This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation:D512–10 Designation: D512 – 12

Standard Test Methods for

Chloride Ion In Water1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D512; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of chloride ion in water, wastewater (Test Method C only), and brines. The
following three test methods are included:
Sections
Test Method A (Mercurimetric Titration) 7 to14
Test Method B (Silver Nitrate Titration) 15 to 21
Test Method C (Ion-Selective Electrode Method) 22 to 29

1.2 Test Methods A, B, and C were validated under Practice D2777 – 77, and only Test Method B conforms also to Practice
D2777 – 86. Refer to Sections 14, 21, and 29 for further information.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 26.1.1.
1.5 A former colorimetric test method was discontinued. Refer to Appendix X1 for historical information.
2. Referenced Documents iTeh Standards
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D1066 Practice for Sampling Steam (https://standards.iteh.ai)
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water Document Preview
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
ASTM D512-12
D4127 Terminology Used with Ion-Selective Electrodes
D5810 Guide for Spiking into Aqueous SamplesSamples
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D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminologies D1129 and D4127.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Chloride ion is under regulation in waste water, and must, therefore, be measured accurately. It is highly detrimental to
high-pressure boiler systems and to stainless steel, so monitoring is essential for prevention of damage. Chloride analysis is widely
used as a tool for estimating the cycles of concentration, such as in cooling tower applications. Processing waters and pickling
solutions used in the food processing industries also require dependable methods of analysis for chloride.
5. Purity of Reagents
5.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform
to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are

1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents
in Water.
Current edition approved Sept.June 15, 2010.2012. Published November 2010.July 2012. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 as
D512 – 104. DOI: 10.1520/D0512-102.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D512 – 12
available.3 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
5.2 Purity of Water— Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean Type I reagent water
conforming to Specification D1193. Other reagent water types may be used provided it is first ascertained that the water is of
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without adversely affecting the precision and bias of the test method. Type II water was
specified at the time of round robin testing of this test method.

6. Sampling
6.1 Collect the sample in accordance with Practice D1066 and Practices D3370, as applicable.

TEST METHOD A—MERCURIMETRIC TITRATION 4

7. Scope
7.1 This test method can be used to determine chloride ion in water, provided interferences are absent (see Section 9).
7.2 Though not specified in the research report, the precision statement is presumed to have been obtained using Type II reagent
water. It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the validity of this test method for untested matrices.
7.3 This test method was validated for the concentration range 8.0 to 250 mg/L Cl−.

8. Summary of Test Method

8.1 Dilute mercuric nitrate solution is added to an acidified sample in the presence of mixed diphenylcarbazone-bromophenol
blue indicator. The end point of the titration is the formation of the blue-violet mercury diphenylcarbazone complex.

9. Interferences
9.1 The anions and cations generally found in water offer no interference. Zinc, lead, nickel, and ferrous and chromous ions

iTeh Standards
affect solution and end-point colors, but do not reduce the accuracy of the titration when present in concentrations up to 100 mg/L.
Copper is tolerable up to 50 mg/L. Titration in the presence of chromate ion requires indicator with extra background color
(alphazurine) and prior reduction for concentrations above 100 mg/L. Ferric ion above 10 mg/L must be reduced before titration,
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and sulfite ion must be oxidized. Bromide, iodide, and fluoride will be titrated or partially titrated with the chloride. Quaternary
ammonium salts also interfere if present in significant amounts (1 to 2 mg/L). Deep color may also interfere.

10. Apparatus Document Preview

10.1 Microburet, 1 or 5-mL, with 0.01-mL graduation intervals.

11. Reagents and Materials ASTM D512-12

NOTE https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/bc8c9ec8-4185-4e93-b5bb-3149cdf56a1a/astm-d512-12
1—Consult the manufacturer Material Safety Data Sheet for safe work practices before working with reagents.
11.1 Hydrogen Peroxide (30 % H2O2).
11.2 Hydroquinone Solution (10 g/L)—Dissolve 1 g of purified hydroquinone in water and dilute to 100 mL.
11.3 Mercuric Nitrate Solution, Standard (0.0250.0125M; 0.025N)—Dissolve 4.2830 g of mercuric nitrate (Hg(NO3)2·H 2O) in
50 mL of water acidified with 0.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42). Dilute the acidified Hg(NO 3)2 solution with
water to 1 L. Filter if necessary, and standardize against the standard sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, using the procedure
described in Section 12 (see Note 2).
NOTE 2—Sharpness of End Point—The end point, while sharp, can be improved somewhat for certain types of water by adding several drops of a
0.05-g/L solution of xylene cyanole FF or alphazurine blue-green dye (color index 714) to the titration sample.
11.4 Mixed Indicator Solution 5—Dissolve 0.5 g of crystalline diphenylcarbazone and 0.05 g of bromophenol blue powder in
75 mL of ethyl alcohol (95 %), and dilute to 100 mL with the alcohol (Note 3). Store in a brown bottle and discard after 6 months
(Note 4).
NOTE 3—Methanol, isopropanol, or ethanol denatured with either methanol or isopropanol (Formula 3A) may be used if pure ethyl alcohol is not
available. Other denatured ethanol formulae are not suitable.
NOTE 4—Liquid indicator generally deteriorates to the point that it yields no end-point color after 12 to 18 months of storage. High temperature (above
37.8°C (100°F)) and exposure to bright light may shorten storage life. A dry powder mixture of the two indicator ingredients is stable for much longer
periods. Both the powder mixture (capsule form) and the liquid indicator are available commercially.

3
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National
Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
4
For information of interest in connection with this test method, and supporting data, refer to Clark, F. E., “Determination of Chloride in Water,” Analytical Chemistry,
Vol 22, April 1950, pp. 553–555, and Vol 22, November 1950, p. 1458.
5
This diphenylcarbazone 1-bromophenol blue indicator is covered by U.S. Patent No. 2,784,064.

2
 D512 – 12
11.5 Nitric Acid (3 + 997)—Mix 3 volumes of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42) with 997 volumes of water.
11.6 pH Indicating Paper, long-range type, covering a pH range 1 to 11.
11.7 Sodium Chloride Solution, Standard (0.025N)—Purchase a commercially available standard or prepare as follows: Dry
several grams of reagent grade sodium chloride (NaCl) for 2 h at 110°C. Dissolve 1.4613 g of the dry salt in water, and dilute to
1 L at 25°C in a volumetric flask.
11.8 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (10 g/L)—Dissolve 10 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water and dilute to 1 L.

12. Procedure
12.1 Use a volume of sample such that it will contain not more than 20 mg of chloride ion, diluting the sample with water to
approximately 50-mL volume if necessary. Determine an indicator blank on 50 mL of chloride-free water, applying the same
procedure followed for the sample.
12.2 Add 5 to 10 drops of mixed indicator solution, and shake or swirl the flask. If a blue-violet or red color develops, add
HNO3 (3 + 997) dropwise until the color changes to yellow. Add 1 mL of excess acid. If a yellow or orange color forms
immediately on addition of the mixed indicator, add NaOH solution (10 g/L) dropwise until the color changes to blue-violet; then
add HNO3 (3 + 997) dropwise until the color changes to yellow and further add 1 mL excess of acid (Note 5).
NOTE 5—The prescribed acidification provides a satisfactory pH range from 3.0 to 3.5. Acidified samples on which electrometric pH measurements
have been made can be used for chloride determinations only if the pH electrode fill solution contains no chloride, for example, use a pH half cell and
a double junction reference electrode with a sodium nitrate outer fill solution. Alternately, for precise pH adjustment of samples having a low-chloride
concentration, instrumental measurements may be made on one sample aliquot to determine treatment needed for another to be used for the chloride test.
12.3 Titrate the solution and a blank with 0.025 N Hg(NO3)2 solution until a blue-violet color, as viewed by transmitted light,
persists throughout the solution (Note 6). Record the millilitres of Hg(NO 3)2 solution added in each case.
NOTE 6—The use of indicator modifications and the presence of heavy metal ions can change solution colors without affecting accuracy of the
determination. For example, solutions containing alphazurine may be bright blue when neutral, grayish purple when basic, blue-green when acidic, and
blue-violet at the chloride end point. Solutions containing about 100 mg/L nickel ion and normal mixed indicator are purple when neutral, green when

iTeh Standards
acid, and gray at the chloride end point. When applying this test method to samples that contain colored ions or that require modified indicator, it is
recommended that the operator be familiar with the specific color changes involved by experimenting with solutions prepared as standards for comparison

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of color effects.
12.4 If chromate ion is present in the absence of iron and in concentration less than 100 mg/L, use the alphazurine modified
mixed indicator (Note 2) and acidify the sample as described in 12.2 but to pH 3 as indicated by pH indicating paper. Titrate the
solution as described in 12.3, but to anDocument
olive-purple end point. Preview
12.5 If chromate ion is present in the absence of iron and in concentration greater than 100 mg/L, add 2 mL of fresh
hydroquinone solution and proceed as described in 12.2 and 12.3.
ASTM
12.6 If ferric ion is present in the absence or presence D512-12
of chromate ions, use a sample of such volume as to contain no more
than 2.5 mg of ferric ion or of ferric ion plus chromate ion. Add 2 mL of fresh hydroquinone solution, and proceed as described
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in 12.2 and 12.3.
12.7 If sulfite ion is present, add 0.5 mL of H2O2 to 50 mL of the sample in the Erlenmeyer flask and mix for 1 min. Then
proceed as described in 12.2 and 12.3.

13. Calculation
13.1 Calculate the chloride ion concentration, in milligrams per litre, in the original sample as follows:
Chloride, mg/L 5 [~ V S 2 Vb! 3 N 3 35 453]/S
Chloride, mg/L 5 [~ V S 2 Vb! 3 N 3 35 453]/S
D0512-12_1

where:
V1VS = standard Hg(NO3) 2 solution required for titration of the sample, mL,
V2 Vb = standard Hg(NO3)2 solution required for titration of the blank, mL,
N = normality of the Hg(NO3)2 solution (see Note 7),
S = sample used in 12.1, mL, and
35 453 = 35.453 g/mole chloride * 1000 mg/g.
NOTE7—The normality calculation is based on a 2:1 (Cl:Hg) reaction. 7—The normality of the mercuric nitrate solution standard is based on a 2:1
(Cl:Hg) reaction.

14. Precision and Bias 6

14.1 Precision Statement—The precision of this test method may be expressed as follows:

6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D19-1076.

3
 D512 – 12
ST 5 0.023X 1 0.43
D0512-12_2
D0512-12_3

where:
S T = overall precision, mg/L,
SO = single-operator precision, mg/L, and
X = concentration of chloride ion determined.
14.2 Bias Statement— Recoveries of known amounts of chloride were as follows:
Statistically
Amount Added, Amount Found, Significant (95 %
mg/L mg/L 6 % Bias Confidence Level)
250 248 −0.80 no
80.0 79.3 −0.88 no
8.00 7.51 −6.13 yes

14.3 The information presented in 14.1 and 14.2 is derived from round-robin testing in which five laboratories, including seven
operators, participated. Though not clearly specified in the test report, the matrix is presumed to be Type II reagent water. Of seven
data sets ranked as described in Practice D2777, none was rejected, nor were any data points determined to be “outliers.” Three
sample levels were run on at least three days. The method of “least squares” was used to determine the precision statement, with
correlation of 0.7394 for SO and 0.9993 for ST.
14.4 It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the validity of this test method for untested matrices.
14.5 Precision and bias for this test method conforms to Practice D2777 – 77, which was in place at the time of collaborative
testing. Under the allowances made in 1.5 of Practice D2777 – 08, these precision and bias data do meet existing requirements for
interlaboratory studies of Committee D–19 test methods.
TEST METHOD B—SILVER NITRATE TITRATION
15. Scope iTeh Standards
15.1 This test method7 is intended primarily for water where the chloride content is 5 mg/L or more, and where interferences
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such as color or high concentrations of heavy metal ions render Test Method A impracticable.
15.2 Though not specified in the research report, the precision and bias statement is presumed to have been obtained using Type

Document Preview
II reagent water. It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the validity of this test method for untested matrices.
15.3 This test method was validated for the concentration range 8.0 to 250 mg/L Cl−.
16. Summary of Test Method
16.1 Water adjusted to approximately pH 8.3 is titratedASTM withD512-12
silver nitrate solution in the presence of potassium chromate
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indicator. The end point is indicated by persistence of the brick-red silver chromate color.
17. Interferences
17.1 Bromide, iodide, and sulfide are titrated along with the chloride. Orthophosphate and polyphosphate interfere if present in
concentrations greater than 250 and 25 mg/L, respectively. Sulfite and objectionable color or turbidity must be eliminated.
Compounds which precipitate at pH 8.3 (certain hydroxides) may cause error by occlusion.
18. Reagents
18.1 Hydrogen Peroxide (30 %) (H2O2).
18.2 Phenolphthalein Indicator Solution (10 g/L)—Prepare as directed in Practice E200.
18.3 Potassium Chromate Indicator Solution—Dissolve 50 g of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) in 100 mL of water, and add
silver nitrate (AgNO3) until a slight red precipitate is produced. Allow the solution to stand, protected from light, for at least 24
h after the addition of AgNO3. Then filter the solution to remove the precipitate, and dilute to 1 L with water.
18.4 Standard Solution, Silver Nitrate (0.025M; 0.025 N)—Crush approximately 5 g of silver nitrate (AgNO 3) crystals and dry
to constant weight at 40°C. Dissolve 4.2473 g of the crushed, dried crystals in water and dilute to 1 L. Standardize against the
standard NaCl solution, using the procedure given in Section 19.
18.5 Standard Solution, Sodium Chloride (0.025 N) — Prepare as described in 11.7.
18.6 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (10 g/L)—Prepare as described in 11.8.
18.7 Sulfuric Acid (1 + 19)—Carefully add 1 volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) to 19 volumes of water,
while mixing.
19. Procedure
19.1 Pour 50 mL, or less, of the sample, containing not more than 20 nor less than 0.25 mg of chloride ion, into a white porcelain

7
Mohr, F., ANN., 97, 335 (1856).

4
 D512 – 12
container (see Note 8). If sulfite ions are present, add 0.5 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the sample, mix, and let stand for
1 min. Dilute to approximately 50 mL with water, if necessary. Adjust the pH to the phenolphthalein end point (pH 8.3), using
H2SO 4, (1 + 19) or NaOH solution (10 g/L).
NOTE 8—An 80 mL white porcelain dish, a 1-in stirrer bar, and a magnetic stirrer have been found useful for this purpose.
19.2 Add approximately 1.0 mL of K2CrO 4 indicator solution and mix. Add standard AgNO3 solution dropwise from a 25-mL
buret until the brick-red (or pink) color persists throughout the sample when illuminated with a yellow light or viewed with yellow
goggles.
19.3 Repeat the procedure described in 19.1 and 19.2, using exactly one half as much original sample, diluted to 50 mL with
water.
19.4 If the volume of titrant used in 19.3 is one-half of that used in titrating the aliquot in 19.1, proceed to the calculation
section. If not, significant interferences are present and compensation must be made; alternatively, another method must be used.
20. Calculation
20.1 Calculate the chloride ion concentration in the original sample, in milligrams per litre as follows:
D0512-12_4
70906
where:
V1 = standard solution AgNO3 added in titrating the sample prepared in added in titrating the original sample, S, as prepared
in 19.1, mL,
V2 = standard solution, AgNO3 added in titrating the sample prepared in added in titrating one-half the volume of the
original sample, as prepared in 19.3, mL,
N = normality of standard AgNO 3 solution (see Note 9),
S = original sample in the 50-mL test specimen prepared in 19.1, mL, and
= 35.453 g/mole chloride * 1000 mg/g.35.453 g/mole chloride * 2 * 1000 mg/g, where the factor of 2 accounts for
35 45370906
iTeh Standards
one-half the sample volume (19.3).

21. Precision and Bias

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NOTE 9—The normality calculation is based on a 1:1 (Cl:Ag) reaction.
6

21.1 Precision—The precision of thisDocument Preview

test method may be expressed as follows:
D0512-12_5
D0512-12_6
ASTM D512-12
where:
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ST = overall precision, mg/L,
SO = single-operator precision, mg/L, and
X = concentration of chloride ion determined.
21.2 Bias—Recoveries of known amounts of chloride were as follows:
Statistically
Amount Added, Amount Found, Significant (95 %
mg/L mg/L 6 % Bias Confidence Level)
250 248 −0.80 yes
80.00 79.1 −1.13 yes
8.00 7.77 −2.88 yes

21.3 The information in 21.2 is derived from round-robin testing in which six laboratories, including ten operators, participated.
Though not clearly specified in the test report, the matrix is presumed to be Type II reagent water. Of ten data sets ranked as
described in Practice D2777, none was rejected, but one data point was determined to be an “outlier.” Three sample levels were
run on at least three days.
The method of least squares was used to determine the precision statement, with correlation of 0.9959 for SO and 0.9940 for ST.
21.4 It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the validity of this test method for untested matrices.
21.5 Precision and bias for this test method conforms to Practice D2777 – 77, which was in place at the time of collaborative
testing. Under the allowances made in 1.5 of Practice D2777 – 08, these precision and bias data do meet existing requirements for
interlaboratory studies of Committee D19 test methods.
TEST METHOD C—ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE
22. Scope
22.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of chloride ion in natural waters, drinking water, and waste waters.
22.2 Samples containing 2 to 1000 mg/L of chloride may be analyzed by this test method. The concentration range may be
extended by dilution of an appropriate aliquot before the addition of the ionic strength adjustor.

5
 D512 – 12
22.3 The precision and bias statements were obtained using reagent water and a water matrix of choice that included natural
and waste waters. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine the acceptability of this test method for the matrix being
analyzed.
23. Summary of Test Method
23.1 Chloride ion is measured potentiometrically using a chloride ion-selective electrode (ISE) in conjunction with a double
junction, sleeve-type reference electrode or a combination chloride electrode. Potentials are read using a pH meter having an
expanded millivolt scale, or a selective-ion meter having a direct concentration readout capability.
23.2 The electrodes are calibrated in known chloride solutions, and the concentrations of unknowns are determined in solutions
with the same background. Samples and standards should be at the same temperature.
23.3 Standards and samples are diluted with an ionic strength adjustor that also minimizes possible interferences such as
ammonia, bromide, iodide, cyanide, or sulfide.
24. Interferences
24.1 There is no interference from up to 500 mg/L of sulfide, 100 mg/L of bromide or iodide, 100 mg/L of ammonia, or a
hundredfold excess of cyanide over chloride, when using chloride ionic strength adjustor (CISA).
25. Apparatus
25.1 pH Meter, with expanded millivolt scale. This test method can be adapted for use with a selective-ion meter.
25.2 Chloride Ion-Selective Electrode, combination electrode or half cell, having a light-desensitized silver chloride (AgCl)
membrane. Not all chloride ion-selective electrodes are suitable for this test method, since the ionic strength adjustor is
incompatible with some membranes. In particular, silver chloride/silver sulfide membranes are inappropriate, since the sulfide can
be oxidized by the ionic strength adjustor.
25.3 Sleeve-Type Double Junction Reference Electrode (for use with chloride half cell), using solution prepared in 26.4 as the
outer sleeve filling solution.
iTeh Standards
NOTE 10—Other types of double junction reference electrodes may be suitable, but supporting data included in this test method reflect only the
recommended type.

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25.4 Mixer, magnetic, with a TFE-fluorocarbon-coated stirring bar.

26.1 Chloride Ionic Strength AdjustorDocument

(CISA)—Dissolve 15.1 g Preview
26. Reagents
of sodium bromate in 800 mL of water. Add 75 mL of
concentrated nitric acid (HNO3, sp. gr 1.42) (Note 11). Stir well. Dilute with water to 1 L. Store CISA in a polyethylene or glass
container.
ASTM D512-12
NOTE 11—For low-level chloride measurement (less than 5 mg/L) the nitric acid used must not contain more than 0.005 % chloride and the sodium
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bromate must not contain more than 0.003 % chloride. A test for reagent purity is included in this test method.
26.1.1 Caution—Sodium bromate is a strong oxidant and should be handled appropriately. Also note that preparation and
dilutions of CISA should be made in a well-ventilated area, preferably a hood.
26.2 Chloride Solution, Stock (1000 mg/L)—Dissolve 1.648 g of sodium chloride (dried for 2 h at 110°C), in water in a
volumetric flask and dilute to 1 L.
26.3 Chloride Solutions, Standard (100, 10, and 1 mg/L)—Using volumetric pipets, transfer 100, 10, and 1.0 mL of the chloride
stock solution into separate 1-L volumetric flasks and dilute each to 1 L with water.
26.4 Double-Junction Reference Electrode Outer Filling Solution—Dilute 1 volume of CISA (26.1) with 1 volume of water.
27. Calibration
27.1 Mix equal volumes of the 1000 mg/L of chloride standard solution, and CISA reagent. Do the same for each of the other
three standards.
27.2 Mix equal volumes of water and CISA reagent.
27.3 Place the electrodes in the solution from 27.2, stir well, wait 3 to 5 min, and record the millivolt reading. This solution
contains no added chloride, and the potential reading will not be very stable.
27.4 Rinse the electrodes thoroughly, place them in the 1 mg Cl−/L-CISA mixture and stir well. Wait 1 to 2 min and record the
result.
27.4.1 If the difference in readings between 27.3 and 27.4 is less than 15 mV, there is chloride contamination of the reagent that
will affect low-level readings, and purer reagents must be obtained.
27.5 Rinse the electrodes, place them in the 10 mg Cl−/L-CISA mixture and stir well. Wait 1 min, or until stable, and record
the results.
27.6 Repeat 27.5 with 100 and 1000 mg Cl−/L-CISA mixtures.
27.7 Prepare a calibration curve by plotting, in a spreadsheet, the potential observed (on the x-axis) versus the log concentration
of each of the standards used (on the y-axis). Note that volume corrections are incorporated into the calibration, so that samples