Engineering Geology CE-103
1. Introduction
2. Rocks, Minerals and their Classification
3. Subsurface Investigations & Structural Geology
4. Earthquake and Land Slides
5. Civil Engineering Geology
Instructor
• Dr. Qazi Umar Farooq
• B.Sc Civil (Hons) Taxila (2001-04)
• M.E Geotech Univ of Tokyo (2006-08)
• P.hD Geotech Univ of Tokyo (2009-12)
• Assistant Professor
• Room No. 111, Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
• +92-51-9047659, [email protected]
Chapter 1 Introduction
• Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that
constitute the Earth.
• The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure,
physical properties, dynamics, and history of Earth materials, and the
processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is
important in academics, industry (due to mineral and hydrocarbon
extraction), and for social issues such as geotechnical engineering, the
mitigation of natural hazards, and knowledge about past climate and
climate change.
• Engineering Geology is the application of the geologic sciences to
engineering practice
Earth
• Earth is the third planet from the Sun
• Home to millions of species, including humans, Earth is the only place in
the universe where life is known to exist. Scientific evidence indicates that
the planet formed 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface
within a billion years.
• Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic
plates, that gradually migrate across the surface over periods of many
millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water
oceans, the remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water,
necessary for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's
surface. Earth's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid
mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron
inner core.
Earth (Physical characteristics )
• Mean radius 6,371.0 km
• Circumference 40,075.02 km
Surface area 510,072,000 km²
• water (70.8 %)
• Volume 1.0832073×1012 km³
• Mass 5.9736×1024 kg
• Mean density 5.5153 g/cm³
• Equatorial surface gravity 9.780327 m/s²
• Mean Surface temp.
287 K (140C)
• Surface pressure101.3 kPa (MSL)
Internal structure
The interior of the Earth, planets, is chemically divided into
layers.
• The Earth has an outer silicate solid crust,
• a highly viscous mantle,
• a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle,
and a solid inner core.
• Thickness of the crust varies: averaging 6 km under the
oceans and 30–50 km on the continents.
Structure of the Earth
Earth Layers
Depth km Density
g/cm³
Component Layer
[
0–60 Lithosphere —
0–35 ... Crust 2.2–2.9
35–60 ... Upper mantle 3.4–4.4
35–2890 Mantle 3.4–5.6
100–700 ... Asthenosphere —
2890–5100 Outer core 9.9–12.2
5100–6378 Inner core 12.8–13.1
Structure of the earth
Tectonic plates
• According to plate tectonics theory, the outermost part of the Earth's
interior is made up of two layers: the lithosphere, comprising the crust,
and the solidified uppermost part of the mantle. Below the lithosphere
lies the asthenosphere, which forms the inner part of the upper mantle.
The asthenosphere behaves like a superheated material that is in a semi-
fluidic, plastic-like state
• The lithosphere essentially floats on the asthenosphere and is broken up
into what are called tectonic plates. These plates are rigid segments that
move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries:
convergent, divergent and transform. The last occurs where two plates
move laterally relative to each other, creating a strike-slip fault.
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench
formation can occur along these plate boundaries
Earth's main plates
Plate name Area
6
10 k
m²
African Plate 61.3
Antarctic Plate 60.9
Australian Plate 47.2
Eurasian Plate 67.8
North American Plate 75.9
A map illustrating the
Earth's major plates. South American Plate 43.6
Pacific Plate 103.3
Earth's minor plates
• Notable minor plates include the Indian Plate, the Arabian Plate, the
Caribbean Plate, the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and
the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
• The Australian Plate actually fused with Indian Plate between 50 and 55
million years ago. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with
the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm/yr and the Pacific Plate
moving 52–69 mm/yr. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is
the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of about 21 mm/yr
