arabic script.

[Link] the major social problems of pakistan.

Ans:
 64

Major Problems Facing Pakistan Today

Islamic Republic of Pakistan was established in 1947, a country of 170 million people,
full of natural resources and more than 60 years of independence but still not respected in the
world community. In less than 30 years of independence, it’s one wing gets separated
(Bangladesh). Remaining part till today is living on IMF, World Bank and foreign donations.
Majority of the population is living in rural areas without basic necessities of life. It is a country
where financial gap between rich and poor is widening day by day. From the last 10 years,
extremism is increasing. What ever happens in the world it is almost understood even before
investigations that it will have a link with Pakistan. Almost every kind of problem exists in
Pakistan, including electricity load-shedding, bad economy, less educational facilities, less
hospitals, inflation and no pure water in many parts. These problems exist in Pakistan right from
its independence which as mentioned above was more than sixty years ago.
Despite it being rich on raw resources thus far Pakistan is a developing country with
limited development in every era due to the problems it faces. In the following text we will shed
some light on some of the major problems faced today by Pakistan as a country.
1. POVERTY:
According to an analysis conducted by the government of Pakistan and published at HEC
shows that the poverty has increased roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. Consider
that if 40%of a country’s population is earning their life below the poverty-line in which the
people are deprived of basic necessities of life such as clothing, shelter,food, education and
medication, such families and their children will be forced to think of their survival only.
2. ILLITERACY :
Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write”.According to
this definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate. Which means half of its
population is illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child labor this rate
is expected to increase in future. Even for those who are termed as “Literate” are only able to
read and write, which in today’s technology oriented world is still considered as illiteracy.
Majority of the people forming the top controlling tier is almost unaware of technologies and
technical mindset. Thus, causing the country to adopt the new technologies at a snail’s speed.
3. Energy Crisis:
Electricity is the major Problem Pakistan facing today. Electricity in Pakistan is
generated, transmitted, distributed and retail supplied by two vertically integrated public sector
utilities: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for all of Pakistan (except
Karachi), and the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) for the City of Karachi and its
surrounding areas. There are around 16 independent power producers that contributes
significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan.
For years, the matter of balancing Pakistan’s supply against the demand for electricity has
remained a largely unresolved matter. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in revamping its
network responsible for the supply of electricity.
Contrary to Pakistani government and expatriate claims, Pakistan suffers from a massive
electricity shortage. Electricity generation in Pakistan has shrunk by 50% in recent years due to
an overreliance on hydroelectric power. In 2008, availability of power in Pakistan falls short of
the population’s needs by 15% Pakistan was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007, after the
assassination of Benazir Bhutto and the following riots. Production fell by 6000 Megawatts and
massive blackouts followed suit. The blame was laid on the then president, Pervez Musharraf,
 65

and was instrumental in his defeat. Load Shedding (deliberate blackouts) and power blackouts
have become severe in Pakistan in recent years. The main problem with Pakistan’s poor power
generation is rising political instability, together with rising demands for power and lack of
efficiency.
4. Corruption and Political Instability
Pakistan is suffering from a fatal problem known as “Establishment”. Every vital
department in Pakistan is controlled by the so called “Establishment”. Establishment is a network
of key positions in almost all the departments in the country. This network provides support and
safe backing to their “touts” to ensure that they remain in control. The roots of this establishment
may very well be deep inside underworld and secret agencies of the dominating nations.
It is interesting to note that due to the international interference and manipulation the very same
people that we label as corrupt just sometime ago, blame and rebuke, come back to govern us
after a couple of years again and people welcome them with open arms. A common English
saying goes as “fool me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me”.
This is probably also the main reason why the political process in Pakistan is not let to
prosper. Soon after its inception the sincere and loyal politicians were removed from the main
stream and only dummy agents and rubber stamps are put in place, while all the decisions are
made outside the country.
5. INTERNATIONAL INTERFERENCE
India is typically termed as a conventional enemy to Pakistan. As mentioned before the
people of Pakistan need to be trained to think positively about their surroundings. We should
learn a lesson from US and Canada’s cross border collaboration to improve their affairs and
provide backing, why can’t Pakistan and India enter into such strengthening relationship?
Pakistan can never move forward with its proxy war politics with India and its involvement in
the so-called US War on terrorism. It has to strike peace with India and other neighboring
countries soon so that it can use its resources for its own people’s welfare and focus on its
collective objectives.
Pakistan has more potential to be a developed country earlier than India. It has the
resources and [Link] it seems to sink lower by the day. India with a billion plus population has
a million problems to handle. Yet the focus of India has been right and it shows in its 8%
economic growth. Its time Pakistan learns this lesson and corrects its focus.
6. Terrorism:
Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent
years. The whole world looks at Pakistan,as a land of terrorists. Main reason being an
exploitation through the religious leaders and reaction of the military operations both internally
as well as externally.
The post-9/11 War on Terrorism in Pakistan has had two principal elements: the
government’s battle with jihad groups banned after the attacks in New York, and the U.S. pursuit
of Al-Qaeda, usually (but not always) in co-operation with Pakistani forces.
In 2004, the Pakistani army launched a pursuit of Al-Qaeda members in the mountainous
area of Waziristan on the Afghan border, although sceptics question the sincerity of this pursuit.
Clashes there erupted into a low-level conflict with Islamic militants and local tribesmen,
sparking the Waziristan War. A short-lived truce known as the Waziristan accord was brokered
in September 2006, which indicated Pakistan’s reluctance to fight Islamic militia. Terrorist
 66

attacks staged in Pakistan have killed over 35,000 people, 5,000 of which are law enforcement
personnel, and caused material damage to the Pakistani economy totalling $67 billion.
8. Overpopulation, Inflation, Unemployment
According to official news Pakistani has an estimated 2% growth rate which for a
country of official population of 160 Million turns out to be roughly around3.2 Million every
year. This alarming growth rate is causing immense pressure on head of the families who are to
support them.
Given that about 40% of the population is already living under poverty line and 5.6%
(official figures) of the population is unemployed, the ever growing population of Pakistan is just
adding to the problems of the already under pressure nation.
9. Economy Crisis:
In 1947, Pakistan had 30 million people with per capita income of 100$. Agriculture
accounted for almost 50% of economic output with hardly any manufacturing, as all industries
were located in India. Therefore, it was unable to feed 30 million people and was dependent on
PL-480 imports from the USA. From thereon, Pakistan has come a long way.
Today with 170 million people, our per capita income in 2008 was 1000$ which was ten
times more. Out of every hundred rupees of our national income, we consume 85 rupees and
save only 15 rupees, which means that the amount of money which is available to invest for
economic growth and advancement is too little. Because to grow by 6%, you need at least 24-
25% investment rate. In 1990, Pakistan’s share was 0.2% of the world trade. After 20 years it
has come down to 0.12% in a very buoyant world economy.
10. Health Issues:
Pakistan is facing a health crisis with rising rates of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and
other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which disproportionately affect poor families, with
possible side effects of disability and premature death, and worsening poverty as people pay for
medical treatment out of their own pockets.
the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 4 million cases of diarrhea, pneumonia,
malaria, and skin conditions that had largely resulted from the flood conditions. Cholera
outbreaks have also been reported from flood-affected areas. From Oct. 15 to 22, WHO reported
about 258,000 consultations for pneumonia, diarrhea, and suspected malaria. Furthermore,
dreaded diseases such as dengue and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fevers have been reported
from the field, along with measles encephalitis and neonatal tetanus.
[Link] the role of minorities in pakistan.
Ans:
Minorities in pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah made a speech to Pakistan’s first constituent
assembly on that day in 1947, which was chaired by a non-Muslim, Joginder Nath Mandal.

In his address to the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947,

Muhammad Ali Jinnah said: “You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go
to your mosques or to any other places of worship in the State of Pakistan. You may belong to
any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State. We are
starting with this fundamental principle: that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State.
Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of
time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not so in the
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religious sense because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as
citizens of the state.”

When Pakistan was created, its Founding Father Muhammad Ali Jinnah endorsed the
principles of religious freedom and equal rights for all, irrespective of caste or creed. The
succession of constitutions that followed went counter to these ideals, and opened the door to
persecution and violence against minorities. Beside blasphemy, Christians and members of other
non-Muslim religions have to deal with the problem of forced conversions and marriages.

Pakistan is a plural society with a number of religious, sectarian and ethno-linguistic

groups. It is nation of about 162 million people where Muslims represent more than 90 per cent
of the total, divided doctrinal lines. As a religious minority Christians face religious, social,
constitutional, economic and educational discrimination. In addition to Christians, non-Muslim
Pakistanis include Baha’is, Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, Kalasha, Parsees and Sikhs.
Pakistan’s Founding Fathers envisaged a progressive, democratic and tolerant society that
retained its Muslim character whilst giving equal rights to its non-Muslim citizens.
[Link] the common features of Pakistani culture.
Ans:
The Common Features of Pakistani Culture
Different regions and nationalities have different customs and traditions. That explains
the presance of so many cultures throughout the world. But there are also many commonalities
among various cultures. Pakistan is a muslim country and islam is the dominant feature of
pakistani culture. Islam is against the divisions of people and societies on ethnic, linguistic, or
traditional grounds and provides a common framework for uniting its followers in a single
nationhood beyond provincial frontiers besides religion the constitution of pakistan, also
provides freedom and benefits to every one. Following are the main characteristics of pakistani
culture.

Mixed culture:
pakistani culture is a mixed culture. This region has been a melting pot of different
cultural traditions since human prehistory. The earliest settlers of the region were part displaced,
part mingled with the Aryan invandes. Later on various people of iranian, Afghan, Greek, Arab,
Mongolian and turkic origin settled and mingled with local populations. Thus, in spite of the
many apparent differences in the customs and traditions of various regions in the country, they
also exhibit deep, underlying similarities, known as pakistani culture.
Social life:
In pakistan social life is basically simple and modest. Customs and traditions are also
simple. A majority of the population lives in combined family system. Respect for the elders is
common among all regional and local traditions.
A vast majority of the national population lives in villages, with farming and livestock
management being the primary sources of earning their livelihood.
Commerce, industrial works, and the service sector are the major employment sources of
the people in urban areas.
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Marriage ceremonies are still held in traditional manner. Religious festivals are generally
celebrated with passion and devotion throughout the country.
Dress:
pakistan's national dress is simple but graceful. Men wear shalwar and qamees or kurta.
The use of traditional caps and pagries as headwear among men is common. Women generally
wear shalwar and qamees for clothes and chader (shawl) for headwear.
Besides, every region has its own style of dress. Embroidered dress is popular with
women. But its cutting, colour and design are different. Hence, every dress follows the principle
of modesty and parda.
Food:
Food of pakistani people is quite simple. Bread made from wheat taken with vegetables,
various kinds of pulses, is common. Rice with meat is another favorite dish. Milk, lassi, tea,
green tea and simple water are the major drinks. However, during marriage ceremonies and other
feasts, the provision of more expenslve and richer foods and drinks is arranged. Some foods are
more popular than others in certain areas due to regional and climatic variations. In khyber
pakhtunkhwa, for example, because of the cold weather meat and green tea are consumed in
larger quantities. In Sindh and Punjab, vegetables, milk and dairy products like yogurt and butter,
are consumed avidly. In Baluchistan, lambs, meat, beaf and dry fruits are the fovourite food.
Handicraft:
The skill of handicraft is inherited to pakistan people from ancient times. Modern
pakistan's craftmen are capable and have a great aesthetic sence. Craftsmanship is generally a
family business. Certain crafts are jointly undertaken by men and women.

The city of Gujarat is famous for the craft of paintings on earthenware. The craftsmen of
peshawar city retain the same mastery of the art of engraving on bronze, copper and tin
implements as their ancestors. The goldsmiths of Peshawar, Multan, Bahawalpur and Haiderabad
are renowned for their work in both gold and silver. Baluchistan and Punjab are renowned for the
craft of weaving hand-woven carpet. Pakistanis are also heir to a rich tradition in the handcrafts
of embroidery and the decoration of fabrics.
Sports and Fares:
Sporting events and fairs are important aspects of pakistani culture. In various regions of
the country fairs are held with the changing of seasons and on eve of crops cutting or on
occasions of important events in the lives of sufi saints. People from all walks of life come to
participate in these fares. Some of these events are quite colorful.

Some of the famous fares held in the country include the horse and cattle show in Lahore,
the annual cattle-fare held at Sibbi in Baluchistan, and the Shandur Polo Festival at chitral in
khyber pakhtunkhwa.

[Link] a note balochi,pushtoo and kashmiri language,

Ans:
Balochi
Balochi is a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It
is the main language of Balochistan , a province of Pakistan. It is estimated that about 7 million
people speak Balochi as their first or second language. They are spread over a vast area
 69

encompassing southeastern Iran, southwestern Pakistan, southwestern Afghanistan, and

southern Turkmenistan. There is a large Baloch community in Oman and the United Arab
Emirates.
Balochi’s origin is not known but it is hypothesized that the Baloch people may have
migrated from their original home east or southeast of the central Caspian regionin the 7th-8th
centuries AD. Their language is thought to have evolved between 200-700 BC from a lost
language spoken on the territory of the Parthian Empire. This may help explain why Balochi’s
closest relatives today areKurdish and Persian.

Prior to 1947, Balochistan’s official languages were Persian and English. In 1948, with
the incorporation of Balochistan into the newly created Pakistan, Balochi was replaced
by Urdu as the national language.
None of the countries in which Balochi is spoken have given it official status or use it in
their educational systems. Even though Balochi is the primary language of Balochistan, it is not
taught in schools due to lack of teachers, lack of parental support (most parents want their
children to learn Urdu, Persian, or English instead), and competing pressures from other
language groups. Although there are newspapers, magazines, and literature in Balochi, literacy
rate in the languageis only 1%. Radio has played an important role in promoting comprehension
among the three dialects of the language. Today, Balochi remains primarily the language of the
home and of the local community.
Pashto
Pashto, also known as Pushto, or Pashtu, is a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of
the Indo-European language family. It is spoken by 42-45 million ethnic Pashtuns in Afghanistan
and Pakistan. It is also spoken in India, Iran, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, and U.K.

Pashto is spoken by an estimated 8 million people in Afghanistan. It was made the

national language of Afghanistan in 1936 by royal decree. Today, it is a co-official language of
Afghanistan along with Dari . Of the two languages, Dari enjoys greater prestige, hence most
Pashtuns learn to speak Dari, but few Dari speakers learn Pashto. However, because of the
political power of the Pashtuns , Pashto is a compulsory subject in Dari-medium schools, and is
widely used as a language of government administration. Nevertheless, it failed to
replace Dari as the major language of business and higher education.
Pakistan
Pashto is spoken by 9.6 million people In Pakistan, but it has no official status and is not
taught in schools. Pashtun children are educated in Urdu.
Kashmiri
Kashmiri, also known as Koshur, belongs to the Northwestern group of the Indo-Aryan
branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken primarily in the Jammu and
Kashmir state of India. It has about 4,6 million speakers, 4.3 million of whom reside in India and
105,000 in Pakistan .
Kashmiri language and literature experienced two major influences. The earliest was that
of Vedic Sanskrit. The later influences came from Persian and Arabic which began after the
Muslim invasions and large-scale conversion to Islam.

Kashmiri is one of the 22 official languages of India. It is the majority language in

 70

multilingual and multi-ethnic Jammu and Kashmir State. Kashmiri is used as a medium of
instruction in primary and middle schools. Some Kashmiri speakers use English or Hindi as a
second language. Only recently has Kashmiri started to be taught in Indian universities.
Nevertheless, literacy rates are relatively high.
Speakers of Kashmiri are predominantly fluent in a second language,
typically Hindi/Urdu. Many Kashmiris also speak English. The language is known for its rich
literary tradition, particularly for its poetry, dating from the 12th century A.D. Kashmiri is the
medium of much of mass communication, such as newspapers, radio programs, and films.