NAME: JUGO, CHARISSE P.

PSY 3203-1
SUMMARY TABLE

PSYCHOTHERAPY PROPONENT/S KEY CONCEPTS (bulleted)

Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud, ● Unconscious Mind: The unconscious holds repressed thoughts,
Therapy memories, and desires that shape behavior without conscious
Anna Freud, awareness. Everyday mistakes, dreams, and slips of the tongue
(Freudian slips) reveal hidden conflicts.
Erik Erikson, ● Structure of Personality: Divided into the Id (instinctual drives and
pleasure-seeking), Ego (rational mediator), and Superego (moral
Carl Jung, conscience).
● Psychosexual Development: Five stages—Oral (0-1 year,
Melanie Klein, dependence/trust issues), Anal (1-3 years, control issues), Phallic (3-6
years, gender identity and Oedipus/Electra complex), Latency (6-12
Margaret Mahler years, social development), and Genital (12+ years, mature sexual
identity). Fixation in any stage can lead to lifelong psychological issues.
● Defense Mechanisms: Psychological strategies used by the Ego to
protect against anxiety, including repression (blocking distressing
thoughts), denial (refusing reality), projection (attributing unwanted
 feelings to others), displacement (redirecting emotions), sublimation
(channeling impulses into productive actions), rationalization (justifying
behavior), and regression (reverting to earlier behaviors).
● Dream Analysis: Dreams act as the "royal road to the unconscious,"
revealing hidden desires and fears. They have both manifest (literal)
and latent (symbolic) content.
● Free Association: Clients say whatever comes to mind without
filtering, allowing unconscious conflicts to surface.
● Transference & Countertransference: Clients unconsciously transfer
feelings from past relationships onto the therapist (transference), while
therapists may unintentionally respond with personal biases
(countertransference).
● Ego Psychology & Psychosocial Stages: Erikson expanded on
Freud’s work, identifying eight psychosocial crises individuals must
resolve, such as identity vs. role confusion and intimacy vs. isolation.
These influence emotional and personality development throughout
life.
● Object Relations Theory: Melanie Klein and Margaret Mahler
emphasized early childhood relationships and how internalized
"objects" (caregivers) shape personality and interpersonal patterns.
● Therapeutic Goal: To bring unconscious conflicts into conscious
 awareness, helping clients resolve repressed emotions and develop
healthier coping mechanisms.

Adlerian Therapy Alfred Adler, ● Holistic & Goal-Oriented Approach: Unlike Freud, Adler viewed
individuals as whole beings rather than divided by unconscious drives.
Rudolf Dreikurs, He believed people are motivated by social connections and personal
goals rather than instinctual urges.
Jon D. Carlson, ● Inferiority Complex & Striving for Superiority: Feelings of inferiority
are natural and drive individuals to strive for success. However, an
James Robert Bitter unresolved inferiority complex may result in self-doubt or
overcompensation.
● Lifestyle & Birth Order: Adler proposed that personality is shaped by
early life experiences, including family atmosphere and sibling position.
The oldest child is often responsible and a leader, the middle child
seeks a place, the youngest may be pampered or rebellious, and only
children can be mature but struggle with peer relationships.
● Social Interest & Community Feeling: Mental health is rooted in a
sense of belonging and contributing to society. A lack of social interest
may lead to self-centeredness and psychological distress.
● Fictional Finalism: People create guiding beliefs (fictional goals) that
shape their behavior. These are subjective rather than based on reality,
 yet they influence decision-making.
● Early Recollections & Lifestyle Assessment: Adlerian therapists
analyze childhood memories to uncover themes that define a client’s
worldview and self-concept.
● Encouragement & Reorientation: Therapy focuses on boosting
confidence, challenging negative self-beliefs, and helping clients adopt
healthier behaviors and attitudes. The therapist acts as a mentor rather
than an authority figure.

Existential Viktor Frankl, ● Freedom & Responsibility: Humans have free will to shape their
Psychotherapy lives, but with freedom comes the responsibility to make meaningful
Rollo May, choices.
● Search for Meaning (Logotherapy): Frankl emphasized that meaning
Irvin Yalom, is essential to mental well-being. When individuals experience an
existential vacuum (a lack of purpose), they may feel lost, anxious, or
Søren Kierkegaard, depressed. Therapy helps clients create meaning through values,
relationships, and personal growth.
Friedrich Nietzsche, ● Authenticity vs. Inauthenticity: Authentic living involves making
choices aligned with personal values, while inauthenticity occurs when
Martin Heidegger, individuals conform to societal expectations or avoid responsibility.
● Anxiety as a Natural Condition: Existential anxiety arises from
 Jean-Paul Sartre, confronting mortality, freedom, and uncertainty. Unlike neurotic anxiety
(which is excessive and debilitating), existential anxiety can be a
Martin Buber, motivator for change.
● Death Awareness & Living Fully: Facing mortality helps individuals
Ludwig Binswanger, appreciate life and prioritize meaningful experiences. Avoiding thoughts
of death can lead to superficial living.
Medard Boss, ● Isolation & Interconnectedness: Humans crave connection, but true
fulfillment comes from self-acceptance rather than dependence on
James Bugental others for validation.
● Therapeutic Focus: Rather than using rigid techniques, existential
therapy involves deep conversations, self-reflection, and an emphasis
on personal responsibility.

Person-Centered Carl Rogers, ● Self-Actualization & Growth: People have an inherent drive toward
Therapy growth and self-improvement when placed in a supportive
Natalie Rogers, environment.
● Three Core Conditions:
Abraham Maslow ○ Congruence (genuineness) – The therapist must be authentic
and transparent
○ Unconditional Positive Regard – Clients feel accepted
without judgment.
 ○ Empathy – Therapists deeply understand and reflect clients’
feelings.
● The Actualizing Tendency: Individuals strive to fulfill their potential
when provided with the right conditions.
● Non-Directive Approach: Clients lead the therapy process, with
therapists offering guidance rather than direct solutions.
● Self-Concept & Incongruence: Psychological distress arises when a
person’s self-image does not align with their experiences. Therapy
helps bridge this gap by fostering self-acceptance.
● Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT): Developed from person-centered
principles, EFT emphasizes understanding and regulating emotions to
facilitate change.
● Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy: Natalie Rogers
expanded on her father’s work by incorporating creative methods
(painting, music, writing) to enhance emotional expression and healing.
● Therapeutic Goal: To create a safe, accepting environment where
clients can explore emotions, develop self-awareness, and cultivate
personal growth.