Analog

Communication
Systems

Section 2
Signal Energy & Signal
Power
∞
• Signal Energy: E = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 (watt) for non-periodic Signal
𝑇
1
• Signal Power: P = ‫𝑔 ׬‬2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 (Joule) for periodic Signal
2
𝑇
T −
2
 Find the energies of the signals shown
in Fig. P2.1-2. Comment on the effect

Problem 2.1.2 on energy of sign change, time shift,

or doubling of the signal. What is the
effect on the energy if the signal is
multiplied by k?
Solution (a)
Solution (b)
Solution (c)
Solution (d)
Problem 2.1-5

Find the power of the periodic signal g(t) shown

in Fig. P2.1-5. Find also the powers and the rms
values of
(a) -g(t) (b) 1.5· g(t) (c) g(-t) (d) g(1.5t)
Solution
𝑇 2
2
1 2
2
1 6
1 𝑡7 64
P = න 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = . อ =
T −𝑇 4 −2 4 7 7
2 −2

64 8 7
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 = =
7 7
Solution (a) –g(t)
𝑇 2
2
1 2
2 1 6
1 𝑡7 64
P = න 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = . อ =
T −𝑇 4 −2 4 7 7
2 −2

64 8 7
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 = =
7 7

•The negative sign does not affect the power or rms value due to the squaring operation in their definitions.
Solution (b) 1.5· g(t)
𝑇 2
2
1 2 (1.5)2 (1.5)2 𝑡7 144
P = න (1.5)2 𝑔2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡 = . อ =
T −𝑇 4 −2 4 7 7
2 −2

144 12 7
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 = =
7 7

•Scaling the amplitude by a factor scales the power by the square of that factor and the rms value linearly.
Solution (c) g(-t)
𝑇 2
2 2
1 2
2 1 3 2
1 6
1 𝑡7 64
P = න 𝑔 (−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = න (−𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = . อ =
T −𝑇 4 −2 4 −2 4 7 7
2 −2

64 8 7
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 = =
7 7

The power and rms values are invariant under time reversal
Solution (c) g(1.5t)
𝑇 4/3
4/3
1 2 1 1.56 𝑡7 128
P = න 𝑔 (1.5𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 න 1.56 𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡 =
2 . อ =
T −𝑇 4 −4/3 4 7 21
2 −4/3

128
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 =
21

Scaling the time by a factor decrease the power by the same factor
Problem 2.1-6
Redo Example 2.2a to find the power of a sinusoid C cos(ω0t+θ) by averaging
the signal energy over one period 2π/ω0 (rather than averaging over the
infinitely large interval).
Solution
Problem 2.1-7
Solution
Solution
Problem 2.3-3
For the signal g(t) shown in Fig. P2.3-3
(a) Sketch signals (i) g(-t); (ii) g(t +2); (iii) g(-3t);
(iv) g(t/3); (v) g(2t +1); (vi) g[2(t +1)].
(b) Find the energies of each signal in part (a).
Problem 2.4-4
 ∞
(a) ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔 −3𝜏 + 𝑎 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
∞ ∞
න 𝑔 −3𝜏 + 𝑎 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = න 𝑔 −3𝑡 + 𝑎 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞ −∞
∞
= 𝑔 −3𝑡 + 𝑎 න 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑔 −3𝑡 + 𝑎
−∞
 ∞
(b) ‫׬‬−∞ 𝛿 𝜏 𝑔 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
∞ ∞ ∞
න 𝛿 𝜏 𝑔 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = න 𝛿 𝜏 𝑔 𝑡 − 0 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑔 𝑡 න 𝛿 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑔 𝑡
−∞ −∞ −∞
 ∞
(c) ‫׬‬−∞ 𝛿 𝑡+2 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞ ∞
න 𝛿 𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤(−2) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗2𝑤 න 𝛿 𝑡 + 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗2𝑤
−∞ −∞ −∞
 1
(d) ‫׬‬−∞ 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 1 1
න 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 sin 2𝜋 𝑑𝑡 = 0 ∗ න 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡 = 0
−∞ −∞ −∞
 ∞
(e) ‫׬‬−2 𝛿 2𝑡 + 3 −4𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞ 3 ∞
−4(−2)
න 𝛿 2𝑡 + 3 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝛿 2𝑡 + 3 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 6 න 𝛿 2𝑡 + 3 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 6
−2 −2 −2
 2
(e) ‫׬‬−2(𝑡 3 + 4)𝛿 1 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2
න (𝑡 3 + 4)𝛿 1 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න (1 + 4)𝛿 1 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 5 න 𝛿 1 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 5
−2 −2 −2
 ∞
(g) ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑔(2 − 𝑡)𝛿 3 − 0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞
න 𝑔(2 − 𝑡)𝛿 3 − 0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑔(2 − 6)𝛿 3 − 0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞
∞
= 𝑔(−4) න 𝛿 3 − 0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔(−4)
−∞
 ∞ 𝜋
(h) ‫׬‬−∞ cos 2 (𝑥 − 5) 𝛿 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

∞ ∞
𝜋 𝜋
න cos (𝑥 − 5) 𝛿 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = න cos (𝑥 − 5) 𝛿 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
−∞ 2 −∞ 2
∞
𝜋 1 𝜋 1
= cos ( − 5) න 𝛿 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = cos ( − 5)
2 3 −∞ 2 3
Trigonometric
Fourier Series
Compat Trigonometric
Fourier Series
∞

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜 + ෍ 𝐶𝑛 cos(2𝑛𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=1

𝐶𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 2
−𝑏𝑛
𝜃𝑛 = tan−1
𝑎𝑛
Exponential
Fourier Series
Problem
2.8-1
For each of the periodic signals
shown in Fig. P2.1-10, find the
compact trigonometric Fourier
series and sketch the amplitude and
phase spectra.
Problem
2.9-2
For each of the periodic signals in Fig.
P2.1-10, find exponential Fourier series
and sketch the corresponding spectra.
Home Work
• 2.1-4
• 2.1-9
• 2.9-5